Transfer Payments Research Articles

Critical Elements and Theoretical Logic of Horizontal Transfer Payment System for Eco-Compensation: A Study Based on Grounded Theory

In recent years, how to coordinate the sustainable production and life of human society with the protection of ecological environment has become particularly important. This paper reviewed and analyzed the existing Chinese and English literature on Horizontal transfer payment system for eco-compensation (or hereinafter referred to as ECITPS), based on which this paper applied Grounded Theory to study the critical elements and theoretical logic of the System, exploring its formation process and logical procedure, and constructing a theoretical model of this System. It was found that the theoretical model of eco-compensation Horizontal transfer payment system is mainly divided into three stages, namely, the early, middle and late stages. Moreover, the logic of the ECITPS as a whole was the validation of PDCA Deming Cycle Theory, while the previous research on Horizontal transfer payment for eco-compensation was more focused on the specific object, with a lack of the overall macro understand of the theoretical framework for the system. Therefore, this paper assisted to promote the improvement of the ECITPS from the macro theoretical framework, and provided a reference idea for the development of the transfer payment field in the future period.

Do Taxes and Transfers Stimulate Development in Latin America?

This study examines the relationship between fiscal redistribution and human development in 12 Latin American countries over the period 2000–2021. Aiming to evaluate this relationship across the distribution, quantile regression is performed. The results suggest that greater redistribution is associated with higher development, although this relationship's strength decreases during the second half of the distribution. The analysis of taxes’ and government transfers’ redistributive effect is extended to the different dimensions of development—health, education and economy—and obtains significant coefficients at both the beginning and the end of the distribution. Several robustness analyses evaluate the results’ consistency for different specifications and sub-periods. When controlling for socio-economic factors, the intensity of the positive link between redistribution and development decreases. Education is the most affected by redistribution increases. Despite the COVID-19 pandemic's impact, a positive association between redistribution and development is obtained for both the pre-pandemic period and the following years.

Population ageing and income inequality in rural China: an 18-year analysis

With the continuous increase of older adults, population ageing has become a public policy issue worldwide. Gaining insight into the current state of population ageing and its impact on income inequality is essential for designing effective and equitable policies that support economic development and social stability. This study, focusing on rural China, explores the relationship between population ageing and Gini coefficient of income, using nationally representative rural household data collected by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China from 2003 to 2020. Results based on the decoupling index and decomposition method reveal that the issue of income inequality in the surveyed rural areas has not intensified with the progression of ageing, which overturns the predominant view in existing research that population ageing exacerbates income inequality. The findings indicate that the inhibitory effect of increasing transfer income on income inequality has become more pronounced as ageing deepens, and the income structural effect of rural residents in China has played a role in reducing the Gini coefficient. Based on these results, some suggestions are proposed such as raising parental allowance, improving rural production and living environment, constrcuting the long-term care system, and implementing multifaceted measures to enhance the income level of rural older adults.

Consumption smoothing, the cost of children, and family size desired in poor households: empirical evidence from family planning villages in Sintang Regency, the Province of West Kalimantan, Indonesia

There are many factors that may prevent individuals from achieving consumption smoothing, especially for poor individuals or households. Liquidity barriers for the poor can be overcome by pension programs financed by the government and intergenerational transfers. This research aims at investigating determinants of the family size decisions in poor households. This research uses primary data from survey questionnaires conducted among 447 poor households selected in Family Planning Villages throughout Sintang Regency. The family size decision is only affected by parents’ expectation of an intergenerational transfer. This variable has a significant positive effect, and the possibility of an old-age pension scheme provided by the government does not significantly affect the family size decision. This may be due to the fact that there has been no pension scheme for poor households in Indonesia. The cost of children does not influence the poor household’s family size decision. This is probably due to family package assistance provided by the government which can help reduce the cost of children. The cost of daily living, health and education costs have a significant positive effect on the burden of these costs. The findings of this study indicate that the family assistance package provided by the government does not encourage poor households to have a larger family, meaning that the provision of family assistance packages does not contradict the Family Planning Program. It also provides evidence that the government’s pension scheme for poor households can be also considered as a means of controlling the population growth, because this scheme will lower the expectation of poor households to receive intergenerational transfers.

Assessing the Fiscal Burden of Overweight and Obesity in Japan through Application of a Public Economic Framework.

Introduction: Obesity continues to represent a significant public health concern, with a broad impact from both a health and economic perspective. Objective: This analysis assesses the fiscal consequences of overweight and obesity (OAO) in Japan by capturing obesity-attributable lost tax revenue and increased government transfers using a government perspective. Methods: The fiscal burden of OAO was estimated using an age-specific prevalence model, which tracked the Japanese population across different body mass index (BMI) categories. The model was populated with fiscal data for Japan, including employment activity and government spending, to calculate tax revenue and transfer costs. A targeted literature review was conducted to identify data estimating the impact of OAO on employment, income, sick leave, retirement, and mortality. These modifiers were applied to Japanese epidemiological and fiscal projections to calculate government tax revenue and spending. The incremental impact of reducing OAO in the general population was subsequently calculated. Results were estimated based on the 2023 Japanese working-age population aged 18 to 70 years. Results: The total fiscal burden of OAO in Japan, defined as BMI of at least 25, is estimated at US 6.3 billion (¥901 billion) and 5.4 billion (¥769 billion), while additional pension payment spending of $0.5 billion (¥77 billion) was estimated, due to higher levels of early retirement. Conclusions: While the health implications of OAO are well documented, this fiscal analysis demonstrates the significant economic burden of OAO both to the healthcare system and broader government accounts. Policies aimed at reducing population-level obesity have the potential to benefit government accounts through increasing employment and reducing public spending, which can offset the cost of implementing these policies.

Assessing the Fiscal Burden of Overweight and Obesity in Japan through Application of a Public Economic Framework

Introduction: Obesity continues to represent a significant public health concern, with a broad impact from both a health and economic perspective. Objective: This analysis assesses the fiscal consequences of overweight and obesity (OAO) in Japan by capturing obesity-attributable lost tax revenue and increased government transfers using a government perspective. Methods: The fiscal burden of OAO was estimated using an age-specific prevalence model, which tracked the Japanese population across different body mass index (BMI) categories. The model was populated with fiscal data for Japan, including employment activity and government spending, to calculate tax revenue and transfer costs. A targeted literature review was conducted to identify data estimating the impact of OAO on employment, income, sick leave, retirement, and mortality. These modifiers were applied to Japanese epidemiological and fiscal projections to calculate government tax revenue and spending. The incremental impact of reducing OAO in the general population was subsequently calculated. Results were estimated based on the 2023 Japanese working-age population aged 18 to 70 years. Results: The total fiscal burden of OAO in Japan, defined as BMI of at least 25, is estimated at US $13.41 billion (¥1925 billion), representing 0.4% of Japan’s gross domestic product. This consists of a loss of $6.3 billion (¥901 billion) and $1.2 billion (¥179 billion) in direct and indirect tax revenue, respectively, due to lower employment and income combined with higher sick leave. Excess OAO-attributable healthcare costs were $5.4 billion (¥769 billion), while additional pension payment spending of $0.5 billion (¥77 billion) was estimated, due to higher levels of early retirement. Conclusions: While the health implications of OAO are well documented, this fiscal analysis demonstrates the significant economic burden of OAO both to the healthcare system and broader government accounts. Policies aimed at reducing population-level obesity have the potential to benefit government accounts through increasing employment and reducing public spending, which can offset the cost of implementing these policies.

Mental health effects of government transfer payments in urban China—An empirical study based on CFPS panel data

BackgroundGovernment transfer payments play a crucial role in redistributing wealth and alleviating relative poverty. However, the mental health effects of government transfers remain to be explored. This study aims to explore the internal mechanisms of the mental health effects of government transfer payments by examining individuals' subjective evaluations and attitudes. MethodsBased on panel data from the 2016 and 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) urban sample composition (N = 6645), the PSM-DID model was used to investigate the mental health effects of government transfer payments. Based on the calculation of the PSM-DID model, this study examined the effects of social security satisfaction and subjective social status on the mental health effects of government transfer payments through the mediation model and moderation model. ResultsThe study found that, overall, receiving government transfer payments can significantly reduce the level of individual depression. In examining the mechanism linking government transfer payments and mental health, it was discovered that social security satisfaction partially mediates this relationship. Additionally, subjective social status was identified as a negative moderating factor in this relationship, meaning that the alleviating effect of government transfer payments on depression diminishes as subjective social status increases. ConclusionsTherefore, in future policy optimization, firstly, the size and scope of urban government transfer payments should be expanded to directly improve the living standards of recipients. Secondly, social security programs should be strengthened. Thirdly, implementing the targeted interventions to address disparities in subjective social status should be considered.

Modeling inclusive electron-nucleus scattering with Bayesian artificial neural networks

We introduce a Bayesian protocol based on artificial neural networks that is suitable for modeling inclusive electron-nucleus scattering on a variety of nuclear targets with quantified uncertainties. Unlike previous applications in the field, which directly parameterize the cross sections, our approach employs artificial neural networks to represent the longitudinal and transverse response functions. In contrast to cross sections, which depend on the incoming energy, scattering angle, and energy transfer, the response functions are determined solely by the energy and momentum transfer to the system, allowing the angular component to be treated analytically. We assess the accuracy and predictive power of our framework against the extensive data in the quasielastic inclusive electron-scattering database. Additionally, we present novel extractions of the longitudinal and transverse response functions and compare them with previous experimental analysis and nuclear ab-initio calculations.

How does progressivity impact tax morale? Experimental evidence across developing countries

This paper examines how the progressivity of taxes and government transfers impacts tax morale through a randomized survey experiment with over 30,000 respondents across eight developing countries. Respondents increased (decreased) their tax morale when they received accurate information that taxes in their country are progressive (not progressive). These effects were predominantly driven by respondents in cases where the information they received was counter to their prior beliefs and/or consistent with their preferences. These results suggest changes in policies that increase (decrease) the progressivity of tax systems may also lead to increases (decreases) in tax compliance.

Mobile Payment Transfer Using Edwards Curve Digital Signature Algorithm Based on the Proof of Work in Blockchain

Mobile Payment Transfer Using Edwards Curve Digital Signature Algorithm Based on the Proof of Work in Blockchain

The Advancements Blockchain has had on the Financial Services Industry

The financial services industry handles transactions amounting to trillions of dollars daily, necessitating a focus on cost-efficiency, transparency, and security. Prior to the integration of blockchain technology, intermediaries such as money transfer services, stock exchanges, and payment networks frequently encountered cybercrime. Blockchain technology, initially popularized by cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, has since become a transformative force across various financial sectors. This technology enhances the industry by providing secure, transparent, and cost-effective transaction protocols through encryption and algorithms. This prose explores the significant advancements blockchain has brought to financial services, emphasizing its role in revolutionizing insurance, asset management, banking, and the stock market.

Village Organization and Sustainable Growth of Farmers’ Income: An Empirical Study Based on Dynamic Survey Data of the Labor Force in China

Common prosperity is the core goal of rural revitalization, and the sustainable growth of farmers’ income is an inevitable requirement. This study uses CLDS2014-2018 village- and family-level questionnaire data to reveal how the degree of village organization affects the sustainable growth of farmers’ income, thus providing a reference for local government decision-making to promote the increase in farmers’ income and narrow the income gap at the village level. The results show that the degree of village organization can significantly affect farmers’ income, and the analysis results of the degree of formal organization are consistent with this. Specifically, for every 1% increase in the degree of village organization, the per capita household income will increase by 0.324%, among which, the wage income will increase by 0.226%, the operational income will increase by 5%, the property income will increase by 0.008%, and the transfer income will increase by 0.042%. The estimation results obtained by using instrumental variables are consistent, and the results are robust. At the same time, improving the degree of village organization can also significantly increase the proportion of farmers’ non-agricultural income and narrow the income gap among farmers. On the impact of heterogeneity, it was found that the geographical distance between villages and county and township governments, as well as the political identity and education level of farmers, will affect the role of the degree of organization. The results of the mechanism analysis show that improving the degree of village organization is mainly achieved by promoting the circulation of agricultural land, socializing the service of agricultural machinery, and providing industrial and commercial capital to the countryside to increase farmers’ income. The research revealed that the modernization of rural governance should be accelerated and the degree of village organization should be improved, especially the degree of formal organization, so as to build benign trust and a cooperative relationship between village committees and villagers and implement policies and measures that improve the income of farmers according to local conditions. At the same time, this will strengthen the publicity and education of party members to improve the proportion of rural party members and the education level of farmers.

Income transfer and COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: wrong and right at the same time

Abstract To alleviate the effects of socioeconomic inequalities and of the fall in economic activity on vulnerable populations during the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries have implemented or expanded income distribution programs. Brazil, amid the political and economic 2020 crisis, exacerbated by the pandemic, established Emergency Aid (EA). This longitudinal ecological study aimed to analyze whether the availability of EA contributed to the reduction of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 in the Brazilian 5,570 municipalities, from March 2020 to December 2021. The theoretical model considered as control covariates socioeconomic, sociodemographic and morbidity characteristics and access to health services, including COVID-19 testing availability and vaccination. Classical variable selection methods were applied considering the theoretical model, culminating in the adjustment of Bayesian hierarchical models with the inclusion of spatial and temporal effects. First dose COVID-19 vaccine coverage and EA had a protective effect against hospitalization (RR = 0.982 and RR = 0.986) and mortality (RR = 0.978 and RR = 0.976) due to COVID-19 in Brazil, when controlled by socioeconomic variables, access to health services and spatial-temporal effects. The results highlight the important role of income transfer in morbidity and mortality due to the disease, however, the way in which EA was implemented in Brazil presented a series of problems, the main ones being discontinued payment of aid, reduction in values throughout the duration of the benefit, in addition to the use of public resources to pay people who did not meet the eligibility criteria. Such problems might not have happened if the federal government had maintained the registration structure of Bolsa Familia Program (BFP), which did not happen. Furthermore, vaccination was started late for several reasons, that is, its role in reducing morbidity and mortality could have been even greater if started as soon as it become available. Key messages • Even with planning and execution problems, income transfer and specific vaccination were important in reducing COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic. • Income transfer during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was not done in the best way possible, due to discontinued payment, reduction in values and payment to not eligible people.

The impact of China's residence permit system on the floating population's willingness to settle in cities

China's residence permit system is the focus of the nation's household registration system reform and a crucial aspect of promoting the new people-centered urbanization. Based on the China Migrants Dynamic Survey, this study uses the probit regression model to investigate the impact of the residence permit system on the floating population's willingness to settle in cities and examines the moderating effect of local government's financial resources. The results show that the residence permit system has a significant promoting effect on the migrants’ willingness to settle. And local government financial resources can strengthen the effect of the residence permit system on the willingness to settle. Additional exploration shows that the residence permit system can enhance the willingness of floating populations to settle in urban areas by increasing their income and consumption levels. Heterogeneity analysis shows that for non-agricultural household registration, high-education, high-income, and interprovincial migrating groups, the incentive effect of the residence permit system is more stronger. Based on the findings, while improving the residence permit system and expanding its coverage groups, transfer payments from the central government to local governments should be increased to effectively improve the value of residence permits, promote the floating population's settlement in cities, and advance China's new urbanization.

How does temperature affect rural income: Channels and implication of adaptation

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of daily temperature variations on rural income per capita and evaluates the effectiveness of adaptation based on China's county‐level socioeconomic statistics and household survey data. We find that high temperatures have significant negative effects on rural income per capita. Relative to the physically comfortable reference temperature between 10 and 15°C, an additional day with a daily average temperature above 30°C reduces the rural income per capita by 0.12% in the year. Evidence from micro‐data indicates that agricultural income of rural households is sensitive to high temperatures relative to other components of household income, such as wage income and transfer income, which leads to a reallocation of rural laborers across sectors. In addition, we indeed find some evidence of adaptation, but we conclude that the current adaptation pattern of rural households probably magnifies the threat of future climate change to China's agricultural sector.

Perceptions of primary health care professionals from Brazil about the food and nutrition monitoring system.

The main factors related to the lack of coverage in Health Information Systems are concentrated in the scarce and incipient training of health professionals regarding the collection and typing of data, as well as the importance of using information. The aim of this study was to analyze the perceptions of primary health care professionals from Brazil about the functioning of the Food and Nutritional Monitoring System (SISVAN). Multicentric qualitative study, carried out with 38 health professionals in Basic Health Units (BHU) in five regions around the country. Data collection took place through interviews, which were submitted to content analysis, using the thematic modality. The treatment of the results and interpretation of the themes were carried out using the theoretical framework of the philosopher Michel Foucault. Four themes emerged: (Lack of) knowledge of SISVAN; SISVAN and the conditional income transfer program; Difficulties in the execution and use of SISVAN information; and Strengths. Some of the interviewees recognized the purpose of SISVAN's functioning. The collection of anthropometric data was related to the conditions of the Bolsa Família Program. Ignorance of the system and/or limited perception emerged as obstacles in the operability, use and quality of the data. The participants recognize that professional training is necessary to optimize the strengths of the system.

O TRABALHO DO GESTOR PÚBLICO NO PROGRAMA BOLSA FAMÍLIA

In the development of this research, it is possible to present the performance of the public manager in the Bolsa Família program. With a vast field of activity, the public manager collaborates based on his/her professionalism in the construction of a fair and egalitarian society, promoting values ​​that enable a quality of life, such as accessibility to social projects, educational programs and inclusion. The Bolsa Família program seeks to have an important social meaning, where the families assisted and accompanied by the public manager, where the performance of the same can enable accessibility, clarity and commitment to the users. The program contributes not only with income transfer in order to overcome poverty and extreme poverty, but reinforces basic social rights, allowing these families to go further, being able to have a better future through education and health. The presented research brings together a framework of reflections on the theme, analyzing theorists on the respective subject from a constructive and informative approach. The methodology of the referred work is the result of readings and reflections based on different theorists on the respective theme.

High Quantum Yields and Biomedical Fluorescent Imaging Applications of Photosensitized Trivalent Lanthanide Ion-Based Nanoparticles.

In recent years, significant advances in enhancing the quantum yield (QY) of trivalent lanthanide (Ln3+) ion-based nanoparticles have been achieved through photosensitization, using host matrices or capping organic ligands as photosensitizers to absorb incoming photons and transfer energy to the Ln3+ ions. The Ln3+ ion-based nanoparticles possess several excellent fluorescent properties, such as nearly constant transition energies, atomic-like sharp transitions, long emission lifetimes, large Stokes shifts, high photostability, and resistance to photobleaching; these properties make them more promising candidates as next-generation fluorescence probes in the visible region, compared with other traditional materials such as organic dyes and quantum dots. However, their QYs are generally low and thus need to be improved to facilitate and extend their applications. Considerable efforts have been made to improve the QYs of Ln3+ ion-based nanoparticles through photosensitization. These efforts include the doping of Ln3+ ions into host matrices or capping the nanoparticles with organic ligands. Among the Ln3+ ion-based nanoparticles investigated in previous studies, this review focuses on those containing Eu3+, Tb3+, and Dy3+ ions with red, green, and yellow emission colors, respectively. The emission intensities of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions are stronger than those of other Ln3+ ions; therefore, the majority of the reported studies focused on Eu3+ and Tb3+ ion-based nanoparticles. This review discusses the principles of photosensitization, several examples of photosensitized Ln3+ ion-based nanoparticles, and in vitro and in vivo biomedical fluorescent imaging (FI) applications. This information provides valuable insight into the development of Ln3+ ion-based nanoparticles with high QYs through photosensitization, with future potential applications in biomedical FI.

Designing Net Asset-Based Income-Splitting Rules under Dual Income Tax

Abstract This article revisits the income-splitting regulations within the Nordic dual income tax framework. These regulations were introduced to counteract the inclination to transfer income between labor and capital income tax bases. They involve imputing a return on equity, considered as capital income, and taxing the residual portion at rates similar to those imposed on labor income. There are primarily two methods for computing imputed capital income. One method involves imputing a return based on the shares’ acquisition price (implemented in Sweden and Norway), while the other calculates a return using the net book assets of the company (utilized in Finland). This study examines the economic implications of the net asset-based splitting approach, an area not extensively explored in earlier literature. Our findings suggest that with appropriate selection of tax-parameter values, the net asset-based splitting system embodies the fundamental characteristics of a neutral corporate tax system akin to the ACE corporation tax. Consequently, our analysis indicates that the issues regarding incentive concerns in the Finnish taxation of closely held companies, highlighted in previous studies, stem more from erroneous parameter values rather than flawed underlying principles.

Identifying successful football teams in the European player transfer network

This paper considers the European transfer market for professional football players as a network to study the relation between a team’s position in this network and performance in its domestic league. Our analysis is centered on eight top European leagues. The market in each season is represented as a weighted directed network capturing the transfers of players to or from the teams in these leagues, and we also consider the cumulative network over the past 28 years. We find that the overall structure of this transfer market network has properties commonly observed in real-world networks, such as a skewed degree distribution, high clustering, and small-world characteristics. To assess football teams we first construct a measure of within-league performance that is comparable across leagues. Regression analysis is used to relate league performance with both the network position and level of engagement of the team in the transfer market, under two complimentary setups. Network position variables include, e.g., betweenness centrality, closeness centrality and node clustering coefficient, whereas market engagement variables capture a team’s activity in the transfer market, e.g., total number of player transfers and total paid for players. For the season snapshots, the number of transfers correspond to weighted in- and out-degree. Our analysis first corroborates several recent findings relating aspects of market engagement with teams’ league performance. A higher number of incoming transfers indicates worse performance and better resourced teams perform better. Then, and across specifications, we find that network position variables remain salient even when engagement variables are already considered. This substantiates the notion in the existing literature that a high degree corresponds to better team performance and suggests that network aspects of trading strategy may affect a team’s success in their respective domestic league (or vice versa). In this sense, the approach and findings presented in this paper may in the future guide team’s player acquisition policies.