Transfer Of Units Research Articles

ON FEASIBILITY OF AZEOTROPIC SYSTEM USING TO IMPROVE DIETHYLENE GLYCOL REGENERATION QUALITY

The main technological scheme for dry natural gas treatment is absorption drying with diethylene glycol (DEG) vacuum regeneration. The final stage of field development is characterized by low flow rates and high moisture content of the gas, leading to load increase on gas drying devices and the DEG regeneration unit, resulting in deterioration in the quality of the regenerated DEG. This is due to DEG contamination with mechanical impurities, organic salts, products of its resinification and decomposition.In conditions of declining gas production at the fields of the Cenomanian deposits of theFar North, one of the possible variants of DEG regeneration processes efficiency increasing is the transfer of glycol regeneration units to operate according to the azeotropic distillation scheme.The objects of the study are water-saturated glycol regeneration units used in absorption units of gas fields. The issues of technological efficiency of water-saturated glycol regeneration unit operation according to existing schemes are considered and feasibility of their transfer to the use of azeotropic distillation is given.

Investigating swastika fins to enhance heat transfer and melting process of nano-enhanced phase change materials units

The ability of nano-enhanced phase change materials (NePCM) to store thermal energy has garnered the interest of scientists. An approach to enhancing thermal conductivity involves the implementation of novel fins that facilitate a more rapid PCM melting process. The present investigation assessed the efficacy of eight distinct fin configurations in augmenting the thermal properties of NePCM. Four occurrences featured swastika fins, whereas the remaining instances exhibited a 45-degree tilt angle. The enthalpy-porosity method was implemented to simulate heat transfer and melting process. The present research investigates the effects of fin tilt angles and swastika fins on the NePCM-thermal energy storage (TES) unit's mean temperature, liquid percentage, and thermal energy storage. Compared to the straight fins (Case 1), the long-arm swastika fins (Case 4) decreased the melting time by a factor of 2.3. In addition, Case 4 demonstrated exceptional thermal energy storage capabilities. Case 7 demonstrated that the tilting angle significantly affected the melting time, with a reduction of 34.9 %, compared to the non-tilted swastika fins utilized in Case 2. However, the increase in the fins' length was more substantial. According to the findings of this study, Case 4 is the optimal fin configuration for NePCM-TES.

The extent and characteristics of DNA transfer between plasmids and chromosomes

Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that reside in prokaryotes. The acquisition of plasmids encoding beneficial traits can facilitate short-term survival in harsh environmental conditions or long-term adaptation of new ecological niches. Due to their ability to transfer between cells, plasmids are considered agents of gene transfer. Nonetheless, the frequency of DNA transfer between plasmids and chromosomes remains understudied. Using a novel approach for detection of homologous loci between genome pairs, we uncover gene sharing with the chromosome in 1,974 (66%) plasmids residing in 1,016 (78%) taxonomically diverse isolates. The majority of homologous loci correspond to mobile elements, which may be duplicated in the host chromosomes in tens of copies. Neighboring shared genes often encode similar functional categories, indicating the transfer of multigene functional units. Rare transfer events of antibiotics resistance genes are observed mainly with mobile elements. The frequent erosion of sequence similarity in homologous regions indicates that the transferred DNA is often devoid of function. DNA transfer between plasmids andchromosomes thus generates genetic variation that is akin to workings of endosymbiotic gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution. Our findings imply that plasmid contribution to gene transfer most often corresponds to transfer of the plasmid entity rather than transfer of protein-coding genes between plasmids and chromosomes.

Создание культурно-переводческого продукта для международной коммуникации

International communication is conditioned by modern features of social and cultural context of different regional cultures in the world. The focus of the study is to apply a culture-oriented approach to translation in order for international translators to create their own cultural and translation product for effective English-language communication. The relevance of the paper is due to the need to create on a cultural basis an advanced method of designing a cultural and translation product for the adequate transfer of linguocultural units meaning, consideration of translation text hermeneutics for international communication. The research aims at describing the technology of cultural translation to create a cultural and translation product. The paper presents a three-stage system of work on its creation, features of culture-oriented translation in international communication. The research materials are the results of the Interpreters’ Club translation and research activities at the Faculty of International Relations of the Belarusian State University. Research methods are culture-oriented and organizational-activity approaches to analyze translation activities. The author presents the main results of the research in the form of the developed three stages method. She draws conclusions on the meaningful conduct of intellectual translation activities and outlines the need for special training for translators and interpreters to create their own cultural and translation product for efficient professional international communication

Study of metrological characteristics of the state primary measurement standard of volume flow and mass consumption of liquid in preparation for participation in international comparisons

The paper discusses the results of a study of metrological characteristics of the state primary measurement standard of volume flow and mass consumption of liquid, as well as the volume and mass of liquid flowing through pipelines (DETU 03-04-04). The study was conducted at the National Scientific Centre “Institute of Metrology” in preparation for international comparisons. Metrological characteristics of the components of the state measurement standard were studied, including the stability of the flow by experimentally determining the standard measurement uncertainty of the mass consumption of liquid at the measurement section of the standard. Based on the obtained results, the measurement standard was modernized. In addition, the paper discusses possible directions for further research aimed at improving measurement methods and analysing the measurement uncertainty of Type A. Further work in this direction can contribute to increasing the competitiveness across the national and international metrological community. The paper also examines the procedure for processing measurement results during international comparisons and identifies basic requirements for complying with international standards for further research of the measurement standard to meet these requirements.
 Metrological comparisons are an important part of metrology, as they ensure the equivalence of measurement units, which is essential for ensuring uniformity of measurements in various industrial and scientific areas. Such measures do not only promote scientific progress, but also ensure high standards of quality and safety in modern society. The results of this research will help to prepare for international comparisons, which are important for comparing measurement units. This, in turn, will contribute to more efficient transfer of measurement units to secondary measurement standards and measuring instruments.

Abstract 7588: Discovery of NSP-5033: A novel and potent PARP7/12 dual inhibitor

Abstract PARP7 is a mono-ADP-ribosyl transferase that catalyzes the transfer of single units of ADP-ribose onto substrate proteins to regulate their functions. One of its substrates is TANK binding kinases 1 (TBK1), whose MARylation by PARP7 inhibits its activation and thereby represses the type I IFN response to cytosolic nucleic acid. PARP7 is upregulated in many kinds of cancers and acts as a brake in cytosolic nucleic acid sensing, which leads to the suppression of type I IFN signaling and immune response. Therefore, PARP7 is a novel and promising target in cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we describe the discovery of a novel small molecule NSP-5033 as a dual PARP7/PARP12 inhibitor, which potently inhibits PARP7 and PARP12 enzymes with sub-nanomolar and low nanomolar activities, respectively. It displayed potent anti-proliferative activities against a number of cancer cell lines in vitro. NSP-5033 also increased the mRNA level of IFNβ and CXCL10 and stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation, suggesting that it restored the type I IFN response in tumor cells. With excellent ADME and pharmacokinetic properties, NSP-5033 demonstrated potent in vivo efficacy in human lung cancer xenografts with tumor regression and induced antitumor immunity in tumor-bearing immunocompetent mice. NSP-5033 has been nominated as a preclinival candidate for treatment of solid tumors and is undergoing IND-enabling studies. Citation Format: Qin Chen, Qionglin Huang, Ke Zhang, Yuli Hao, Zixuan Wang, Bing Li. Discovery of NSP-5033: A novel and potent PARP7/12 dual inhibitor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 7588.

Targeting SHMTs and MTHFDs in cancer: attractive opportunity for anti-tumor strategy.

One-carbon metabolism is a universal metabolic process that mediates the transfer of one-carbon units for purine and thymidine synthesis. One-carbon metabolism has been found to be dysregulated in various cancer types due to its role in production of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides, epigenetic program, and redox homeostasis. One-carbon metabolism is composed a network of one-carbon metabolic enzymes. Disturbing the expression and enzymatic activity of these one-carbon metabolic enzymes could lead to fluctuations of metabolites in the tumor microenvironment. Serine hydroxymethyltransferases (SHMTs) and methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenases (MTHFDs) are gradually recognized as important one-carbon metabolic enzymes for regulating tumor initiation and development, representing potential therapeutic targets for anti-tumor strategies. In the review, we primarily focused on the role of SHMTs and MTHFDs in cancer. Several inhibitors targeting MTHFDs and SHMTs have exert its potential to decrease tumor burden and inhibit tumor proliferation, highlighting the potential of targeting one-carbon metabolic enzymes for anti-cancer strategies.

A new mathematical model of folate homeostasis in E. coli highlights the potential importance of the folinic acid futile cycle in cell growth

Folate (vitamin B9) plays a central role in one-carbon metabolism in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This pathway mediates the transfer of one-carbon units, playing a crucial role in nucleotide synthesis, methylation, and amino acid homeostasis. The folinic acid futile cycle adds a layer of intrigue to this pathway, due to its associations with metabolism, cell growth, and dormancy. It also introduces additional complexity to folate metabolism. A logical way to deal with such complexity is to examine it by using mathematical modelling. This work describes the construction and analysis of a model of folate metabolism, which includes the folinic acid futile cycle. This model was tested under three in silico growth conditions. Model simulations revealed: 1) the folate cycle behaved as a stable biochemical system in three growth states (slow, standard, and rapid); 2) the initial concentration of serine had the greatest impact on metabolite concentrations; 3) 5-formyltetrahydrofolate cyclo-ligase (5-FCL) activity had a significant impact on the levels of the 7 products that carry the one-carbon donated from folates, and the redox couple NADP/NADPH; this was particularly evident in the rapid growth state; 4) 5-FCL may be vital to the survival of the cells by maintaining low levels of homocysteine, as high levels can induce toxicity; and 5) the antifolate therapeutic trimethoprim had a greater impact on folate metabolism with higher nutrient availability. These results highlight the important role of 5-FCL in intracellular folate homeostasis and mass generation under different metabolic scenarios.

Platelet Metabolic Profiling Reveals Glycolytic and 1-Carbon Metabolites Are Essential for GP VI-Stimulated Human Platelets-Brief Report.

Evolving evidence suggests that besides signaling pathways, platelet activation involves a complex interplay between metabolic pathways to support thrombus growth. Selective targeting of metabolic checkpoints may inhibit platelet activation and provide a novel antiplatelet strategy. We, therefore, examined global metabolic changes that occur during the transition of human platelets from resting to an activated state to identify metabolites and associated pathways that contribute to platelet activation. We performed metabolic profiling of resting and convulxin-stimulated human platelet samples. The differential levels, pathway analysis, and PCA (principal component analysis) were performed using Metaboanalyst. Metascape was used for metabolite network construction. Of the 401 metabolites identified, 202 metabolites were significantly upregulated, and 2 metabolites were downregulated in activated platelets. Of all the metabolites, lipids scored highly and constituted ≈50% of the identification. During activation, aerobic glycolysis supports energy demand and provides glycolytic intermediates required by metabolic pathways. Consistent with this, an important category of metabolites was carbohydrates, particularly the glycolysis intermediates that were significantly upregulated compared with resting platelets. We found that lysophospholipids such as 1-palmitoyl-GPA (glycero-3-phosphatidic acid), 1-stearoyl-GPS (glycero-3-phosphoserine), 1-palmitoyl-GPI (glycerophosphoinositol), 1-stearoyl-GPI, and 1-oleoyl-GPI were upregulated in activated platelets. We speculated that platelet activation could be linked to 1-carbon metabolism, a set of biochemical pathways that involve the transfer and use of 1-carbon units from amino acids, for cellular processes, including nucleotide and lysophospholipid synthesis. In alignment, based on pathway enrichment and network-based prioritization, the metabolites from amino acid metabolism, including serine, glutamate, and branched-chain amino acid pathway were upregulated in activated platelets, which might be supplemented by the high levels of glycolytic intermediates. Metabolic analysis of resting and activated platelets revealed that glycolysis and 1-carbon metabolism are necessary to support platelet activation.

Abstract 19037: Metabolomics Reveals Aerobic Glycolysis and 1-Carbon Metabolism as Major Metabolic Signature During Human Platelet Activation

Introduction: Evolving evidence suggests that besides signaling pathways, platelet activation involve a complex interplay between metabolic pathways to support thrombus growth. Selective targeting of metabolic checkpoints may inhibit platelet activation and provide a novel antiplatelet strategy. We examined global metabolic changes that occur during the transition of human platelets from resting to an activated state to identify metabolites and associated pathways that contribute to platelet activation. Methods: We performed metabolic profiling (through Metabolon Inc.) of resting and stimulated human platelet samples. The differential levels analysis, pathway analysis, and PCA were performed using Metaboanalyst. Metascape was used for metabolite network construction. Results: Of the 401 metabolites identified, 202 metabolites were significantly upregulated, and two metabolites were downregulated in activated platelets. Of all the metabolites, lipids scored highly and constituted ~50% of the identification. During activation, aerobic glycolysis supports energy demand and provides glycolytic intermediates required by metabolic pathways. Consistent with this, an important category of metabolites was carbohydrates, particularly the glycolysis intermediates that were significantly upregulated compared to resting platelets. We found that lysophospholipids such as 1-palmitoyl-GPA, 1-stearoyl-GPS, 1-palmitoyl-GPI, 1-stearoyl-GPI, 1-oleoyl-GPI were upregulated in activated platelets. We speculated that platelet activation could be linked to One-carbon (1C) metabolism, a set of biochemical pathways that involve transfer and use of 1C units from amino acids, for cellular processes, including nucleotide and lysophospholipid synthesis. In alignment, based on pathway enrichment and network-based prioritization, the metabolites from amino acid metabolism, including serine, glutamate, and branched-chain amino acids pathway were upregulated in activated platelets, which might be supplemented by the high levels of glycolytic intermediates. Conclusions: Metabolic analysis of resting and activated platelets revealed that aerobic glycolysis and 1-C carbon metabolism are vital to support platelet activation.

PROBLEMS OF TEXT LINGUISTICS AS A KEY PROBLEM OF WORLD LINGUISTICS

This article discusses the text and its linguistic status. The problems of text linguistics are inextricably linked with the transfer of units of the language system to speech, its real use in practice. The main issues of text linguistics, including the justification of speech units and their differentiation from language units, have not been seriously addressed in our research. Text syntax is on the verge of full scientific justification in the current period of development of linguistics. If it is fully justified, it should be called "big syntax", which differs sharply from ordinary syntax in terms of its object of investigation, namely, in which the relations between sentences, complex syntactic devices, paragraphs and chapters are checked.

Lactate as a major epigenetic carbon source for histone acetylation via nuclear LDH metabolism.

Histone acetylation involves the transfer of two-carbon units to the nucleus that are embedded in low-concentration metabolites. We found that lactate, a high-concentration metabolic byproduct, can be a major carbon source for histone acetylation through oxidation-dependent metabolism. Both in cells and in purified nuclei, 13C3-lactate carbons are incorporated into histone H4 (maximum incorporation: ~60%). In the purified nucleus, this process depends on nucleus-localized lactate dehydrogenase (LDHA), knockout (KO) of which abrogates incorporation. Heterologous expression of nucleus-localized LDHA reverses the KO effect. Lactate itself increases histone acetylation, whereas inhibition of LDHA reduces acetylation. In vitro and in vivo settings exhibit different lactate incorporation patterns, suggesting an influence on the microenvironment. Higher nuclear LDHA localization is observed in pancreatic cancer than in normal tissues, showing disease relevance. Overall, lactate and nuclear LDHA can be major structural and regulatory players in the metabolism-epigenetics axis controlled by the cell's own status or the environmental status.

Когнитивно-прагматическая характеристика романа С. Кинга «Кладбище домашних животных»: опыт компаративного анализа оригинального и переводного текстов

The work is devoted to the analysis of the novel by S. King “Pet Cematary” in the original English and Russian versions in a comparative aspect. The purpose of the article is a cognitive-pragmatic characterization of texts based on lexical units. The authors of the study solve the following tasks: a comparative analysis of the linguistic features of the texts of the work, the presentation of the most striking examples from a linguocultural point of view, the semantic interpretation of lexical units. The novelty of the study lies in the attempt to analyze the text of the novel in two languages in a comparative way (the authors of the article chose two versions of the translation into Russian, made by I. A. Bagrov and T. Yu. Pokidaeva). The data obtained during the study of texts reflect the culture and lexicon of the contemporaries of the authors of the translation, which is important for modern scientific research in the field of studying vocabulary, both from the structural and content sides. In the process of reviewing the material, the methods of continuous sampling, classification and interpretation were used. The analysis carried out helped to reveal the specifics of the perception of information in different periods of time. The lack of accuracy in the transfer of lexical units in translated works determines the need for further research in this direction.

Functional Analysis of Histone ADP-Ribosylation In Vitro and in Cells.

Gene regulation in the nucleus requires precise control of the molecular processes that dictate how, when, and which genes are transcribed. The posttranslational modification (PTM) of histones in chromatin is an effective means to link cellular signaling to gene expression outcomes. The repertoire of histone PTMs includes phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, and ADP-ribosylation (ADPRylation). ADPRylation is a reversible PTM that results in the covalent transfer of ADP-ribose units derived from NAD+ to substrate proteins on glutamate, aspartate, serine, and other amino acids. Histones were the first substrate proteins identified for ADPRylation, over five decades ago. Since that time, histone ADPRylation has been shown to be a widespread and critical regulator of chromatin structure and function during transcription, DNA repair, and replication. Here, we describe a set of protocols that allow the user to investigate site-specific histone ADPRylation and its functional consequences in biochemical assays and in cells in a variety of biological systems. With the recent discovery that some cancer-causing histone mutations (i.e., oncohistone mutations) occur at functional sites of regulatory ADPRylation, these protocols may have additional utility in studies of oncology.

93 (PB083) - Preclinical Profile of RP14042, a novel, selective, and potent small molecule inhibitor of PARP7

Background: Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-7 is a member of PARP family and is classified as monoPARP as it catalyzes the transfer of single units of ADP-ribose (MARylation) onto its substrates to exert its physiological functions. It is involved in several cellular processes, including responses to hypoxia, innate immunity, and regulation of nuclear receptors. In addition, PARP7 is overexpressed/amplified in variety of cancers including Ovarian, Breast, Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and Squamous cancers. PARP-7 acts as a negative regulator of nucleic acid sensing in tumor cells leading to suppression of Type I interferon (IFN) response. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that inhibition of PARP-7 restores Type I interferon (IFN) signaling leading to tumor cell growth inhibition and activation of the immune system, thereby contributing to tumor regression. Herein, we describe the preclinical profile of RP14042, a novel, selective, and potent small molecule inhibitor of PARP7. Material & Methods: Enzymatic potency was evaluated using a PARP Chemiluminescent Activity Assay Kit (BPS biosciences). Cell growth was determined following incubation with RP14042 as a single agent in various solid tumor cell lines. Cell cycle was evaluated following incubation of cells with compound for 72 h, subsequent staining with Propidium Iodide, and analysis by flow cytometry. Expression of p-STAT1 and p-IRF3 were determined in NCI-H1373 cell line by Western blotting. Pharmacokinetic properties of the molecule were also evaluated. Results: RP14042 inhibited PARP7 with an IC50 of 10.2 nM with selectivity over other members of the PARP family. Compound caused a dose-dependent growth inhibition of NCI-H1373, a PARP-7 overexpressing, cell line with an GI50 of 0.5 μM without any effect on the growth in low PARP-7 expressing cell lines. Incubation of NCI-H1373 cells with RP14042 caused G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. Inhibition of PARP7 by RP14042 in NCI-H1373 induced STAT1 and IRF3 phosphorylation suggesting restoration of Type I IFN signaling. Pharmacokinetic studies in rodents indicated high oral bioavailability with favorable plasma concentrations relevant for efficacy. Conclusion: Data demonstrate the therapeutic potential of RP14042 in PARP7 overexpressing tumors No conflict of interest.

A new design to enhance the conductive and convective heat transfer of latent heat thermal energy storage units

• Evaluation of latent heat TES assisted by twisted-wavy tube and conical container. • Lower charging time using twisted-descending wavy elliptical tube. • The maximum use of natural convection by employing conical container. • A decrease of 43% in charging time using appropriate conical container. • Improvement in melting time by dispersing nano particles into the PCM. The gap between the existing energy demand and supply is of immense significance worldwide, suggesting the need to develop highly effective storage technologies. This study concerns an innovative design for Phase Change Material (PCM) thermal energy storage suitable for solar energy applications. The proposed configuration for the tube benefits from the wavy profiles with different amplitude characteristics and the twisted shape. The impacts of the simultaneous implementation of the wavy and twisted tube are also examined to achieve an optimal model. The best design for the thermal energy storage is then integrated with the ascending and descending conical container shapes to gain the potential advantage of natural convection. Ultimately, the best case is treated with the nanoparticles (1, 3 and 5 vol%) to enhance thermal conductivity in the storage. The results reveal that the descending wave amplitude is the most effective profile when the least charging time is needed. Furthermore, the ascending conical shape container enhances the charging process (68 min for the complete charging process), taking full advantage of the natural convection phenomenon. Overall, the ultimate heat storage design offers nearly 83 % faster charging time than conventional straight tube heat storage units.

Consumption of a light meal affects serum concentrations of one-carbon metabolites and B-vitamins. A clinical intervention study.

The transfer of one-carbon units between molecules in metabolic pathways is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, but little is known about whether the circulating concentrations of metabolites involved in the one-carbon metabolism are affected by the prandial status. Epidemiological studies do not always consistently use fasting or non-fasting blood samples or may lack information on the prandial status of the study participants. Therefore, the main aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of a light breakfast on serum concentrations of selected metabolites and B-vitamins related to the one-carbon metabolism; i.e. the methionine-homocysteine cycle, the folate cycle, the choline oxidation pathway and the transsulfuration pathway. Sixty-three healthy adults (thirty-six women) with BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2 were included in the study. Blood was collected in the fasting state and 60 and 120 min after intake of a standardised breakfast consisting of white bread, margarine, white cheese, strawberry jam and orange juice (2218 kJ). The meal contained low amounts of choline, betaine, serine and vitamins B2, B3, B6, B9 and B12. Serum concentrations of total homocysteine, total cysteine, flavin mononucleotide, nicotinamide and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate were significantly decreased, and concentrations of choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, sarcosine, cystathionine and folate were significantly increased following breakfast intake (P < 0·05). Our findings demonstrate that the intake of a light breakfast with low nutrient content affected serum concentrations of several metabolites and B-vitamins related to the one-carbon metabolism.

Electrochemical Activation of the C-X Bond on Demand: Access to the Atom Economic Group Transfer Reaction Triggered by Noncovalent Interaction.

An atom economic method demonstrates the involvement of noncovalent interaction via hydrogen or halogen bonding interaction in triggering paired electrolysis for the group transfer reactions. Specifically, this method demonstrated the bromination of several aromatic and heteroaromatic compounds through the activation of the C(sp3)-Br bond of organic-bromo derivatives on demand. This electrochemical protocol is mild, and mostly no additional electrolyte is needed, which makes the workup process straightforward. Unlike the existing regioselective monobromination methods, this work utilizes a relatively small amount (1.2 equiv) of bromine surrogates that releases bromine on demand under the electrochemical condition and after completion of the reaction generates acetophenone as a useful byproduct. Green metrics indicate this protocol has a very good atom efficiency with an E-factor of 26.86 kg of waste/1 kg of product. In addition to the scale-up process, this strategy could be extended to the transfer of chlorine and thioaryl units. An extensive mechanistic study is accomplished to validate the hypothesis of noncovalent interaction using computational, spectroscopic, and cyclic voltammetry studies. Finally, the applicability of this newly developed nonbonding interaction to trigger paired electrolysis was extended to the chemoselective debromination of several dihalo organic compounds.

Federal Bailiff Service and Departmental Security of the Judicial Department: Development Prospects

The article is devoted to the study of the question of possible directions for the further development of the institutions of the Russian judicial system. The Judicial Department, acting as a guarantor of the effective organization of the provision of judicial activities, reasonably concludes that it is necessary to create departmental security in order to strengthen the security of judges and the property entrusted to the judicial system. This paper analyzes the problems of the current stage and the prospects for creating an institution of departmental protection in the judicial system through the prism of historical and foreign experience. The author provides a justification for the need to return to the discussion of the proposal for the transfer of units that ensure the established procedure for the activities of the courts, to the subordination of the Judicial Department. The collected empirical material allows us to draw a conclusion about the economic feasibility of optimizing the structures involved in ensuring the safety of ships. The analyzed experience of a number of states that have a common history with the Russian Federation demonstrates the effectiveness and viability of the proposed reform model and additionally emphasizes the validity of the proposals put forward

TRANSFER OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS DURING TRANSLATION

TRANSFER OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNITS DURING TRANSLATION