Transfer Of Advanced Technology Research Articles

Economics in the U.S. national security system

The National Security Strategy of October 2022 is based on integration into the national security of the U.S. economy, including foreign economic and trade policy, export control, control over the transfer of advanced technologies and the consolidation of friendly and allied U.S. countries in order to collectively use the entire arsenal of these tools in the interests of ensuring the national security of the United States and ensuring the preservation of its leading position in the modern world. .This approach includes such main components as domestic investment in the United States in the promotion of innovative technologies and state support for technologically advanced industries of the American economy, strengthening economic government, monitoring not only incoming, but also outgoing investments. The Strategy justifies the thesis about the destruction of the borders between U.S. domestic and foreign policy while upholding the interests of the country's national security, the need to give priority to the internal technological security of its economy, maintaining American technological advantages, and actively countering the growth of economic, diplomatic, China's military and technological power as the main and sole centre of power, actually able to get ahead of the United States in the total volume of advanced technologies already this decade, depriving the United States of the status of the leading economic force of the modern world. The essence of the approach to U.S. economic security reflected in the White House Strategy is the desire to surpass China as the most strategically significant threat to U.S. national security and the joint efforts of a coalition of friendly and allied U.S. states to contain the breakthrough technological development of China, reflected in the concept of "Made in China 2025."

ПРОТЕКЦІОНІЗМ ЯК ДЕТЕРМІНАНТА РОЗВИТКУ АВТОМОБІЛЕБУДУВАННЯ ВЕЛИКОЇ БРИТАНІЇ

Розглянуто тарифну політику щодо імпорту, яку було запроваджено у Великій Британії з початком Першої світової війни і яка діяла протягом близько 60 років. Спираючись на історичні факти і цифри, обґрунтовано на прикладі автомобільної індустрії, що так звані мита Маккенна в довгостроковій перспективі вплинули на зростання виробництва, зайнятості, надходжень до бюджету; обумовили зниження цін на внутрішньому ринку, скорочення імпорту і збільшення експорту, сприяли іноземним інвестиціям і трансферу передових технологій, ширшому залученню до бізнес-процесів місцевого потенціалу. Унаочнено, що запущені нині урядом Індії захисні мита для регулювання імпорту товарів, випуск яких визначено її урядом пріоритетом (зокрема, ідеться про виробництво електромобілів), є віддзеркаленням заходів, що реалізовувала Велика Британія на початку ХХ ст. Наголошено, що захисні тарифи на ці товари в Україні є суттєво нижчими. Показано, що США в цілях національної безпеки також використовують імпортні мита.Беручи до уваги положення ГАТТ/СОТ і Угоди про асоціацію з ЄС, а також сучасні приклади їх застосування, цілком очевидно, що Україна в нинішніх умовах зовнішніх і внутрішніх викликів та інституційних обмежень може в період повоєнного відновлення скористатися перевагами політики протекціонізму для розвитку індустрії, базуючись на своєму праві визначати «найважливіші винятки з міркувань безпеки» задля забезпечення соціально-економічної та фінансової стабільності країни і добробуту нації. З огляду на це, необхідно переосмислити поточну політику України щодо автомобілебудування, зокрема в частині зовнішньоторговельного регулювання, і сформувати нову політику, яка спиратиметься на положення теорії ефективного протекціонізму і розрахунки ефективної ставки захисту, оцінки поточного стану і перспектив підприємств, результати фахової дискусії щодо пріоритетів галузі: чи вона має залишатися на стадії великовузлового складання, чи націлитися на повноциклове виробництво з високим рівнем локалізації.

LEGAL REGULATION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER CONTRACT

Technology transfer contracts are among the most common contracts at the present time، due to the increasing need to keep pace with development، especially if we know that there is a clear discrepancy between the countries of the world in the field of information technology، as developing countries seek to get rid of their economic problems to overcome the state of backwardness and compensate for the state of delay. This is based on the transfer of advanced technology in various productive sectors، so these contracts appeared that focus in essence on moral elements (Morals) represented in information، technical assistance ، or patent rights ، and work to transfer them from the first party supplying (Supplier) to the second party receiving (Recipient). The most important characteristic of these contracts is the diversity of their forms depending on the diversity of the shop. Some of these contracts focus on the transfer of technology with all its elements، and some of them focus on a specific element or more of its elements ، or the subject of which is to provide expertise ، advice or a certain effort، and this appears clearly if The recipient party does not have the ability to absorb، use and develop the transferred technology. This diversity made it difficult to determine the nature of the contract، and thus assigning it to one of the well-known contracts. This difficulty increases in legislation in which the legal regulation of the provisions of this type of contract is absent ، as is the case with Iraqi legislation. To shed light on this issue، we sought the help of the legislative provisions mentioned in the Trade Law. Al-Masry No. (17) for the year 1999، due to the absence of codification in Iraqi law، through the following two studies: The first topic: the nature of the technology transfer contract. The second topic: the legal nature of the technology transfer contract.

Exports Widen the Regional Inequality of Health Burdens and Economic Benefits in India

Both the ever-complex international and subnational supply chains could relocate health burdens and economic benefits across India, leading to the widening of regional inequality. Here, we simultaneously track the unequal distribution of fine particle matter (PM2.5) pollution, health costs, and value-added embodied in inter- and intranational exports for Indian states in 2015 by integrating a nested multiregional input-output (MRIO) table constructed based on EXIOBASE and an Indian regional MRIO table, Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR), the Community Multi-Scale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, and a concentration-response function. The results showed that the annual premature deaths associated with PM2.5 pollution embodied in inter- and intranational exports were 757,356 and 388,003 throughout India, accounting for 39% and 20% of the total premature deaths caused by PM2.5 pollution, respectively. Richer south and west coastal states received around half of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) induced by exports with a quarter of the health burden, while poorer central and east states bear approximately 60% of the health burden with less than a quarter of national GDP. Our findings highlight the role of exports in driving the regional inequality of health burdens and economic benefits. Therefore, tailored strategies (e.g., air pollution compensation, advanced technology transfer, and export structure optimization) could be formulated.

Handiski simulator performance under PSO-based washout and control parameters optimization

The transfer of advanced technology to the person with a disability who wishes to practice a sporting activity is gaining momentum in the science/engineering world. This paper seeks to approve more comfort and sensations for people with paraplegia on a motion simulation platform during a ski operation. The Motion Cueing Algorithm (MCA) has proven itself for sensation reproduction, which we propose to improve by integrating the physical limits of our 8-DoF mechatronics platform. An extended classical MCA is proposed to respond to the significant lack of restored sensation in the intermediate frequency range. A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is constructed to perform optimal washout filter parameters and control law parameters. Consequently, the reproduced skier trajectory stability is obtained. The results show that the proposed algorithm will overcome the physical limitation problem in the Handiski simulator, improve the realism of movement sensation, and reduce the false cues to enhance dynamic fidelity.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ І СУПЕРЕЧНОСТІ СТАНОВЛЕННЯ НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ ІННОВАЦІЙНОЇ СИСТЕМИ У ГЛОБАЛЬНОМУ ІННОВАЦІЙНОМУ СЕРЕДОВИЩІ

Objective. The main goal is to identify the prerequisites, factors and nature of the formation of the national innovation system in global innovation environment. Methods. The study uses such methods as: morphological – to define the concept of ″national innovation system″, systemic analysis – to study transformation factors in the innovation system and peculiarities of the development of the national innovation system, methods of comparative analysis – to identify the nature and to compare the types of innovation transformations of the national innovation system in global innovation competition, integrated approach – to determine directions of contradictions in the implementation of the national innovation system. Results. The article defines that the national innovation system is a universal instrument for implementing novations and innovations. The concept of the development of the national innovation system of Ukraine defines the national innovation system which includes subsystems: state regulation, education, knowledge generation, innovation infrastructure, production. The author proves the development of the national innovation system connected with qualitative structural shifts in the world economy development, which is directly determined transformation in the innovation system under the influence of internal and external factors in global innovation environment. Based on the study of the content of the national innovation system and the innovation factors of its formation, the objective and subjective features of its development are summarized. The nature and types of innovation transformations of the national innovation system in global innovation competition are revealed. The directions of contradictions of the implementation of the national innovation system, which contribute to the restructuring of the entire system of economic relations through the implementation of innovations: property relations, goals and means of economic growth, the structure of the economy, distribution relations, the type of reproduction, are defined and substantiated. Scientific novelty. The author proves that the level of innovation infrastructure and the share of private and public sectors in it, the depth of interaction between countries in the innovation sphere, and the innovation potential of the country's regional economic systems is to be considered objective features of the development of the national innovation system. Strategic orientations for the formation of the national innovation system in Ukraine are also determined: deepening of international scientific, technical and innovation cooperation between Ukraine and the EU regarding the acquisition and use of innovative knowledge; cooperation in the field of innovation infrastructure development; participation in EU programs; transfer of advanced technologies. Practical significance. The study of the mechanism of formation of the national innovation system provides an opportunity to develop the concept of the innovation type of development of the national economy. Key words: global innovation environment, national innovation system, innovation transformations, contradictions, evolution, adaptation.

On China’s Experience in in introducing Artificial Intelligence into the national manufacturing system

The issues of business management development on the border between Russia and China and the integration of science in the field of artificial intelligence with the real sector of the Chinese economy are of particular interest in the development of knowledge'based cooperation, the transfer of advanced technologies and the introduction of artificial intelligence in the sphere of border cooperation between our countries, including the full range of services related to border crossing and the development of all types of infrastructure on both sides of our common border

Organizational Status Change of Joint Venture: The Buyout by One Parent

Purpose: This study aims to discuss the buyout of joint ventures by one parent. Design/Methodology/Approach: Focusing on termination through acquisition by one parent, the paper suggests the testable proposition that explains a possible inverted U-shaped relationship between the likelihood of a focal parent acquiring a JV and the similarity of the JV to the focal parent. Findings: We propose that the likelihood of a focal parent acquiring a JV is likely to increase and then decrease as the JV similarity to the focal parent increases. Practical implication: This study can provide practical implications for firms from a more neutral standpoint. Firms that want to keep long-term relationships and operate JVs with their partners should be concerned about how JVs turn out over time. Originality/Value: This study can provide some normative implications for successfully maintaining JV relationships. Particularly in the case of international JVs, local companies that shake hands with aggressive foreign companies (often eager to obtain local market knowledge) face the situation in which they are forced to sell their stake to the foreign partner. Frequently, local companies are satisfied with a bit of advanced technology transfer from their partners and thus, foreign partners easily own the JVs. However, once the companies in JV relationships understand the dynamics of evolving JVs and the tendency of acquisition based on similarity, companies can make more careful strategies in raising their JVs.

A multi factor Malmquist [formula omitted] performance indices: Evidence from Sub Saharan African public thermal power plants

About 70% of Sub Saharan Africa’s (SSA) electricity generation comes from fossil fuels. However, the overdependence on these resources has contributed to the increasing global temperature levels leading to an annual average of 10%–13% decline in GDP per capita growth in the region. Besides, SSA’s contribution to Climate Change is marginal yet recognized as the hardest hit in the world. Therefore, considering technology heterogeneity, the study applies Metafrontier non-radial Malmquist index of CO2 emission (MNMCPI) to estimate the changes in the performance of CO2 emission and its decompositions in public thermal power plants across 18 SSA countries over 2005–2016 year period. The results depict that, averagely, the CO2 emission performance changes progressed slightly by 0.3% over the sample period, largely due to technological progress. Regionally, West Africa has the highest MNMCPI. Southern Africa emerged as the technology leader among all regions. The technical efficiency change index decline in all regions. Targeted policy implications are provided to enhance the transfer of advanced technologies and management experience to minimize CO2 emissions.

Macroeconomic uncertainty and the spatiotemporal evolution of innovation networks: evidence from China's urban technology supply chain

PurposeBased on the perspective of technology supply chain, this study explores the effect of macroeconomic uncertainty regarding the spatiotemporal evolution of urban innovation networks to establish causality.Design/methodology/approachIt collects patent trading data for 283 cities in China (2005–2017) and employs the spatial econometric model to investigate the causal relationship.FindingsThe regional transfer of advanced technology in China is rising sharply, and the innovation network based on patent trading is typically high-density, multi-direction and wide-spreading. Further, macroeconomic uncertainty has a negative effect on the scale of innovation flows and the absorptive capacity in eastern cities. However, it has no significant impact on the innovation network characteristics in developed cities. In contrast, macroeconomic uncertainty is detrimental for the absorptive capacity and node importance in inland and undeveloped cities.Practical implicationsAs macroeconomic uncertainty increases, it is important to improve the quality of the urban innovation network with a better understanding of heterogeneity to promote further suitability innovation at the region-level.Originality/valueThis study highlights a clear and distinctive view that macroeconomic uncertainty not only directly affects the evolution of the urban innovation network but also indirectly affects the characteristics of other city nodes via the spatial spillover mechanism.

EVALUATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF STATE SUPPORT PROGRAMS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF INNOVATIVE ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The ultimate goal of innovative entrepreneurship is the development of enterprises that are able to quickly respond to the current market situation, create competitive high-tech products of the new generation and increase demand at the level of world standards. Support for the development of innovative entrepreneurship is provided at the state level. Support programs are aimed at implementing three tasks: supporting new business initiatives, improving the business sector, and supporting export-oriented industries. All areas solve the complex tasks of ensuring sustainable and balanced growth of regional entrepreneurship in non-resource sectors of the economy, creating existing and new jobs. The transition to an innovative economy requires systemic reforms in the field of training, scientific and applied research, support for startups, the transfer of advanced technologies, and the creation of a venture ecosystem. The industrial and innovation policy of the state is implemented in partnership with business. Support measures are provided by the fulfillment of their mutual obligations. Financing of innovative activities of enterprises is carried out at the expense of internal and external sources. Internal financing includes the use of part of the company's profits for innovative purposes. This type of financing is not suitable for small and medium-sized businesses due to limited own resources. The most common external sources of financing for enterprises in Kazakhstan are credit resources, funds allocated directly from the state budget for the implementation of innovative projects.

A la cumbre por un valle. Adolphe Desoignie, un ingeniero de minas pionero en la Asturias protoindustrial

Los años centrales del siglo XIX son uno de los vacíos más llamativos de la historiografía sobre la industrialización asturiana, puesto que constituyen el punto de despegue del proceso. En estas páginas se glosan las aportaciones técnicas de uno de los primeros ingenieros de minas que trabajaron en la región, el belga Adolphe Desoignie, que contribuyó a la transferencia de tecnología avanzada entre Centroeuropa y Asturias en esta fase liminar y decisiva. En 2019 se cumplieron 180 años de la puesta en marcha la primera mina submarina documentada en Europa. Pese a ello, como otros coetáneos, no ha tenido la repercusión que merece en la literatura científica.

The Impact of Human Capital and Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: An Empirical Study on Jordan

Human capital is a real factor in improving the investment climate and attracting foreign investment. FDI also increases human capital in the host country through the transfer of advanced technology and the rehabilitation of local labor. The importance of the study comes from Jordan's serious endeavor to attract foreign direct investment and to present itself as a rich country in human and qualified capacities. This study examines the effect of human capital and foreign direct investment on economic growth in Jordan employing Auto Regressive Distributed Lags Bounds Testing (ARDL BT) co-integration method for the spanning period from 1984 to 2018. The results indicate that there is a long- run relationship among variables. The results showed that there is a negative and statistically significant effect of human capital index (HCI) on economic growth (GWP) in the long run, and a positive and statistically significant effect of FDI (GFDI) on economic growth (GWP) in the long run. The estimation results indicate that a 1% increase in (HCI) decreases (GWP) by 0.272%, and a 1% increase in (GFDI) increases (GWP) by 0.006%. This study is one of the few studies that highlight the challenges facing both HC and FDI in increasing economic growth in Jordan and provides some recommendations.

ВПЛИВ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ПРОЦЕСІВ НА ТРАНСНАЦІОНАЛІЗАЦІЮ БАНКІВСЬКОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Розкрито зміст глобалізаційних процесів у фінансовій сфері. Висвітлено як позитивні, так і негативні наслідки фінансової глобалізації для національних банківських систем. Зіставлено інтерналізаційну та еклектичну парадигми створення транснаціональних корпорацій. Виявлено тенденції розвитку банківського сектору в умовах глобалізаційних процесів. Показано діалектичну єдність і протиріччя інтересів глобальних господарських суб’єктів і держав. Дано оцінку впливу процесів транснаціоналізації банківського капіталу на національні банківські системи.

The Effect of Change in GDP on FDI in the Saudi Oil Sector Using the Adhocks Model of the Lagged External Variables, for Period, 1994-2017 an Econometrics Study

The importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the Saudi oil sector, like other countries in the world, which is considered one of the important and complementary sources of domestic investment, is very important. FDI is no longer only about the transfer of capital, but is also a necessary source of knowledge transfer in modern management. The transfer of advanced technology, the training and development of local technical cadres and the creation of more jobs for citizens. However, there is a decline in the degree of openness of the legislative environment attractive to foreign direct investment in terms of transparency, in spite of the available legal and administrative legislation in Saudi Arabia, as the volume of foreign investment flowing into the Saudi oil sector has fluctuated and instability of annual decay rates for several reasons, The rate of change in GDP during the period 1990-2000 was only increasing in some years as a result of the first Gulf crisis, depriving Iraq of the oil resource and increasing the production of Saudi Arabia to compensate for the shortage in the oil market and so the increase was after the second Gulf war in 2003 The rate of change has increased steadily due to the shortage after the United Nations exported
 The importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to the Saudi oil sector, like other countries in the world, which is considered one of the important and complementary sources of domestic investment, is very important. FDI is no longer only about the transfer of capital, but is also a necessary source of knowledge transfer in modern management. The transfer of advanced technology, the training and development of local technical cadres and the creation of more jobs for citizens. However, there is a decline in the degree of openness of the legislative environment attractive to foreign direct investment in terms of transparency, in spite of the available legal and administrative legislation in Saudi Arabia, as the volume of foreign investment flowing into the Saudi oil sector has fluctuated and instability of annual decay rates for several reasons, The rate of change in GDP during the period 1990-2000 was only increasing in some years as a result of the first Gulf crisis, depriving Iraq of the oil resource and increasing the production of Saudi Arabia to compensate for the shortage in the oil market and so the increase was after the second Gulf war in 2003 The rate of change has increased steadily due to the shortage after the United Nations exported Iraqi oil in the oil-for-food agreement, in addition to the rising oil prices, which led to an increase in Saudi oil production and consequently increased the rate of change in GDP, In the estimated model in the eighth phase of Table 3, the data were tested by the COOKS DISTANCE TEST, indicating that the normal values ​​and abnormal values ​​were close to the distance and less than 20%, which is recommended by the statistical world COOKS, which is estimated by the estimated model of 12% The data for the eighth stage is stable, while most of the stages were different in the data and the estimated distance by the test is more than 20%. Therefore, this model is considered the best of the models and therefore it will be chosen to represent the relation between the ratio of change in GDP and investment. 
 Iraqi oil in the oil-for-food agreement, in addition to the rising oil prices, which led to an increase in Saudi oil production and consequently increased the rate of change in GDP, In the estimated model in the eighth phase of Table 3, the data were tested by the COOKS DISTANCE TEST, indicating that the normal values ​​and abnormal values ​​were close to the distance and less than 20%, which is recommended by the statistical world COOKS, which is estimated by the estimated model of 12% The data for the eighth stage is stable, while most of the stages were different in the data and the estimated distance by the test is more than 20%. Therefore, this model is considered the best of the models and therefore it will be chosen to represent the relation between the ratio of change in GDP and investment.

Necessitated absorptive capacity and metaroutines in international technology transfer: A new model

International technology transfer of advanced technology and knowledge and their subsequent absorption is crucial to firms in developing nations. This research paper aims to further enhance the understanding and operationalization of the absorptive capacity construct. In the rigorous review of existing literature, organizational routines were found to play a significant role in enhancing an organization's absorptive capacity. We present our conceptualization of necessitated absorptive capacity as a dynamic organizational capability in the Necessitated Absorptive Capacity model. This paper contributes to the existing literature by providing a new model and an enhanced understanding and further operationalization of absorptive capacity.

Transfer of Advanced Technologies as Basis for the Recovery of Ukraine’s Economy

Transfer of Advanced Technologies as Basis for the Recovery of Ukraine’s Economy

Attractiveness of foreign investments in Albania: a focused analysis of factors, constrains and policy assessment

Foreign direct investments are very important for the implementation of strategic reforms, transfer of advanced technologies and managerial methods, thereby stimulating economic growth in developing countries and in particular, transition economies such as Albania is. During the last years, Albania experienced an increase in foreign investors’ interest in a wide range of sectors, with energy generation, telecommunication, cement production, mining, oil and industrial parks heading the list. However, the major obstacle factors for FDI inflows seem to remain the same: pervasive corruption, weak law enforcement, poor rule of law, lack of developed infrastructure, lack of a reliable energy supply and insufficiently defined property rights. Determining the factors that attract FDI, and furthermore identify the main characteristics of the host country’s economy, are essential to understand the reason of FDI inflows to a country or region. In the empirical perspective, various studies give different results. More specifically, this paper has focused on determining the factors for and against FDI in Albania.

일본 국영공원 관리 특성 분석

This study sought to discover new directions for management and operation national urban parks in Korea by analyzing the reality of the national government parks of Japan where these parks are already well established and managed. In the case of a Japanese national government park, its supporting system was established after the park was built. The means of management also shifted their direction from putting more priority to the administrative body to the residents. The management practices are changing process of its character with focus on residents as the main entity of activity from their existing position of participants. In other words, the national government parks of Japan are going beyond the previous practice of providing maintenance activities to providing experience, interpretation functions to these activities. Especially, they were establishing local networks to plan and execute programs in collaboration with the park management and NPOs. However, they fall short of tangible outcomes despite their continuous efforts to expand the community involvement and reduce the cost in maintenance. To facilitate the effective management of the urban parks in Korea in the near future, much thought needs to go into the management practices ensuring conservation of resources in the land of Korea, as well as people's use of recreation, community revitalization, and development and transfer of advanced technology to provide appropriate preparations to create urban parks in Korea.

A Comparative Analysis of the Patterns of Japanese and Korean Foreign Direct Investment in China

The current paper compares the patterns of Japanese outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) in China with that of Korea. As a result of the opening up of the Chinese economy together with the accumulating foreign exchange reserves, their FDI in China has risen over the past decades. The share of Japanese FDI in China has remained less than 20 percent of Japanese OFDI as a whole, while Korean FDI in China reached two-fifths of its total OFDI. The gravity model appears to be suitable for explaining the pattern of Korean FDI in China. By industries, the manufacturing sector has accounted for as much as or over three quarters of Japanese and Korean FDI in China. The former appears to be focused more on value-added industries such as machinery contributing to transfer of advanced technologies, while the latter is relatively more concentrated on labor intensive industries contributing to employment generation.