Transferase Deoxyuridine Triphosphate Nick-end Labeling Research Articles

Korean Red Ginseng suppresses emphysematous lesions induced by cigarette smoke condensate through inhibition of macrophage-driven apoptosis pathways

BackgroundCigarette smoke is generally accepted as a major contributor to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by emphysematous lesions. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) against cigarette smoke condensate (CSC)-induced emphysema. MethodsMice were instilled with 50 mg/kg of CSC intranasally once a week for 4 weeks, KRG was administered to the mice once daily for 4 weeks at doses of 100 or 300 mg/kg, and dexamethasone (DEX, positive control) was administered to the mice once daily for 2 weeks at 3 mg/kg. ResultsKRG markedly decreased the macrophage population in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and reduced emphysematous lesions in the lung tissues. KRG suppressed CSC-induced apoptosis as revealed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining and Caspase 3 immunohistochemistry. Additionally, KRG effectively inhibited CSC-mediated activation of Bcl-2-associated X protein/Caspase 3 signaling, followed by the induction of cell survival signaling, including vascular endothelial growth factor/phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B in vivo and in vitro. The DEX group also showed similar improved results in vivo and in vitro. ConclusionTaken together, KRG effectively inhibits macrophage-mediated emphysema induced by CSC exposure, possibly via the suppression of pro-apoptotic signaling, which results in cell survival pathway activation. These findings suggest that KRG has therapeutic potential for the prevention of emphysema in COPD patients.

Cucurbitacin B suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma progression through inducing DNA damage-dependent cell cycle arrest

BackgroundThe mortality rate of liver cancer ranks third in the world, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract. Cucurbitacin B (CuB), a natural compound extracted from Cucurbitaceae spp., is the main active component of Chinese patent medicine the Cucurbitacin Tablet, which has been widely used in the treatment of various malignant tumors in clinics, especially HCC. PurposeThis study explored the role and mechanism of CuB in the suppression of liver cancer progression. MethodsCell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays were used to detect the inhibitory function of CuB in Huh7, Hep3B, and Hepa1/6 hepatoma cells. Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) staining and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement assays were performed to determine cell death. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) was measured, and flow cytometry was performed to evaluate cell apoptosis and cell cycle. Several techniques, such as proteomics, Western blotting (WB), and ribonucleic acid (RNA) interference, were utilized to explore the potential mechanism. The animal experiment was performed to verify the results of in vitro experiments. ResultsCuB significantly inhibited the growth of Huh7, Hep3B, and Hepa1/6 cells and triggered the cell cycle arrest in G2/M phage without leading to cell death, especially apoptosis. Knockdown of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1), a target of CuB, did not reverse CuB elicited cell cycle arrest. CuB enhanced phosphorylated ataxia telangiectasia mutated (p-ATM) and phosphorylated H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) levels. Moreover, CuB increased p53 and p21 levels and decreased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) expression, accompanied by improving phosphorylated checkpoint kinase 1 (p-CHK1) level and suppressing cell division cycle 25C (CDC25C) protein level. Interestingly, these phenomena were partly abolished by a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) protector methylproamine (MPA). Animal studies showed that CuB also significantly suppressed tumor growth in BALB/c mice bearing Hepa1/6 cells. In tumor tissues, CuB reduced the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and γ-H2AX but did not change the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) level. ConclusionThis study demonstrated for the first time that CuB could effectively impede HCC progression by inducing DNA damage-dependent cell cycle arrest without directly triggering cell death, such as necrosis and apoptosis. The effect was achieved through ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent p53-p21-CDK1 and checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1)-CDC25C signaling pathways. These findings indicate that CuB may be used as an anti-HCC drug, when the current findings are confirmed by independent studies and after many more clinical phase 1, 2, 3, and 4 testings have been done.

Krüppel-like factor 15 deficiency exacerbates osteoarthritis through reduced expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma signaling in mice

Krüppel-like zinc finger transcription factors (KLFs) play diverse roles in mammalian cell differentiation and development. In this study, we investigated the function of KLF15 in the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). 0Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery was performed in 10-week-old male wild-type control (WT) mice and cartilage-specific KLF15 knockout (KO) mice. Histological analysis, immunohistochemistry, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling staining were performed. Morphological changes were measured using microcomputed tomography. Six mice from each group were analyzed (total number of mice analyzed: 60). In vitro, immunofluorescence, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analyses were performed. KLF15 KO DMM mice exhibited significant cartilage degradation compared to WT mice. According to the Osteoarthritis Research Society International cartilage OA-histopathology scoring system, the mean sum score in KLF15 KO mice was significantly higher than that in WT mice at 8 weeks after surgery. Immunohistochemistry results revealed KLF15 KO mice exhibited reducedperoxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) expression, increased pIKKα/β, a disintegrin-like and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS) 5, and Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP13) expression, and reduced Forkhead box O (FOXO1) and Light chain 3B (LC3B) expression. Inhibition of PPARγ phosphorylation accelerated the effects of interleukin (IL) 1β-treatment in both KLF15 KO and WT chondrocytes, and activation of PPARγ expression canceled the IL1β-induced catabolic effects. Our results indicated that the OA phenotype of KLF15 KO DMM mice was influenced by reduced PPARγ expression, including enhanced pIKKα/β, ADAMTS5, and MMP13 expression, reduced autophagy, and increased apoptosis. KLF15 regulation may constitute a possible therapeutic strategy for the treating OA.

Self-assembled peptide-substance P hydrogels alleviate inflammation and ameliorate the cartilage regeneration in knee osteoarthritis

BackgroundSelf-assembled peptide (SAP)-substance P (SP) hydrogels can be retained in the joint cavity longer than SP alone, and they can alleviate inflammation and ameliorate cartilage regeneration in knee osteoarthritis (OA). We conducted a preclinical study using diverse animal models of OA and an in vitro study using human synoviocytes and patient-derived synovial fluids to demonstrate the effect of SAP-SP complex on the inflammation and cartilage regeneration.MethodsSurgical induction OA model was prepared with New Zealand white female rabbits and chemical induction, and naturally occurring OA models were prepared using Dunkin Hartely female guinea pigs. The SAP-SP complex or control (SAP, SP, or saline) was injected into the joint cavities in each model. We performed micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) analysis, histological evaluation, immunofluorescent analysis, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay and analyzed the recruitment of intrinsic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), macrophage activity, and inflammatory cytokine in each OA model. Human synoviocytes were cultured in synovial fluid extracted from human OA knee joints injected with SAP-SP complexes or other controls. Proliferative capacity and inflammatory cytokine levels were analyzed.ResultsAlleviation of inflammation, inhibition of apoptosis, and enhancement of intrinsic MSCs have been established in the SAP-SP group in diverse animal models. Furthermore, the inflammatory effects on human samples were examined in synoviocytes and synovial fluid from patients with OA. In this study, we observed that SAP-SP showed anti-inflammatory action in OA conditions and increased cartilage regeneration by recruiting intrinsic MSCs, inhibiting progression of OA.ConclusionsThese therapeutic effects have been validated in diverse OA models, including rabbits, Dunkin Hartley guinea pigs, and human synoviocytes. Therefore, we propose that SAP-SP may be an effective injectable therapeutic agent for treating OA.Graphical In this manuscript, we report a preclinical study of novel self-assembled peptide (SAP)-substance P (SP) hydrogels with diverse animal models and human synoviocytes and it displays anti-inflammatory effects, apoptosis inhibition, intrinsic mesenchymal stem cells recruitments and cartilage regeneration

Technical Aspects and Clinical Limitations of Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing in Male Infertility: A Global Survey, Current Guidelines, and Expert Recommendations.

Sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) is a functional sperm abnormality that can impact reproductive potential, for which four assays have been described in the recently published sixth edition of the WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. The purpose of this study was to examine the global practices related to the use of SDF assays and investigate the barriers and limitations that clinicians face in incorporating these tests into their practice. Clinicians managing male infertility were invited to complete an online survey on practices related to SDF diagnostic and treatment approaches. Their responses related to the technical aspects of SDF testing, current professional society guidelines, and the literature were used to generate expert recommendations via the Delphi method. Finally, challenges related to SDF that the clinicians encounter in their daily practice were captured. The survey was completed by 436 reproductive clinicians. Overall, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate Nick-End Labeling (TUNEL) is the most commonly used assay chosen by 28.6%, followed by the sperm chromatin structure assay (24.1%), and the sperm chromatin dispersion (19.1%). The choice of the assay was largely influenced by availability (70% of respondents). A threshold of 30% was the most selected cut-off value for elevated SDF by 33.7% of clinicians. Of respondents, 53.6% recommend SDF testing after 3 to 5 days of abstinence. Although 75.3% believe SDF testing can provide an explanation for many unknown causes of infertility, the main limiting factors selected by respondents are a lack of professional society guideline recommendations (62.7%) and an absence of globally accepted references for SDF interpretation (50.3%). This study represents the largest global survey on the technical aspects of SDF testing as well as the barriers encountered by clinicians. Unified global recommendations regarding clinician implementation and standard laboratory interpretation of SDF testing are crucial.

Characteristic and Otopathogenic Analysis of a Vibrio alginolyticus Strain Responsible for Chronic Otitis Externa in China.

Vibrio alginolyticus, a Gram-negative rod bacterium found in marine environments, is known to cause opportunistic infections in humans, including ear infections, which can be difficult to diagnose. We investigated the microbiological and otopathogenic characteristics of a V. alginolyticus strain isolated from an ear exudate specimen obtained from a patient with chronic otitis externa to provide a basis for the future diagnosis of V. alginolyticus-associated infections. The identification of V. alginolyticus was accomplished using a combination of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), classical biochemical identification methods, and the use of Vibrio-selective media and advanced molecular identification methodologies. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that the strain was resistant to ampicillin and sensitive to β-lactam, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamide antibiotics. The potential otopathogenic effects of V. alginolyticus were determined through the performance of cell viability, cell apoptosis, and cell death assays in tympanic membrane (TM) keratinocytes and HEI-OC1 cells treated with V. alginolyticus-conditioned medium using cell-counting kit (CCK)-8 assay, a wound-healing migration assay, Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) flow cytometric analysis, and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL staining). The results indicated that the identified V. alginolyticus strain exerts cytotoxic effects on keratinocytes and HEI-OC1 cells by inhibiting cell proliferation and migration and inducing apoptosis and cell death. To evaluate the ototoxicity of V. alginolyticus, the cell density and morphological integrity of hair cells (HCs) and spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) were analyzed after exposing cochlear organotypic explants to the bacterial supernatant, which revealed the pre-dominant susceptibility and vulnerability of HCs and SGNs in the basal cochlear region to the ototoxic insults exerted by V. alginolyticus. Our investigation highlights the challenges associated with the identification and characteristic analysis of the Vibrio strain isolated in this case and ultimately aims to increase the understanding and awareness of clinicians and microbiologists for the improved diagnosis of V. alginolyticus-associated ear infections and the recognition of its potential otopathogenic and ototoxic effects.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress is involved in retinal injury induced by repeated transient spikes of intraocular pressure.

Clinically, a large proportion of glaucoma patients undergo repeated intraocular pressure (IOP) spike (Spike IOP) attacks during their sleep, which may facilitate retinopathy. In this study, we established a mouse model of repeated transient Spike IOP to investigate the direct damage to the retina following Spike IOP attacks, and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism. We analyzed the changes in the number of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) via immunofluorescence. Thereafter, we detected retinal cell apoptosis via terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and performed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to reveal the underlying molecular mechanism. Finally, we validated the expression of key molecules in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathway using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis. Results revealed a time-dependent RGC loss in Spike IOP, evidenced by a reduction in the number of Brn3a-positive RGCs in experimental eyes following a 7-d continuous treatment with Spike IOP. In addition, TUNEL staining indicated that apoptosis of retinal cells started in the outer nuclear layer (ONL), and then spread to the ganglion cell layer (GCL) with time. RNA-seq analysis revealed that ER stress might be involved in Spike IOP-induced retinal injury. This result was corroborated by western blot, which revealed upregulation of ER stress-related proteins including binding immunoglobulin protein/glucose-regulated protein 78 (BiP/GRP78), phosphorylated inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (p-IRE1), unspliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1-u), spliced X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1-s), phosphorylated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax). These findings indicate that repeated IOP transients are detrimental to the retina, while ER stress plays an important role in retinal cell apoptosis in this situation. Notably, repeated Spike IOP among glaucoma patients is a crucial factor for progressive retinopathy.

Phosphatase and Tensin Homolog Deleted on Chromosome Ten Knockdown Attenuates Cognitive Deficits by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation in a Mouse Model of Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorder

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) is a crucial regulator of neuronal development, neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. In this study we examined the potential role of PTEN in cognitive function in a mouse model of perioperative neurocognitive disorder (PND). Adult male C57BL/6J mice received intracerebroventricular injections of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against PTEN or control siRNA 3 days prior to exploratory laparotomy (n = 8 per group). A group of healthy mice not undergoing surgery included as additional control. Barnes maze and fear conditioning tests were conducted 7 days after surgery. Mice were then sacrificed to examine the expression of PTEN, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule (Iba)-1, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax), interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the hippocampus. The microglial activation was examined by immunohistochemistry using Iba-1 as a microglia maker. Nissl and terminal transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining were used to measure cell death and apoptosis. In comparison to the healthy controls, surgically treated mice had longer latency to identify the target box in both training and testing sessions in the Barnes maze test and shorter freezing time in the fear conditioning test. Surgically treated mice had increased expression of PTEN, AMPK, Bax, IL-1β, and TNF-α, as well as increasing number of activated microglia and apoptosis neurons in the hippocampus. PTEN knockdown significantly attenuated the behavioral deficits in Barnes maze and fear conditioning tests, as well as over-expression of PTEN, AMPK, Bax, IL-1β, and TNF-α induced by surgery. PTEN knockdown could attenuate cognitive deficits induced by trauma, likely through inhibiting the activation of microglia.

Anti-Inflammatory Dipeptide, a Metabolite from Ambioba Secretion, Protects Cerebral Ischemia Injury by Blocking Apoptosis Via p-JNK/Bax Pathway

MQ (l-methionyl-l-glutamic acid), anti-inflammatory dipeptide, is one of the metabolites of monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor, a thermostable pentapeptide secreted by Entamoeba histolytica. Monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor injection has been approved as an investigational drug for the potential neural protection in acute ischemic stroke. This study further investigated the neuroprotective effect of MQ in ischemic brain damage. Ischemia-reperfusion injury of the brain was induced in the rat model by middle cerebral artery occlusion. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining assay was used to measure cerebral infarction areas in rats. Laser Doppler measurement instrument was used to detect blood flow changes in the rat model. Nissl staining and NeuN staining were utilized to observe the numbers and structures of neuron cells, and the pathological changes in the brain tissues were examined by hematoxylin–eosin staining. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to assess cell apoptosis. The changes in oxidative stress indexes, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde (MDA), were measured in serum. Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium was used to measure the survival rates of PC12 cells. Flow cytometry assessed the apoptosis rates and the levels of reactive oxygen species. Real-time PCR was used to evaluate the mRNA expression levels, and Western blotting was used to analyze the changes in protein levels of p-JNK, Bax, cleaved Caspase3. We revealed that MQ improved neurobehavior, decreased cerebral infarction areas, altered blood flow volume, and the morphology of the cortex and hippocampus. On the other hand, it decreased the apoptosis of cortical neurons and the levels of MDA, and increased the levels of superoxide dismutase. In vitro studies demonstrated that MQ enhanced the cell survival rates and decreased the levels of reactive oxygen species. Compared to the oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion group, the protein and mRNA expressions of p-JNK, Bax, cleaved Caspase3 was decreased significantly. These findings suggested that MQ exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischemia by blocking apoptosis via the p-JNK/Bax pathway.

MiR-192-5p regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of cholangiocarcinoma cells by activating MEK/ERK pathway.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common liver cancer, characterized by late diagnosis and fatal outcome. Although miR-192-5p has been shown to have a vital role in various cancers, its role in CCA is unknown. Here, we investigated the role of miR-192-5p in CCA cell proliferation and apoptosis, and elucidated its potential mechanism of action. The miR-192-5p expression in CCA tissues and cell lines was detected by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cell proliferation was analyzed using the cell counting Kit-8 and 5-bromodeoxyuridine staining assays, while apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay. Western blot analysis was used to measure the expression of cell proliferation and apoptosis-related proteins, as well as MEK/ERK signaling pathway-related proteins. MiR-192-5p was highly expressed in CCA tissues and cell lines. Overexpression of miR-192-5p significantly promoted CCA proliferation, and inhibited apoptosis. The MEK inhibitor, PD98059, reversed these miR-192-5p-induced effects on MEK/ERK signaling-associated protein expression, proliferation promotion, and apoptosis inhibition in TFK-1 cells. MiR-192-5p promotes proliferation and suppressed apoptosis of CCA cells via the MEK/ERK pathway, which may be a potential therapeutic strategy for CCA treatment.

The Role of SHIP1 on Apoptosis and Autophagy in the Adipose Tissue of Obese Mice.

Obesity-induced adipocyte apoptosis promotes inflammation and insulin resistance. Src homology domain-containing inositol 5′-phosphatase 1 (SHIP1) is a key factor of apoptosis and inflammation. However, the role of SHIP1 in obesity-induced adipocyte apoptosis and autophagy is unclear. We found that diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice have significantly greater crown-like structures and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells than ob/ob or control mice. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis, we identified that the apoptosis- and inflammation-related gene Ship1 is upregulated in DIO and ob/ob mice compared with control mice. In particular, DIO mice had more SHIP1-positive macrophages and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) as well as a higher B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax)/Bcl-2 ratio compared with ob/ob or control mice. Furthermore, caloric restriction attenuated adipose tissue inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy by reversing increases in SHIP1-associated macrophages, Bax/Bcl2-ratio, and autophagy in DIO and ob/ob mice. These results demonstrate that DIO, not ob/ob, aggravates adipocyte inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy due to differential SHIP1 expression. The evidence of decreased SHIP1-mediated inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy indicates new therapeutic approaches for obesity-induced chronic inflammatory diseases.

Comparison of different energy response for lipolysis using a 1,060-nm laser: An animal study of three pigs.

Non-invasive body-sculpting procedures are becoming increasingly popular. The application of 1,060nm of laser energy transcutaneously to hyperthermically induce the disruption of fat cells in the abdomen is a type of non-invasive procedure. The purpose of this study was to compare the treatment results from two parameters of the same system, each with different energy output levels, in an in vivo porcine model to determine the most effective application. Female pigs (n=3) were used in this study. We examined the effects of the treatment using photography, ultrasonography, gross and microscopic pathology, and histological examination in order to determine the mechanism of action, efficacy, and safety of the procedure. Blood chemistry analysis was performed before each session to check lipid levels and to monitor for any adverse changes in markers that may indicate liver damage. Biopsies were taken and routinely processed with hematoxylin and eosin and Oil Red O stains to examine for tissue damage at baseline and after each treatment. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays were performed to check for apoptotic-related DNA damage. Ultrasonic imaging of the same area before and after the application of 1,060nm of laser energy at outputs of 0.9 and 1.4W/cm2 showed that the density of the fat layer changed immediately after irradiation due to the transient heat transfer in the fat layer. Preclinical evaluation was performed to obtain comparison data on the safety and efficacy of subcutaneous fat reduction after applying the different energy outputs of 0.9 and 1.4W/cm2 . Based on our findings, we suggest that long-term histologic changes through the use of these devices suggest a comparative effectiveness of the treatment energy.

Zinc and selenium combination treatment protected diabetes-induced testicular and epididymal damage in rat

Diabetes increases the possibility of germ cell damage, hypogonadism, and male infertility. Diabetic condition negatively impacts zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) levels in the body. Zn and Se are among the most important trace elements involved in the regulation of redox reaction, antioxidants enzymes activities, and DNA expression in a germ cell. The present study aimed to elucidate the combined effects of Zn and Se treatment on diabetes-induced germ cell damage in male Sprague Dawley rats. Type 1 diabetes was induced by the single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg). Zn (3 mg/kg, i.p.) and Se (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered daily for 8 consecutive weeks. All the animals were provided with normal feed and water throughout the study. The effects on germ cell damage were evaluated by body weight, feed-water intake, organ weight, sperm count, motility, sperm head morphology, biochemical analysis, histology, immunohistochemistry, halo assay, germ cell comet assay, testes terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay, sperm TUNEL assay, serum protein pattern analysis, and subcellular analysis using transmission electron microscopy. Further, the expressions of nuclear erythroid-derived related factor 2, catalase, glutathione peroxidase 4, and glutathione peroxidase 5 were carried out to ascertain the mechanism of protection. The present results demonstrated that 8 weeks combined treatment of Zn (3 mg/kg, i.p.) and Se (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) reduced diabetes-induced germ cell damage. This study further highlighted that Zn and Se combination treatment might be a better strategy for the germ cell protection in diabetes and deserve further investigation.

Neuroprotective effect of gastrodin in methamphetamine-induced apoptosis through regulating cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway in cortical neuron.

Methamphetamine (MA) abuse induces neurotoxicity and causes neuronal cell apoptosis. Gastrodin is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used for the treatment of nerve injuries, spinal cord injuries, and some central nervous system diseases as well. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of gastrodin against MA-induced neurotoxicity in neuronal cells and its potential protective mechanism. The primary cortex neuronal culture was divided into four groups (control group, MA group, MA + gastrodin group, and MA + gastrodin + small interfering RNA group). The neurotoxicity of MA was assessed by detecting apoptotic cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay and cell viability by cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) method, the Tuj1-positive cells and the average axonal length were detected by immunofluorescence, and the expressions of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), protein kinase A (PKA), cAMP-response element-binding (CREB), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) proteins were detected by Western blot. The results of CCK-8 assay showed that 0.5 mM MA was an optimal concentration that induced neurotoxicity (p < 0.01). Pretreatment with 25 mg/L gastrodin exerted maximum protective effects on neuronal cells. The expression levels of cAMP, PKA, phosphorylated PKA, CREB, phosphorylated CREB, and BDNF proteins were decreased in the MA group, and pretreatment with gastrodin upregulated the expression levels of these proteins (p < 0.01). The expressions of PKA and CREB proteins showed no significant changes in the control group, MA group, and gastrodin group. Compared the MA + gastrodin + small interfering RNA group with MA + gastrodin group, the Tuj1-positive cells and the average axonal length were decreased significantly, while the number of apoptotic cells was increased (p < 0.05). Gastrodin has neuroprotective effects against MA-induced neurotoxicity, which exerts neuroprotective effects via regulation of cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway and upregulates the expression of BDNF.

Protective Effect of Stachydrine Against Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Reducing Inflammation and Apoptosis Through P65 and JAK2/STAT3 Signaling Pathway.

Stachydrine, a constituent of Leonurus japonicus Houtt which also called Japanese motherwort has been shown to improve vascular microcirculation and ameliorate endothelial dysfunction. This study investigated the neuroprotective effect of stachydrine. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham, control, and stachydrine groups. The neurological deficit score was evaluated and the infarct size of the brain was measured using 2,3,5-triphenyltetra-zolium (TTC) chloride staining assay, and the pathological changes in the brain tissues were examined by HE staining. Nissl and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining were performed to assess the numbers of Nissl bodies and the levels of apoptosis in the neurons. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) were also measured. The release of inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α were detected by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Compared with the control group, the stachydrine group showed a significant prevention of neurological deficit, as indicated by the reduced infarct volume in the brain. Moreover, the stachydrine treatment reduced the activities of SOD, the levels of MDA and decreased the amount of IL-1β, and TNF-α, indicating that it could function to decrease the level of inflammation, thus reducing brain damage. The ischemic stroke model of PC12 cells was prepared via oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) protocol for 6 h. The expression of P65 and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway related proteins was measured by western blot. The treatment group was found to have the survival rate of PC12 cells improved and the release of inflammatory factors reduced when compared with the OGD group. This study demonstrated that stachydrine could improve nerve function by inhibiting the phosphorylation of P65/JAK2 and STAT3.

Hydrogen Sulfide Attenuates Particulate Matter-Induced Emphysema and Airway Inflammation Through Nrf2-Dependent Manner.

PurposeTo investigate whether hydrogen sulfide provide protective effects on atmosphere particulate matter (PM)-induced emphysema and airway inflammation and its mechanism.MethodsWild type C57BL/6 and Nrf2 knockout mice were exposed to PM (200 µg per mouse). Hydrogen sulfide or propargylglycine were administered by intraperitoneal injection respectively 30 min before PM exposure, mice were anesthetized 29th day after administration. Mice emphysema, airway inflammation, and oxidative stress were evaluated, the expression of NLRP3, active caspase-1, and active caspase-3 were detected. Alveolar epithelial A549 cells line were transfected with control small interfering RNA (siRNA) or Nrf2 siRNA and then incubated with or without hydrogen sulfide for 30 min before exposed to fine particulate matter for 24 h, cell viability, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, ASC speck formation, the expression level of NLRP3, active caspase-1, and active caspase-3 were measured.ResultsPM significantly increased mice emphysema and airway inflammation measured by mean linear intercept, alveolar destroy index and total cell, neutrophil counts, cytokines IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, CXCL1, IL-1β in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. PM-induced mice emphysema and airway inflammation was greatly attenuated by hydrogen sulfide, while propargylglycine aggravated that. PM-induced oxidative stress was reduced by hydrogen sulfide as evaluated by 8-OHdG concentrations in lung tissues. The expression of NLRP3, active caspase-1, and active caspase-3 enhanced by PM were also downregulated by hydrogen sulfide in mice lung. The protective effect of hydrogen sulfide on emphysema, airway inflammation, inhibiting oxidative stress, NLRP3 inflammasome formation, and anti-apoptosis was inhibited by Nrf2 knockout in mice. Similarly, hydrogen sulfide attenuated the secretion of IL-1β, NLRP3 expression, caspase-1 activation, ASC speck formation, and apoptosis caused by fine particulate matter exposure in A549 cells but not in Nrf2 silenced cells.ConclusionHydrogen sulfide played a protect role in PM-induced mice emphysema and airway inflammation by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome formation and apoptosis via Nrf2-dependent pathway.

Acute changes in the retina and central retinal artery with methamphetamine

Methamphetamine (METH), an addictive stimulant of neurotransmitters, is associated with cardiovascular and neurological diseases. METH-induced ophthalmic complications are also present but have been insufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study is to investigate the retinal effects of METH. C57BL/6 mice were administrated progressively increasing doses of METH (0–6 mg/kg) by repetitive intraperitoneal injections for 5 days (4 times per day). Retinal degeneration was examined by morphological changes and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Norepinephrine levels were measured by ELISA, protein expression levels were determined by immunoblot and immunostaining, and gelatinase activity was examined by zymography. The thickness of the retina and the number of nuclei in the inner and outer nuclear layers were decreased by METH. Retinal cell death and astrocyte activation by METH treatment were confirmed by TUNEL assay and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression, respectively. Increased tumor necrosis factor-α protein in the retina and elevated norepinephrine levels in plasma were found in METH-treated mice. Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM-1) protein expression level was decreased in the retina and central retinal artery (CRA) by METH treatment, along with the endothelial proteoglycans glypican-1 and syndecan-1. Moreover, a regulator of the extracellular matrix, matrix metalloproteinase-14 (MMP-14) in the retina, and MMP-2 and MMP-9 in plasma, were increased by METH treatment. In conclusion, METH administration is involved in retinal degeneration with a vascular loss of PECAM-1 and the glycocalyx in the CRA and retina, and an increase of MMPs.

Effects of Vitamin A on Expressions of Apoptosis Genes Bax and Bcl-2 in Epithelial Cells of Corneal Tissues Induced by Benzalkonium Chloride in Mice with Dry Eye.

BackgroundThe apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells participates in the pathological processes of dry eye, which is expected to be a treatment target for dry eye. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin A (VA) on apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells in a mouse model with dry eye induced by benzalkonium chloride (BAC).Material/MethodsWe randomly divided 60 male BALB/c mice aged 8–10 weeks into 3 groups: the blank control group, the dry eye+vehicle group, and the dry eye+drug group. On the 7th day after the dry eye model successfully induced, the mouse eyeballs removed, and the mouse corneal tissues were isolated. The expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 in corneal tissues were detected via reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blotting. The apoptotic corneal epithelial cells were quantified using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining technique.ResultsVA suppressed the upregulation of the Bax gene at the mRNA and protein levels, and upregulated the expression of the Bcl-2 gene (P<0.05). TUNEL results revealed that the number of apoptotic epithelial cells in the dry eye group was 40 times larger as that in the blank control group. After the intervention of VA at an appropriate concentration, the number of apoptotic corneal epithelial cells was remarkably reduced to about 10 times that in the blank control group (P<0.05).ConclusionsVA can inhibit upregulation of the expressions of Bax and Bcl-2 in the epithelial cells of mice with dry eye induced by BAC, so as to suppress the apoptosis of epithelial cells in mice with dry eye.

A zebrafish model for hearing loss and regeneration induced by blast wave

Abstract Zebrafish have the potential to regrow injured organs and tissues, but their use as a model for hearing regeneration following blast injury has never been reported. In this study, zebrafish were exposed to a blast wave produced by an underwater blast wave generator. The first peak sound pressures produced by this generator were up to 224 dB and 160kPa, measured at 25 cm away from the machine. Zebrafish hearing sensitivity was examined by analyzing auditory evoked potentials from 1 to 35 days post blast wave exposure. Cell death and cell proliferation in inner ear organs, including the saccule, lagena, and utricle, were investigated using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay, and cell proliferation assay using 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine, respectively. Significant differences in auditory evoked potential thresholds were observed between exposed and control groups, demonstrating both blast wave-induced hearing loss and recovery of hearing sensitivity. An apoptosis assay revealed significantly increased numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling-positive cells in the inner ear sensory epithelia of exposed groups compared with the control group. However, numbers of 5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine-positive cells in the inner ear of exposed groups recovered to a normal level within 10 post blast wave exposure. Furthermore, blast wave exposure caused brain injury with increased cell apoptosis and decreased neurogenesis. Compared with drug or noise-induced zebrafish models, our blast wave-induced model elicited more serious hearing loss phenotypes, which required more time to return to a normal level. Overall, this zebrafish model can provide a reliable animal model for both hearing loss and regeneration research. The study was approved by the Shanghai 6th Hospital Animal Care and Use Committee, China (approval No. 2017-0196) on February 28, 2017.

The structural atrophy of the aneurysm wall in secondary expanding aortic aneurysms with endoleak type II

BackgroundAbdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) has an age-dependent prevalence of 2% to 11% and is a leading cause of death in men aged >65 years if not treated surgically. Today, endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) is performed in up to 80% of elective cases and 60% of ruptured cases. Although EVAR improves perioperative, early, and midterm outcomes, it is associated with specific complications, especially endoleaks (ELs). Type II EL occurs in up to 30% of procedures; however, aneurysm sac expansion and rupture are rare, and currently nothing is known about the morphologic changes in this condition. In this study, we investigate the aneurysm wall morphology in secondary expanding human AAA samples after EVAR with persistent type II EL in comparison to nonaneurysmatic control aortic and AAA samples. MethodsSamples were acquired from the aneurysm sac during retroperitoneal feeder vessel ligation in a cohort of 10 patients with secondary expansion after EVAR and type II EL diagnosed by computed tomography and contrast-enhanced ultrasound. Control tissues included 42 AAAs and 13 control aortae published previously. Hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry for CD3/4/31/68 and Ki67 were performed for morphologic analysis. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays allowed quantification of apoptosis. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify gene expression and Western blot to quantify collagen expression. ResultsSecondary expansion of 33.8% ± 30% during 5 years was seen after EVAR before reoperation. The aneurysm wall after expansion shows significant thinning of the intima-media layer accompanied by a scarcity of cells, with only a little chronic inflammation left compared with AAA samples. Macrophages are seen in abundance, and matrix metalloproteinase expression is significantly upregulated. Relevant apoptosis is not noticed. Fibrous tissue is reduced, and a collagen turnover to different subtypes is noted in comparison to nonaneurysmatic control aorta and AAA. In addition, the transcription factors vascular endothelial growth factor, Kruppel-like factor 4, and BCL2, elevated in AAA, are significantly reduced after secondary expansion. ConclusionsThe aneurysm sac morphology after EVAR with persistent type II EL is characterized by atrophy and proteolysis suggestive of structural weakening. These results should be considered for the follow-up schedule as well as for the potential treatment of this most frequent EVAR complication.