Transfer Of Military Technology Research Articles

Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?

This paper investigates the cointegration relationship among crude oil dependence (COD), CO2 emissions (CO2) and military expenditure (ME) in net oil importing countries using a bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag model with a Fourier function (FARDL). The empirical results indicate that there is cointegration in China and India due to their rapid economic development, very high CO2 emissions, strong oil demand and growth in military strength. Italy has a high level of oil dependence and an oil-dominated energy structure and is closely located to the Middle East, leading its ME to be influenced by COD and CO2. However, military strategies and alliances, governmental budget constraints, and energy structure and policies eliminate the cointegration relationship in the U.S., France and other countries. Some policy implications include the need to diversify oil supply channels and build strategic reserves to relieve pressure on the military to protect oil security. Expenditures for military research and development should be encouraged, and the transfer of military technologies to civil fields to improve energy efficiency should be accelerated. Renewable energy development is an effective instrument for relieving pressure due to oil dependence and the need to reduce CO2.

A ‘Gentleman’s Understanding’: British, French, and German Dual-Use Technology Transfer to China and America’s Dilemma during the Carter Administration, 1977-1981

ABSTRACT This examination considers an understudied aspect of Sino-American relations during the Jimmy Carter Administration: the transfer of military technologies from American allies in Western Europe to China during and after establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and China, and how these transfers played a central role in the Chinese leader’s, Deng Xiaoping’s, overall Cold War strategy. This study argues that Western Europeans tended to act much more independently than Americans expected in trading with the Chinese – a situation capitalised on by Deng and his comrades, whose long-term military ambitions extended far beyond the Cold War.

Arsenal of the Global South: Yugoslavia’s Military Aid to Nonaligned Countries and Liberation Movements

AbstractYugoslavia’s military internationalism was one of the most practical expressions of the country’s policy of nonalignment. Beginning with Algeria in the 1950s until its demise in the 1990s, Yugoslavia was an ardent supporter of liberation movements and revolutionary governments in Africa and Asia. This article argues that Yugoslav military internationalism was at the heart of Yugoslavia’s efforts to reshape the post-1945 global order and represented an extension of Yugoslav revolution abroad. Military aid was an expression of personal identification of Yugoslavia’s “greatest generation” with decolonization struggle. However, Yugoslav military aid to other countries went beyond a single foreign policy issue. Yugoslav military internationalism touched upon many other issues that included problems related to finances, economic development, the acquisition and transfer of military technology, relations with the superpowers, national security, ideology and politics, and prestige and status in global affairs. By the end of the 1970s, with the departure of the World War II generation and the looming economic crisis, Yugoslav military involvement in the Global South became increasingly driven by economic reasons. Former Yugoslav republics, after a short hiatus in the 1990s during the wars for Yugoslavia’s succession, are still present in the arms trade in the Global South.

Arms Transfers, Intellectual Property, and the Diffusion of Military Technology

ABSTRACTDoes the United States take into account concerns about intellectual property protection when it transfers arms internationally? This study explores the relationship between intellectual property law and the transfer of military technology. States weigh a number of issues when considering whether to export arms, from security problems, to reputational issues, to regime type. Both domestically and internationally, intellectual property law represents the principal means for states and firms to protect their technology. It stands to reason that states that export arms may take into account the robustness of intellectual property protection (IPP) in states that import arms. We hypothesize that the United States, which has placed a high priority on IPP generally, will be reluctant to export arms to states that place a low priority on IPP. Using arms transfer data from the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, the World Bank’s Intellectual Property Protection ratings, the institutional affiliations of states that import arms (including WTO and TRIPS) and a variety of other variables, this study tests hypotheses concerning IPP and its relationship to international arms sales, finding support for the hypothesis that the United States takes into account a potential importing state’s IPP strength when evaluating arms transfers.

Сетевая динамика «диффузии технологий» в системе международных трансферов вооружений

This article explores the role of technology proliferation within the international arms trade as the major part of political structure of international system. The first part of the article suggests a brief overview of the existing studies of international arms transfer as an integral system in international relations, specifically emphasizing the impact of Krause’s (1992) “diffusion of technology” theoretical concept on the literature of 1990–2000-s. The focus of the review is on the intersection between the studies of specific technological transfers and more generalized empirical research works reveals an interesting scientific puzzle – on the one hand key arms manufacturer states accumulate most of the military R&D thus securing their place on the top of the suppliers’ hierarchy, but on the other hand more and more states acquire capabilities to produce military hardware and they more willingly interact with each other establishing strong horizontal bonds with each other to achieve some political independence and maximize economic efficiency (so-called globalization of arms production). In the second part of the article, the network-based approach is suggested as a solution to the market-hierarchy paradox, with some overview of the latest research of arms transfers via Social Network Analysis (SNA) methodology. The third and the last part of the article provides first empirical investigation of the international military technology transfers using original operationalization approach based on SIPRI Arms Transfer Database information of localized production interstate transfers. Finally, the network graphs are constructed to compare general centrality metrics and locate network communities using the Blondel’s method for community detection. The network topology demonstrates significant interconnections between secondary suppliers within technology transfers sub-network, compared to “regular” transfers sub-network, as well as the existence of a “feedback loop” for the license transfers. Overall the empirical results provide positive evidence for Krause’s “diffusion of technology” concept and also support previous network studies of dissimilarities between USA and USSR dependent sub-network – the asymmetry between them appears to be even more stark on the license transfers data.

Arms Trade in the Current Military Relations between the People’s Republic of China and Ukraine, and Its Role in Development of the Chinese Military Potential

The purpose of the article is to present and analyse the role of transfer of military technology, equipment and armaments in mutual military relations between the PRC and Ukraine, as well as its impact on modernization of the PLA and expansion of China’s military potential.

FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF DEFENSE-INDUSTRIAL COMPLEX OF ISRAEL AS A LEADING FACTOR IN ISRAELI INNOVATIVE ECONOMY

During evaluation of the potential and capabilities of Israel's innovative technologies, which has allowed this country to achieve compelling economic results, it is necessary to recognize and analyze those factors that are directly related to the field of defense and military events. At the same time, we point up the fact that it is Israeli defence sector that has had a fundamental influence on the development of technological and manufacturing capabilities of civilian industries, scientific-research and research-constructive work, higher education, and the quality of labor service unit. Israel's experience for Ukraine is very relevant and requires discussion of the issues of defense industry reforming and its capabilities in the development of high-tech industries and introduction of factors for innovative type of economic development.Taking into account above mentioned information, a comprehensive study of the factors is introduced behind the transformation of Israeli civilian sectors into a successful innovative sector based on the defense industry, when most of high-tech firms in Israel originated in defense industry, and defense sector is the most important source of the latest technological know-how and a field for training of experienced personnel for civilian branches.Israeli experience, as well, shows that a strong trigger for an innovative technological and military-technical breakthrough may be the need to preserve the state in a constant military conflict and the problem of obtaining armament from abroad. Today, Israeli Army is considered to be one of the most high-tech in the world, equipped with the first-rate armament and the latest information technologies.At the same time, Israel is on the list of the most dynamic developing countries, while making a significant contribution to global fundamental and applied sciences. It is also possible to state that Israel has become an innovative state, which creates the latest technologies and contributes to economic growth of the global economy. Certainly, such success is due to the fact that in the mid-1980s, the transition to the path of innovative development began in Israel, when at the first place a switch to the SRRSCW sphere was carried out, the point of which was to redirect the development of dual inventions to meet the needs of civilian industry, the reduction of purely military research and encouragement of private capital flow into the creation and commercial usage of conversional technologies.Keywords: defense-industrial complex, innovative economy, research and development (R&D), transfer of military technologies, factors of innovative development.

Technology Transfer in the EU: Exporting Strategically Important ICT Solutions to Other EU Member States

Abstract The fast development of ICTs pose new challenges to the European Union and its Member States. Every EU country has its own policies regarding technology transfer, ownership of state e-services, and the possibilities how the state-owned or licensed e-service could be exported. Taking into account the free movement of goods, the EU has created a platform to cooperate and export IT solutions. However, the lack of preparedness of infrastructures, legislation and stakeholders for cross-border exchanges poses a threat to IT transfer and should be taken into consideration in the EU as well. In the coming decades the number of outsourced ICT solutions, strategically important ICT solutions, public services and critically important information exchange platforms developed on behalf of the states, will grow exponentially. Still, digital development is uneven across the EU, they grow at different speeds and the performance is quite splintered. There are legal provisions which are outdated and therefore impede technological cooperation and export of IT solutions. A Member State may restrict the ICT licensing based on national security and policy reasons and the ownership of intellectual property might pose a threat to technology transfer or further development of the IT solution. There are examples of strategically important export of ICT solutions, the experience at which can be expanded to cover other EU Member States. Strong collaboration would enable mutual learning from past experiences along with the opportunities for better use of technology. Parallels can be drawn with military technology transfers, as the policies and legal framework was first developed and mostly used with them. This introduces a question of what are the conditions for exporting strategically important ICT solutions from one Member State to another, given that there is no common legal framework developed yet, and who should decide whether to transfer or not?

The impact of military technology transfer on economic growth: international evidence

The purpose of this article is to measure the impact of military technology transfer on economic growth for 67 selected countries during the period 2000 to 2005 through the application of the Malmquist productivity index, which is broken down into efficiency change and technical change. Our main findings are as follows. First, technology diffusion is all-pervading in half of the sampled countries due to pure efficiency and scale efficiency changes. Second, a higher-income level and an excess of arms imports lead to innovative activities. Third, middle-income countries have higher efficiency and pure efficiency changes; these contribute to higher total productivity change. Finally, after separating the impact of capital investment from that of arms imports, the diffusion of military technology has a more positive and substantial impact on economic growth, thereby revealing the presence of externalities between countries.

Structure of the Military Technology Transfers: A Case of the Third World

Structure of the Military Technology Transfers: A Case of the Third World

Systems and Senses: New Research on Muscovy and the Historiography on Early Modern Europe

I feel fortunate to be able to discuss the topics presented in these articles. Their temporal focus on the 17th century is fortunate as well. European history should make much greater use of the research on 17th-century Muscovy than it does now. A recent textbook on European history in the early modern period, defined as beginning around 1450 and ending with the French Revolution, demonstrates this. Without much explanation, the author divides the long period she treats into two blocks, one of which comprises the 17th and 18th centuries. The implicit rationale for this choice is the rise of the modern sciences. For all its merits, this synopsis of early modern European history treats Muscovite or Russian history only briefly and not always adequately. (1) This is a pity, because a closer look at Muscovite history would show the reader a different 17th century, one little affected by the sciences but that offers many points of reference for a comprehensive study of early modern European history. The articles presented here deal with a range of topics: economic expansion in a premodern framework; the logic of the transfer of military technology; the everyday experience of a religious and secular culture that was divided along lines of rank and status; and royalty, and modes of identifying the ruler as well as oneself, at a specific stage in the development of writing. The authors include questions about economic agency and material culture, thereby building a bridge to the better Soviet historiography on Muscovy, which still remains to be integrated into present-day scholarship. But these works can also help integrate Muscovite history into the mainstream of the historiography on the early modern period, notably the study of state building. Analyzing the early modern concept of Policey and its significance for Russia, I would like to present one of the various possible ways of doing this. My view is, of course, a limited one: I am mainly, though not exclusively, referring to trends in the German research on the period, and hence also to works dealing with the German territories of the Holy Roman Empire. To begin, a few words about how these articles extend and modify central themes of the existing research on Muscovy. Isolde Thyret studies a large monastery's successful strategies of land acquisition in an age when monastic landownership was subjected to legal restrictions. Her protagonists act as aggressive entrepreneurs within a traditional system of exchange. The behavior of these self-confident clerics is somewhat reminiscent of the entrepreneurship of the 17th-century Stroganov family: while expanding into Siberia, they used means to sponsor icon painting in a distinctive style. (2) Thyret builds on the theme of self-confident clerical lordship (Herrschaft) recently discussed by Georg Michels, (3) but she adds important new aspects. The abbots showed a remarkable instinct for economic expansion at the expense of other church institutions. Stressing that the abbots pursued not only economic but also spiritual aims, the author elaborates on the topic of piety and expansion (in the sense of strategically acquiring the means to enhance one's economic potential) and shows that over all, Orthodoxy could motivate expansion as effectively as Calvinism could. Like any stimulating case study, this one leaves the reader with questions about possibilities for generalizing the results: if successful entrepreneurship was typical of large monasteries, what was it that made the monks of another famous large monastery, Solovki, so discontented that they became fervent supporters of religious dissent? Donald Ostrowski deals with the importation of new arms technology into Muscovy. For earlier historians of Eastern Europe, it was important to discuss from whom their countries borrowed military technology, since this was seen as an important indicator of membership in wider cultural networks. …

F(S)X Controversies in Japan and South Korea: A Comparative Study of Military Technology Transfer

F(S)X Controversies in Japan and South Korea: A Comparative Study of Military Technology Transfer

Israel, a powerhouse for networked entrepreneurship

The Middle-East seems to exist only when crises or acts of violence occur in the region. This takes away from thinking of Israel as the world's most vital place for entrepreneurship. In fact, as a percentage of GDP, Israel has the world's highest level of venture capital; in this area, it invests (1.2%) twice as much as the USA. In addition, the Israeli scene presents specific factors, which include intense networking and transfer of military technologies.

Cross-Disciplinary Technology Transfer in Trans-World War II Japan: The Japanese High-Speed Bullet Train as a Case-Study

This empirical case study examines a successful cross-disciplinary technology transfer in a non-Western country. The author argues that the invisible hand of contextual variables defined the contours of the cross-disciplinary application of engineering knowledge. More specifically, the migration of engineers, shaped largely by sociopolitical and cultural factors, constituted the pivotal part of the technology transfer. The central focus is the international and domestic context in which wartime aeronautical engineers developed the car truck of the Japanese high-speed bullet train after World War II. First, the paper analyzes the domestic and institutional context of postwar Japan—namely the Japan National Railways and Railway Technical Research Institute—to illustrate mainly sociopolitical factors that promoted the migration of the wartime engineers and cross-disciplinary technology transfer. As a case study, Dr. Tadashi Matsudaira's laboratory amply demonstrates the successful outcome of the process. The second half of this paper contextualizes the aircraft-to-bullet-train transition in a larger international framework. A series of German-Japanese comparisons highlights the sociopolitical cultures at the national level that contained accumulated wealth of wartime knowledge inside Japan. This case study is among the first to examine the cross-disciplinary transfer of military technology in an international framework.

Military Technology Transfers from Ming China and the Emergence of Northern Mainland Southeast Asia (c. 1390–1527)

During the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, Chinese gunpowder technology spread to the whole of Southeast Asia via both the overland and maritime routes, long before the arrival of European firearms. The impact of Chinese firearms on northern mainland Southeast Asia in terms of warfare and territorial expansion was profound.

Thục Phán, Cao Tông, and the Transfer of Military Technology in Third Century BC Việt Nam

Thục Phán, Cao Tông, and the Transfer of Military Technology in Third Century BC Việt Nam

GLOBAL TRANSFER OF ARMS TECHNOLOGY AND ITS IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

The Malmquist index is used to measure the impact of military technology transfer on economic growth. This index can be decomposed into two components: efficiency change and technical change. Given the aggregate production function, the effect of technology diffusion on growth is measured by efficiency change. The shift in aggregate production function due to innovative activities is measured by technical change. An analysis of 16 American and European countries over the period 1978‐1994 reveals that the total impact of arms trade on growth, measured in terms of the Malmquist index, varies across countries. Contrary to common belief the findings of this study do not suggest that industrial countries have more efficient utilization offoreign military technology than do developing countries. The evidence also shows that the difference in total impact among countries is primarily due to the differences in efficiency change, not technical change.

A reappraisal of the use of infrared thermal image analysis in medicine.

Infrared thermal imaging of the skin has been used for several decades to monitor the temperature distribution of human skin. Abnormalities such as malignancies, inflammation, and infection cause localized increases in temperature which show as hot spots or as asymmetrical patterns in an infrared thermogram. Even though it is nonspecific, infrared thermology is a powerful detector of problems that affect a patient's physiology. While the use of infrared imaging is increasing in many industrial and security applications, it has declined in medicine probably because of the continued reliance on first generation cameras. The transfer of military technology for medical use has prompted this reappraisal of infrared thermology in medicine. Digital infrared cameras have much improved spatial and thermal resolutions, and libraries of image processing routines are available to analyze images captured both statically and dynamically. If thermographs are captured under controlled conditions, they may be interpreted readily to diagnose certain conditions and to monitor the reaction of a patient's physiology to thermal and other stresses. Some of the major areas where infrared thermography is being used successfully are neurology, vascular disorders, rheumatic diseases, tissue viability, oncology (especially breast cancer), dermatological disorders, neonatal, ophthalmology, and surgery.

The Arms Trade: Business As Usual?

Q uestion: What is the post-Cold War global policy on conventional arms sales? Answer: Competition. Or free trade, as some might say. Increasingly, almost everyone sells almost anything to just about anyone who can pay-and often to some who cannot. On rare occasions, some countries deny advanced weapons to unstable regions or to so-called pariah states. But then some other seller seizes the competitive opportunity created by the denial, makes a rogue sale, and the arms lobby cries, foul play. In the absence of any enforceable multilateral restraints, the invisible hand has become the principal mechanism for allocating potent conventional weapons and associated technologies on a global basis. Globalization of arms production and military technology is a form of proliferation that threatens the emerging framework of agreements on weapons of mass destruction as well as the global system of trade and investment. It is a direct impediment to the achievement of peace and international security. Clearly, the world needs a new concept of proliferation that can override parochial economic interests and the fanciful notion that conventional arms are commodities that should be traded freely. It is plainly worth working toward this end. But in the meantime, we have to face the facts: There is no clear policy toward global arms exports and the transfer of military technology, any rhetoric to the contrary notwithstanding.

The Internationalization of the Arms Industry

In the current environment of excess capacity in the arms industry in combination with a continuing trend of rising research and development costs in this sector, companies have become increasingly active in attempting to apply strategies of internationalization to arms-producing activities. At the same time, the end of the Cold War has led to a relaxation in government attitudes toward military technology transfers within a broad group of industrialized countries. This article discusses three basic forms of internationalization: exports, foreign direct investment, and international cooperation arrangements. Cross-border merger and acquisition activities are mainly concentrated in Western Europe, in particular in the aerospace and electronics sectors, but there are also examples of international restructuring outside these areas. International cooperation projects with the Russian arms industry have been limited in number and scope, due to their uncertain future prospects.