Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Research Articles

Pemaafan dan Subjective Well-Being Pada Remaja Suku Timor di NTT yang Hamil di Luar Nikah

Experiencing pregnancy problems as an adolescent is not easy in everyday life. Likewise, Timornese adolescents who are pregnant out of wedlock have to accept the condition of extramarital pregnancy with various impacts. Therefore, forgiveness is needed in Timornese adolescents who experience pregnancy out of wedlock to improve their subjective well-being, so that they can get through and live their lives. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between forgiveness and subjective well-being of Timornese adolescents in NTT who are pregnant out of wedlock. The research method used was quantitative correlation. A total of 104 Timornese adolescents who are pregnant out of wedlock were used as participants in this study using purposive sampling technique. The scales used in this study were Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM-18), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), and Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS). The results of the Pearson Correlation hypothesis test value is -0.157 with sig.=0.056 (p>0.05), which means that the hypothesis is rejected. This indicates that forgiveness is not one of the factors associated with subjective well-being in Timornese adolescents who are pregnant out of wedlock. This means that when there is an increase or decrease in forgiveness, there is no relationship with subjective well-being.

Forgiveness in Adolescents Post-Divorce Parents in the Makassar Bugis Tribe

This study aims to find out the description of forgiveness in post-divorce adolescents in the Bugis-Makassar tribe. The research methodology used is quantitative. The subjects of this study were adolescents aged 12-18 years, ethnic Bugis or Makassar, and whose parents were divorced. There were 179 subjects in this study consisting of 66 men and 113 women. The measurement tool used in this study is the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18) to measure forgiveness with a reliability of 0.738. This study uses descriptive analysis techniques with the help of SPSS 25 for Windows software. The results of this study indicate that there are 147 (82.1%) students who have high forgiveness, as many as 31 (17.3%) students who have moderate forgiveness and as many as 1 (0.6%) subject with low forgiveness. This study concludes that the forgiveness of post-divorce adolescents in the Bugis-Makassar tribe is at a high level and most adolescents who have not been able to forgive their parents because they want to take revenge on their parents.

Hubungan pengungkapan diri dengan pemaafan pada remaja

Forgiveness to others can be given when self-disclosure has been made. This study aims to determine the relationship between self-disclosure and forgiveness in adolescents. The research design uses a non-experimental quantitative type of correlational study. Subjects were 199 high school (SMA) youth and equivalent. The sampling technique uses accidental sampling. The measuring tool uses the Conceptualizing and Measuring Self-Disclosure scale and the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation scale (TRIM-18). Results Analysis of the data using Spearman's rho showed a negative relationship between self-disclosure and forgiveness (r=-0.487; p<0.001). This means that adolescents who are more open in expressing themselves will tend to find it more difficult to forgive others. Thus, explaining oneself broadly and deeply is done by adolescents because they have not forgiven other people who are in conflict with them. Keywords: Adolescences, forgiveness, self-disclosure

Emotional Abuse, Bullying and Forgiveness among Adolescents

The current research was conducted to assess emotional abuse, bullying and forgiveness among adolescents. A sample of N =147 adolescents (n = 68 boys and n =79 girls) aged 13-17 years, (M = 15, SD = 1.35) were recruited through convenience sampling technique. The Demographic Form, Child Adolescent Bullying Scale (CABS), Emotional Abuse Questionnaire (self-developed), and Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18) were used to assess study variables. Chi-Square, Pearson Product Moment correlation, simple linear regression, and Independent sample t-test was used to analyze the data. Results revealed that non-significant gender differences were found in the study variables. Findings state that high levels of bullying and older participants showed high benevolent motivation. Girls were more likely to be emotionally abused for their appearance and boys are more likely to confront their bullies and feel worthless/inferior as a result of emotional abuse. Limitations and recommendations for research are also discussed.

Self-Control Training Decreased Intensity of Penalty Toward Previous Offender

Previous studies have found that self-control training was effective in improving an individual’s self-control, which plays an important role in inhibiting negative emotions. However, it is unclear whether self-control training can facilitate refraining from retaliation. This study randomly assigned participants (N = 55) to a training condition (building self-control by avoiding sweets) or a control condition. Before and after training, participants completed the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory-18 (TRIM-18) and a modified Taylor aggression task once each. Participants in the training condition inflicted more low-intensity penalties on the previous offender compared to control participants. Participants in the training condition reported lower revenge scores after training than before training. These results provide preliminary support that providing people who wish to forgive self-control training might promote forgiveness.

Slovak validation of the Enright Forgiveness Inventory-30

Objectives. In recent years, interpersonal forgiveness has become a focus in psychology research. The Enright Forgiveness Inventory-30 (EFI-30) was developed to assess situational forgiveness toward someone who has hurt us deeply and unjustly. The goal of this study is to validate the Slovak version of the EFI-30, which was translated by the authors, on a representative sample of the Slovak population (in terms of gender and age). Sample and settings. Data were collected on a representative Slovak sample (n=1209 participants: 50.4% women and 49.6% men) in the productive age from 18 to 65 years (M=41.22, SD=12.78). Statistical analyses. The data obtained from the 30-item scale were subjected to a factor analysis using the Maximum Likelihood method. The internal consistency of the subscales and the EFI-30 was measured. Criterion validity was assessed by correlations with the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory–18-Item Version and the Forgiveness of Others subscale from the Heartland Forgiveness Scale. Construct validity was assessed by correlations with well-being, happiness, depression, anxiety, and anger. Results. Items relating to the affective, behavioral, and cognitive dimensions of forgiveness were saturated with a single common factor. The short pseudo-forgiveness subscale formed a specific factor that correlated negatively with forgiveness. The EFI-30 results obtained by persons scoring high on the pseudo-forgiveness scale were therefore excluded from the analysis. The questionnaire had high internal consistency (Cronbach’s α > 0.9), good criterion validity (high correlations with other forgiveness scales) and good construct validity (positive relationships with well-being and happiness, negative ones with anxiety, depression, and anger).

The Validation of the Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness Scale among a Chinese Sample: The Mediating Role of Forgiveness between Stress Perception and Resilience

This study aimed to revise and test the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness Scale. In experiment 1, 1171 college students and postgraduates were invited to complete the questionnaire that provides the data for this scale. The results from this, following exploratory factor analysis, showed that the factor loading values met the standards detailed in the past literature, except in the case of item C2. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (while excluding item C2) showed a good structure validity. Furthermore, it also showed that a four-factor model fit the data well and that the reliability values (including internal consistency and test-retest reliability) met the commonly held standards. Decisional and emotional forgiveness subfactors were significantly correlated with transgression-related interpersonal motivations and self-construal. Experiment 2 was conducted in order to further confirm the validity of the scale: the results of mediated analysis showed that emotional forgiveness and the path from decisional forgiveness to emotional forgiveness could mediate the relationship between stress perception and resilience. Thus, the revised Chinese version of the Decisional and Emotional Forgiveness Scale showed good reliability and validity within a Chinese sample, demonstrating its usability as an effective tool to evaluate college students' level of decisional and emotional forgiveness.

Value of the Relationship and Motivation to Forgive Based on Future Anxiety

Abstract Forgiveness, understood as reestablishing a physical and emotional relationship with the harm-doer, may sometimes be dangerous, especially when the harm-doer is not worthy of the trust. This study investigated the relation between value of the relationship with the harm-doer, future anxiety, and the motivation to forgive. In the first experiment, participants described a situation of harm depicted in one of the Thematic Apperception Test pictures. In the second experiment, participants were asked to write about an experience of harm from their own past. The Dark Future Scale to assess future anxiety and the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations to assess forgiveness were used. Future anxiety was the moderator of the relation between the perception of the value of the relationship with the harm-doer and the motivation to forgive. In the case of a strong future anxiety, there was a greater positive relation between the value of the relationship with the harm-doer and the motivation to forgive than when there was weak future anxiety. The results indicate that a harmed person with strong future anxiety will try to keep close to the harm-doer despite the fact that the harm-doer acted with the intention to harm and showed no remorse. Supplemental materials for this article are available at https://files.press.uillinois.edu/journals/supplemental/ajp/sobol/index.html

Whom are you mad at? Anger and revenge in obsessive-compulsive symptoms during adolescence

Previous research has extensively explored the role of anxiety, disgust, guilt, and shame in obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms, but few studies have investigated anger and associated vengeful motivations, especially during adolescence, when OC symptoms typically onset. This is unfortunate as anger is a key human emotion linked to various aspects of behaviour. Our aim was to explore how anger and revenge motivations were associated with the most common OC subtypes in adolescents. Participants were 1035 high school students who completed a battery of questionnaires including the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Child Version, the Children's Depression Inventory, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory-18 and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory for children and adolescents. Even when accounting for different aspects of anger, TRIMs and depression, trait anger (i.e., a stable tendency to experience anger) was uniquely associated with all types of OC symptoms (doubting/checking, obsessing, and ordering). Unique associations were also found between revenge motivations and doubting/checking and obsessing. Our findings show that adolescents with high OC symptoms may experience not only intense anger, but also vengeful feelings and motivations. Future research should examine how anger, vengeful motivations and OC symptoms co-develop over time. Clinicians should be aware that anger and vengeful motivations can be part of the clinical presentation of OCD, which can inform assessment and treatment.

Attachment and Dyadic Forgiveness in Individuals in Same-Sex Couple Relationships.

(1) Background: There is abundant evidence linking attachment insecurity to lower levels of interpersonal forgiveness. However, this association has been almost exclusively explored in people in a different-sex couple relationship, and there is little evidence referring to gay, lesbian, and bisexual (LGB) people in a same-sex relationship. The present study examines the association between romantic attachment and dyadic forgiveness in individuals involved in a same-sex couple relationship. (2) Methods: A total of 248 participants (52.8% female) aged 18–67 years (mean age: 31.02 ± 9.39) completed the Experiences in Close Relationships questionnaire and the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivation Inventory. (3) Results: Structural equation modeling showed that attachment avoidance was more strongly associated with dyadic forgiveness than attachment anxiety. Higher levels of attachment anxiety and avoidance were both linked to higher levels of avoidance motivation in response to partner transgressions, and higher attachment avoidance was linked to lower benevolence motivation. Multigroup analyses indicated a gender-specific association between attachment avoidance and revenge motivations, which was positive and significant among men only. (4) Conclusions: In the present study, we have identified that attachment avoidance plays a more prominent role in the tendency to forgive in same-sex couples. Implications at both theoretical and clinical practice levels are discussed.

Affetmemenin Yordayıcıları Olarak Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları ve Bilişsel Duygu Düzenlemenin İncelenmesi

The purpose of this study was to determine the predictive powers of childhood trauma and cognitive emotion regulation on unforgiveness. The participants of the study consisted of 351 students studying at Pamukkale University at seven different faculties and colleges during the academic year of 2019-2020. Childhood Trauma Scale Short Version, Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and Personal Information Form developed by the researcher were utilized for data collection. For analysis of the data; SPSS 25.0 package program were used and correlation analysis, t-test analysis and multiple linear regression were used. Results show that, unforgiveness does not differ according to gender, perceived trauma experience and source of perceived trauma, childhood traumas and adaptive emotion regulation strategies differ according to the source of perceived trauma. Positive correlations were found between unforgiveness and childhood traumas, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Similarly, a positive correlation was found between childhood traumas and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Negative correlation was found between childhood traumas and adaptive emotion regulation strategies. There was no significant relationship between unforgiveness and emotion regulation strategies, similarly adaptive emotion regulation strategies and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies. Sub-dimensions of childhood traumas and maladaptive emotion regulation strategies explained about 13% of the variance in unforgiveness.

God’s Perceived Engagement/Disengagement in Response to Prayer and Interpersonal Forgiveness: The Mediating Role of Positive Orientation

It is well documented that religion and its different aspects positively affect people’s ability to forgive. However, studies have rarely moved beyond direct associations to explore potential mediators of this relationship. In this context, our main aim was to examine the direct relationship between God’s engagement/disengagement in response to prayer and forgiveness with the possible influence of a positive orientation. Data were gathered from 464 participants aged 18 to 75 (M = 31.10; SD = 11.32). This study included 255 women (55%) and 209 men. We used the Brief Measure of Perceived Divine Engagement and Disengagement in Response to Prayer, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory, and the Positivity Scale. In line with our hypotheses, interpersonal forgiveness correlated positively with God’s perceived engagement (H1); it was negatively associated with God’s disengagement (H2); and it was positively linked to positive orientation (H3). Moreover, positive orientation mediated the relationship between religiosity and interpersonal forgiveness. This may suggest that positivity is not indifferent in the process of forgiving, especially when people are aware of God’s involvement in their lives.

Links between Faith and Some Strengths of Character: Religious Commitment Manifestations as a Moderators

Religious commitment is a significant factor for the development of strengths of character. Previous studies have confirmed that for religious people, it is not religious affiliation but religious orientation that has influenced positive outcomes. The purpose of the research was to verify whether religious commitment moderates the relationship between faith and strengths of character in a sample of religious students from Poland. A cross-sectional investigation of 393 Polish students was performed with using following measures: the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSORFQ), the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM) scale, the Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ-6), the Purpose in Life Test (PIL) test, the Herth Hope Index (HHI), the Brief Religious Coping Scale (Brief RCOPE), and two one-item tools measuring religious practices such as frequency of prayer and attendance at Mass. The obtained results confirmed the moderating role of prayer, mass attendance, and positive religious coping on faith and meaning in life as well as hope. Additionally, positive religious coping moderated the relationships between faith and gratitude as well as between faith and motivation to avoid transgressors. The research has proven that faith without religious commitment is not a strong enough factor to improve strengths of character, and being a believer but not practicing religion is not sufficient to lead a person to finding meaning in life, having enhanced hope, or being able to forgive.

The Role of Religiosity Mediated by Forgiveness on Marriage Satisfaction in Early Adult Individuals

The divorce rate in Indonesia is increasing every year. Various reasons that cause divorce include cheating; cases of drunkenness, alcoholism, and gambling by one partner, polygamy, domestic violence, economic problems and others. Experts argue that divorce arises as a result of the couple's dissatisfaction with their married life. Marriage satisfaction is described as a 'U'-shaped life cycle, where the beginning of marriage becomes the starting point for the highest level of satisfaction, then decreases due to the presence of the child, and then rises again after the children leave the home. This study aims to determine the effect of religiosity on marriage satisfaction, which is mediated by forgiveness. This study involved 351 early adults (aged 18-40 years), who have a marriage age of 1-5 years in Medan City. The measuring instrument used in this research is the Centrality of Religiosity Scale-15 (by Huber & Huber), adapted Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (by McCullough) and adapted Enrich Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale (by Fowers & Olson). The result of simple regression analysis shows that the effective contribution of religiosity to marriage satisfaction in early adult individuals with a marriage age of 1-5 years is 2.4%, the effective contribution of forgiveness on marriage satisfaction in early adult individuals with a marriage age of 1-5 years is 4.9%, the effective contribution of religiosity on forgiveness in early adult individuals with a marriage age of 1-5 years is 4.2%, and there is a positive and significant role of religiosity on marriage satisfaction in early adult individuals with a marriage age of 1-5 years which is partially mediated by forgiveness. The implication of this research is that early adult individuals, marriage counselors, psychologists, society and government know the role of religiosity mediated by forgiveness on marital satisfaction. Therefore, the divorce rate in Indonesia can be reduced by actively participating in religious activities or counseling with a religious approach.

Measuring predictors of psychopathology in Italian adolescents: Forgiveness, avoidance and revenge

The 18-item Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory (TRIM-18) is a three-dimensional measure of contextual forgiveness widely used in contexts of psychopathology. The present study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of the TRIM-18 in Italian adolescents. In study 1 and 2 we examined the internal validity of the scale using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) in a sample of 724 students (females = 67.8%; Mage = 16.26, SD = 5.21), and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), in an independent sample of 802 students (females = 51.1%; mean age = 15.95, SD = 1.49). In study 3 we examined the convergent, discriminant, criterion and construct validity in a sample of 274 students (females = 59.1%; Mage = 14.32, SD = 2.73) with measures of forgiveness, positive and negative affect and psychopathology symptoms. EFA confirmed the three original factors, Avoidance, Revenge, and Benevolence and CFA supported the three-factorial structure of the scale. The average variance extracted values of the three TRIM-18 factors in study three provided evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. The correlations between the TRIM-18 scales and the forgiveness measures ranged from strong to moderate, supporting its convergent validity. Similarly, the correlations with affect, and psychopathology measures in expected directions supported the construct validity of the TRIM-18 scales. Results showed strong composite reliability estimates in each sample for all three factors (>.84). The Italian adaptation of the TRIM-18 demonstrated good psychometric properties supporting its reliability and validity as a measure of three forgiveness facets including Avoidance, Revenge, and Benevolence, that are associated with psychopathology in adolescents.

Interpersonal Forgiveness and Meaning in Life in Older Adults: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of the Religious Meaning System

Forgiving others may play an important role in achieving meaning in life as it offers a valuable platform for deliberate moral acts of acceptance of positive affect, behaviour, and cognition towards a transgressor. The aim of this paper was to analyse the relationship between forgiveness and presence, and the search for meaning in life, as well as the mediating role of the religious meaning system in this relationship among older adults. A total of 205 older adults, 112 women and 93 men, participated in the study. The mean age was 72.59. The Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Scale, the Meaning in Life Questionnaire, and the Religious Meaning System Questionnaire were employed in the research; revenge and avoidance revealed negative correlations with presence, whereas benevolence showed positive correlations, but not with the search for meaning in life. The religious meaning system was confirmed as a mediator in the relationships between forgiveness (revenge, avoidance, and benevolence) and both presence and the search for meaning. The findings point to the significant role played by religious beliefs and behaviour in the domain of purpose and goals. Additionally, testing the mediation and moderation effects sheds new light on the interaction of compassion- and goal-oriented mechanisms in older adults’ meaning in life.

Revenge and forgiveness after victimization: psychometric evaluation of a Dutch version of the TRIM intended for victims and offenders

The Transgression Related Interpersonal Motivations (TRIM) scale measures revenge, avoidance, and benevolence in response to social transgressions that, typically, comprise acts of indirect aggression. We tailored the TRIM for use in forensic psychiatric and victimological settings by slightly altering the instruction to include transgressions that comprise direct as well as indirect aggression. In this study, we examined the factor structure and psychometric qualities of this adapted Dutch version of the TRIM. Data was collected in adolescents from three different educational levels (N = 455) and in (ex)detainees (N = 65). Three unambiguous and internally consistent factors corroborated a priori conceptualizations. Associations with social desirability, dispositional anger, dispositional vengeance, accomplished revenge, and accomplished forgiveness supported construct validity. Mean scores from (ex)detainees did not differ from the student participants, although the former reported more incidents of physical and sexual violence. Hence, the TRIM appears useful as an aid in risk assessment of known offenders, threat assessment of as yet unknown offenders, and efforts to support victims of violence.

The role of spiritual intelligence and dispositional forgiveness in predicting episodic forgiveness

ABSTRACT Relationships between spirituality and forgiveness have been of considerable interest to researchers. However, results of their studies remain ambiguous. In the present study, we explored associations between spiritual intelligence and forgiveness both as a state and as a trait. Respondents (605) aged 18–79 completed the Spiritual Intelligence Self-Report Inventory, the Heartland Forgiveness Scale, and the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory. The results revealed that all aspects of spiritual intelligence showed positive correlations with most dimensions of trait forgiveness, whereas some showed a negative association with revenge and positive correlation with benevolence motivation. Moreover, different aspects of dispositional forgiveness mediated the link between two spiritual intelligence dimensions (personal meaning production and transcendental awareness) and episodic forgiveness.

Empathy Mediates the Relationship Between Motivations After Transgression and Forgiveness.

Previous studies found the associations between motivations after transgression and forgiveness in adults. However, less is known about the relationship between transgression-related motivations and forgiveness among adolescents and the potential mediating role of empathy. These questions were investigated among 445 Chinese adolescents using the Tendency to Forgive Scale, the Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory, and the Interpersonal Reactivity Index. The results found a negative relationship between avoidance and revenge motivation and forgiveness tendency and a positive association between benevolent motivation and forgiveness tendency. In addition, the study also revealed a partial mediating role of empathy regarding the effect of the transgression-related motivations on forgiveness tendency. These findings suggested that empathy plays a vital role in the relationship between transgression-related motivations and forgiveness among adolescents.

RELATIONSHIP’S SATISFACTION CONNECTION WITH THE MOTIVATION OF FORGIVENESS

The purpose of the study was to investigate whether there is a relationship betweenthe motivation of forgiveness and satisfaction with the partnership in spouses. The study was attended by 300 married respondents: 180 women and 120 men (M = 39.29, SD = 10.7). Groups were matched according to the following criteria: age (19-60 years); married. To measure motivation of forgiveness, an interpersonal motivation survey related to abuse was used: the version of 18 statements (Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory; TRIM-18; McCullough et al. 1998; McCullough; Root & Cohen; 2006; adaptation in Latvian by S. Brudere -Ruska and V. Perepjolkina, 2012) and couples’ satisfaction index (CSI) Funk, JL & Rogge, RD (2007) was used to measure couples’ satisfaction. The study raised the question of whether there is a relationship between the motivation for forgiveness and the satisfaction of the spouses with the relationship? There were statistically significant positive correlations between forgiveness and satisfaction, which indicates that increasing rates of forgiveness increase satisfaction rates, and a negative close correlation was obtained by avoiding and retaliation for forgiveness, indicating that, as these scales increase, they will decrease satisfaction. Most respondents of the study against their partner, who is the abuser, are showing signs of grace that can be seen in the results of this research. The results of the study are in line with previous similar studies and confirm that forgiveness contributes to the well-being of the relationship.