Transformation Of South Korea Research Articles

Review of “The Logic of Compressed Modernity”

The cover of Chang Kyung-Sup’s new book The Logic of Compressed Modernity features a person peering out of a small window in a ramshackle structure with disorganized electrical cables running this way and that, whereas a dazzling landscape of skyscrapers lingers in the distance, hovering behind and, importantly, above the person in the window. The image encapsulates the book’s thesis well. Chang describes how the unprecedented pace of economic and social transformation in South Korea during more than the past 50 years has led to a contemporary era of mass inequality. In Chang’s telling, the perpetual pursuit of transformation, by the state and its citizens, has become the desired ends of South Korean society. As a result, Chang observes a society with layers of changes stacked on top of one another. The book draws on historical evidence in making its argument, and Chang seems to draw inspiration by taking the perspective of the person in the window of the ramshackle structure: how has societal transformation affected their position? Although such people live amidst the skyscrapers and metaphorically constitute the foundation upon which these pristine buildings stand, they are constrained to reside behind isolated, small windows.

The rise and fall of industrial clusters: experience from the resilient transformation in South Korea.

Clusters facing a crisis could have devastating effects on the economic conditions of the regions. Therefore, it is important to study how resilience works in the lives of clusters. The purpose of the current study is to more quantitatively understand the life path of the growth and decline of industrial clusters by verifying actual patterns. Also, it is to explain why these patterns were formed by qualitatively analyzing the process of utilizing resilience. The main contribution to the field of the lifecycle of clusters would be proving the theoretical concepts with data of the entire official industrial clusters in South Korea for 2 decades. Although previous works have attempted to define life paths by classifying the groups, most of their cases only dealt with one or two cases, making it difficult to generalize to a theory that can explain all types of clusters. This research used South Korean data as representative data for classification by analyzing the 1375 industrial clusters for 20 years. The trend of their life paths was calculated using a classic time-series decomposition method, and dynamic time series warping was adopted to measure the similarity between the paths. The k-medoids method from an unsupervised machine learning technique was adopted to classify the data. They were classified into three types: Malmo-type, Silicon Valley-type, and Detroit-type. The same classification method can be applied to other countries. Through this classification, the necessary or weak determinants of resilience in their clusters can be found. By making up for these shortcomings, continuous growth can be achieved.

Time-varying capital intensities and the hump-shaped evolution of economic activity in manufacturing

Manufacturing’s share of employment is known to follow a hump-shaped pattern as economies structurally transform. Motivated by the observation that sectoral capital intensities evolve over time, this paper examines whether such changes are important in accounting for this pattern. It does this by putting forth a structural transformation theory that allows for time-varying capital intensities, heterogeneous TFP, Engel curves and trade. The model is calibrated to South Korea (1970–2010), a country for which the rise and decline of the manufacturing employment share occurred within four decades for which comprehensive measures of sectoral capital income shares are available. I show that whereas traditional drivers matter for various elements of development, time-varying capital intensities are critical for generating the complete hump-shaped pattern in manufacturing employment: Time-varying capital intensities trigger an additional “push” of labor out of manufacturing, generating differences between employment and value added shares that are in line with the observed patterns of structural transformation in South Korea.

Asymmetric impacts of economic uncertainties and energy consumption on the ecological Footprint: Implications apropos structural transformation in South Korea

In today’s globalized world, the necessity of identifying environmental drivers is more vital than ever before. An extensive literature assessment verified the environmental impact of energy use and economic growth. This study contributes to the literature by considering the inclusive environmental indicator (ecological footprint, EF), uncertainty in government policies affecting the economic decision (EPU) in the pandemic era, structural transformation (ECI), and energy consumption (EC) in South Korea. The long-run cointegration relationship among variables is confirmed through the Bayer and Hank test. However, the asymmetric relationship between EPU, EC, and ECF is verified in the short run. Moreover, the structural transformation exerts additional pressure on the short and long-term environment. Economic growth is positively linked to EF in the short run. However, it improves the environmental quality in the long run due to switching to greener energy and utilizing energy-saving technologies. Therefore, diversifying the exported products, using eco-friendly technologies in the production process, and reducing the uncertainties must prioritize designing the inclusive economic-environment national energy policy.

Combat Workplace Sexual Harassment by Third Parties? Reframing Institutional Measures and Cultural Transformation in South Korea.

This study investigated the risk factors for workplace sexual harassment in South Korea using cross-sectional data of the 2014 and 2017 Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS). A generalized linear model specified with a Poisson distribution and log link function was performed. Females, younger adults, jobs in services or sales, tasks that involve visiting places where clients reside, and significant work time contribution to customers were associated with increased gender harassment and unwanted sexual attention. Evidence suggests that third parties and male-oriented culture may pose a serious threat to healthy working conditions.

Transformation of South Korea in the era of Anthropocene

Transformation of South Korea in the era of Anthropocene

Роль планирования в модернизационном развитии. Опыт Республики Корея

Active application of modern digital technologies is impossible without creating high technological basis for Russia’s economy, capable of effective implementation of such technologies. These processes assume the implementation of radical structural and technological modernization conversions applying different planning methods within the framework of state industrial policy. The most expressed forms of planning have been used by developed and «catching-up» economies primarily during radical modernization reforms. In this context, appealing to overseas planning experience seems to be of great interest. On the basis of foreign experts’ estimates, the author analyses the main directions in planning during the period of accelerated industrial-technological transformation in South Korea in the context of its possible use in Russia’s technological modernization. The experience of planning in South Korea is of special interest because it demonstrates the transformation in planning functions and methods according to the changes in socio-economic situation in the country and modernization goals set by the Government at different stages of development.

Transformation of Innovation Processes and Socio-Cultural Specificity of South Korea in the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution

Purpose: the main purpose of this article is to explore the specific characteristics of the innovation development of South Korea. To achieve this goal the following tasks must be solved in the article: research the main principles and steps in the development of South Korea; identify and analyze the successful factors of the South Korean «economic miracle» that will continue contributing to the development and growth of the country; describe the cultural and organizational factors limiting the speed of transformation of South Korea under the fourth industrial revolution.Methods: the main methods of the research are system, structural and qualitative analyses. For the study, statistical data and articles in Russian and foreign scientific and analytical publications were used. The article is contributed with the empirical findings from the case study conducted during direct involvement of the authors in one of the industrial companies of South Korea.Results: an in-depth analyses of the transformation periods during the innovation development of South Korea was carried out, which made it possible to formulate the conclusion about existing barriers originated in the organisational approaches used to achieve the former industrial success. The problems constraining the new paradigm shift are analyzed.Conclusions and Relevance: the materials stated in the article show that in modern conditions, transition of South Korea towards Industry 4.0 is constrained by several unique factors, that used to be the key success elements in the former stages of the innovation development of the country. The research conducted in this article represents the value to the activities of various organizations interested in the innovation development, especially for development of innovation policies from the aspect of the importance of oranisational and cultural behavior at a national level. Practical application of the suggested conclusions allows hierarchical and monocultural organisations to transition to the Industry 4.0 with the consideration of important economic and social dynamics.

Financial Transformation in South Korea

This paper addresses why and how South Korea’s financial system has diverged drastically from the Japanese model since the early 1980s and has turned to the US model, which is often regarded as a more market-oriented financial system. The paper traces the rise of American-trained Korean economists in the Economic Planning Board and their collaboration with other such economists in public and private economic institutes and academia.

ПОСТАВТОРИТАРНАЯ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ В РЕСПУБЛИКЕ КОРЕЯ: ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ, МЕХАНИЗМЫ, ПОСЛЕДСТВИЯ

The article reviews the modernization of the social and political system, state economic management and foreign policy strategy in postauthoritarian South Korea. It looks at the factors that contributed to the success of the South Korean democratic transition, including the strengthening of the legislative branch and the empowerment of the National Assembly, political liberalization, increment in activity of the civil society and non-governmental organizations, as well as emergence of new forms of an Internet-driven political participation of South Korean citizens and youth. Although the number of political parties in South Korea that absorbed the interests of various social groups greatly increased in the postauthoritarian era, the majority of political forces are predominantly elitist and are formed on a regional basis. Those parties proved unable to control the President and top executives thus undermining the credibility of the government. The article also explores the evolution of relations between the government and big business, arising from administrative and economic reforms. Although the South Korean government undertook notable steps toward market openness and liberalization, which significantly enhanced transparency and reduced overall state intervention in the economy, it could not eliminate the top-level corruption that triggered the political crisis in 2016-2017. Finally, the article explores the impact of the democratic transformation in South Korea on its foreign policy strategy, including relations with major foreign counterparts as well as South Korea– North Korea dialogue. The growing demand of the South Korean society for a more independent global posture leads to modification of foreign policy which stays loyal to the military and political alliance with the United States while taking steps to diversify political and economic ties.&nbsp

Trade, Reform, and Structural Transformation in South Korea

We develop a two-country, three-sector model to quantify the effects of Korean trade policies for structural change from 1963 through 2000. The model features non-homothetic preferences, Armington trade, proportional import tariffs and export subsidies, and is calibrated to match sectoral value added data on Korean production and trade. Korea’s tariff liberalization increased imports and trade, especially agricultural imports, accelerating de-agriculturalization and intensifying industrialization. Korean subsidy liberalization lowered exports and trade, especially industrial exports, attenuating industrialization. Thus, while individually powerful agents for structural change, Korea’s tariff and subsidy reforms offset each other. Subsidy reform dominated quantitatively; lower trade, higher agricultural and lower industrial employment shares, and slower industrialization were observed than in a counterfactual economy with no post-1963 policy reform.

Executive-legislative competition in agenda setting: an analysis of longitudinal changes in South Korea

ABSTRACTThe historical patterns of executive dominance in national policymaking have undergone a rapid transformation in South Korea. In the context of an emerging institutional rivalry between the executive and legislative branches in forming national policies, this study examines a causal nexus among the agenda power parity, jurisdictional complexity, and the scope and diversity of the national agenda space. A series of data analyses on various original measures of the key variables reveal that the two dimensions of the national agenda space have been reshaped via different causal processes. While the rise of the legislative power in agenda setting and the complexity of legislative jurisdictions tend to increase the scope of the national agenda space, democratic transition subsumes the influence of all other factors in increasing the diversity of the national agenda space.

From protest to collaboration: The evolution of the community movements amid sociopolitical transformation in South Korea

What roles do grassroots movements play in urban change? While many studies have focused on the substantive effects of grassroots movements in specific times and places, few have examined how a movement sustains its long-term development through changing sociopolitical and urban circumstances, and how this long-term, historical evolvement affects urban change. In exploring the development of the community movements over half a century in Korea, this paper examines the community movements’ various incarnations, from its function as a repository for early protest activism to recent collaborative efforts in response to the complex transformation of political and social systems and the subsequent development of urban and regional policies. Throughout this transformation in Korea, grassroots community movements have acted as a critical social catalyst, exerting major influence on the country’s shift from a prototypical modernist planning structure to a decentralised, participatory system.

Trade, Reform, and Structural Transformation in South Korea

A two country, three sector hybrid model of structural change with distortionary government policies is used to quantify the impact of international trade and trade reform for industrialization. The model features Armington motivated trade in agriculture and industry, and a novel representation of trade reform as a time sequence of import tariffs, export subsidies and lump sum government transfers of net tariff revenue. We calibrate our economy to data on South Korea and the OECD, inputting time series of country and sector specific labor productivity, tariffs and export subsidies which determine evolution of the effective pattern of comparative advantage. The model’s predicted reallocations of Korean labor from agriculture into industry and services from 1963 through 2000 are quantitatively similar to those in the data. Incorporating trade and measured Korean trade reform are both important for the accuracy of this predicted structural change, although international real income differences under non-homothetic preferences primarily determine trade and specialization patterns rather than comparative advantage. Counterfactually eliminating a) international trade b) international labor productivity differentials c) post 1967 Korean tariff reform and d) post 1967 industrial export subsidy reform increase the model’s SSE by 91 percent, 56 percent, 27 percent, and 62 percent respectively.

Trade, Reform, and Structural Transformation in South Korea

A two country, three sector hybrid model of structural change with distortionary government policies is used to quantify the impact of international trade and trade reform for industrialization. The model features Arming- ton motivated trade in agriculture and industry, and a novel representation of trade reform as a time sequence of import tariffs, export subsidies and lump sum government transfers of net tariff revenue. We calibrate our economy to data on South Korea and the OECD, inputting time series of country and sector specific labor productivity, tariffs and export subsidies which determine evolution of the effective pattern of comparative advantage. The model’s predicted reallocations of Korean labor from agriculture into industry and services from 1963 through 2000 are quantitatively similar to those in the data. Incorporating trade and measured Korean trade reform are both important for the accuracy of this predicted structural change, although interna- tional real income differences under non-homothetic preferences primarily determine trade and specialization patterns rather than comparative advantage. Counterfactually eliminating a) international trade b) interna- tional labor productivity differentials c) post 1967 Korean tariff reform and d) post 1967 industrial export subsidy reform increase the model’s SSE by 91 percent, 56 percent, 27 percent, and 62 percent respectively.

The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea

<i>The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea</i>

Endogenous Formation of Ricardian Comparative Advantage and Labor Market Friction: A Quantitative Assessment of Structural Transformation in South Korea

This paper incorporates search friction and human capital accumulation into an international trade framework to analyze the endogenous formation of comparative advantage induced by long-term employment relationship. The calibrated model demonstrates that the long-term employment relationship, by facilitating both human and physical capital formation, has contributed to South Korea's rapid `export-oriented industrialization.' The counterfactual experiment reports that aggregate output in 2013 would have been reduced by 25 percent and 10 percent, if South Korea had stayed as an autarky economy or pursued a protective trade policy, respectively. Further counterfactual experiments find that had a typical worker's job duration been 2.3 years from 1960's to 2010's, roughly one forth the actual average job duration, output in 2013 would have been reduced by roughly 43 percent. Also, South Korea might have exported primary products, not secondary products with even shorter job duration or less efficient learning-by-doing.

National Human Resource Development in Brazil

National Human Resource Development (NHRD) has received much attention from scholars since the concept was first introduced in the 1980s. Although the concept of NHRD is still under academic debate with regard to its definition and scope, the number of case studies presenting NHRD policies in various countries has been growing. The purpose of this article was to present a case study comparison of NHRD in Brazil and South Korea. We examined features and aspects of NHRD in both countries, taking into account their historical, economic, political, and social contexts. In addition, we examined the role played by the state in creating and promoting NHRD policies toward economic and social transformation in South Korea and Brazil. Findings in this article provide implications not only for countries that adopt NHRD strategies but also for countries that may need to utilize HRD for their sustainable national development.

Book Reviews

Hilton L. Root of King's College London and George Mason University reviews “Korean Political and Economic Development: Crisis, Security, and Institutional Rebalancing”, by Jongryn Mo and Barry R. Weingast. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Explores South Korea's transformation into a rich industrialized and democratic nation and considers the role of democracy in this process. Discusses the phenomena to be explained—three turning points in South Korea's modern history; an analytical framework for understanding South Korea's transition; leading up to South Korea's first transition—the crisis of 1960–61; initiating South Korea's transition—1961–79; the political economy of the democratic transition; democratic economic management in precrisis South Korea—democracy with limited pluralism, 1987– 97; the 1997 financial crisis—causes and subsequent reform; and the politics of economic policy under Roh Moo Hyun, 2003–08. Mo is Professor of International Political Economy in the Graduate School of International Studies at Yonsei University. Weingast is Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and Ward C. Krebs Family Professor in the Department of Political Science at Stanford University.”

Book review: The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea

Book review: The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea