Transducer Electronic Data Sheet Research Articles

Enabling Modular Robotics with Secure Transducer Identification Based on Extended IEEE 21450 Transducer Electronic Datasheets

In robotics, there are many different sensors and actuators mounted onto a robot which may also, in the case of modular robotics, be interchanged during operation. During development of new sensors or actuators, prototypes may also be mounted onto a robot to test functionality, where the new prototypes often have to be integrated manually into the robot environment. Proper, fast and secure identification of new sensor or actuator modules for the robot thus becomes important. In this work, a workflow to add new sensors or actuators to an existing robot environment while establishing trust in an automated manner using electronic datasheets has been developed. The new sensors or actuators are identified via near field communication (NFC) to the system and exchange security information via the same channel. By using electronic datasheets stored on the sensor or actuator, the device can be easily identified and trust can be established by using additional security information contained in the datasheet. In addition, the NFC hardware can simultaneously be used for wireless charging (WLC), thus allowing for wireless sensor and actuator modules. The developed workflow has been tested with prototype tactile sensors mounted onto a robotic gripper.

A Novel IEPE AE-Vibration-Temperature-Combined Intelligent Sensor for Defect Detection of Power Equipment

Insulation and mechanical defects are the main reasons of the power equipment fault, the former could generate partial discharge (PD) which can be detected by acoustic emission (AE) sensor, the other one can be evaluated by vibration and temperature variation. However, the two defects are detected and analyzed independently in traditional detection, the importance of multi-signal interaction and fusion analysis is ignored. To realize multi-signal synchronous detection and associated analysis, and improve the accuracy and efficiency of state evaluation of power equipment, a novel integrated electronics piezoelectric (IEPE) AE-vibration-temperature combined intelligent sensor is proposed and developed in this paper. Reasonable structure design and components customization enable the sensor to acquire signals simultaneously. Meanwhile, integrated transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) and data processing circuit intelligentize the combined sensor. The primary detection parameters of the sensor are acquired in the calibration experiments. In PD, vibration and temperature joint experiment, it is verified that the combined sensor is more sensitive and multifunctional. Besides, a new fusion analysis diagram, vibration-phase resolved partial discharge (V-PRPD), is proposed to characterise the correlation between PD and vibration.

Beyond pure sensing: IEEE 21450 in digitalization of the development cycle of smart transducers

The IEEE 21450 standard family [1] has been developed to ease the use of smart transducers in various applications. The transducer electronic datasheet (TEDS) defined in the standards provides descriptions of the sensor and actuator channels in terms of physical quantities, data representation, measurement range, uncertainty, calibration, etc. Consequently, such electronic datasheets can be seen as a specification of a device and might therefore already be conceptually developed in an early design phase.

Smart Transducers in Distributed and Model-Driven Control Applications: Empowering Seamless Internet of Things Integration

Smart transducers based on ISO/IEC/IEEE 21450 provide standardized access to sensors and actuators. Hence, no centralized database is needed for the calibration and interpretation of the data collected by transducers. The smart transducer stores and maintains its individual transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS). Whenever transducers are replaced in an automation system, the correct description, calibration, and data stream interpretation come along with the newly connected transducer. The domain-specific modeling language defined by IEC 61499 improves the software development process for automation systems. However, it lacks a clear transducer interaction model.

Transducer Electronic Data Sheets: Anywhere, Anytime, Anyway

Transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS) are a key element of smart transducers because they support core features such as plug and play, self-calibration, and self-diagnostics. The ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451-4 standard defines templates to describe the most common types of transducers and suggests the use of one-wire memories to store the corresponding data. In this paper we explore new ways to store and access TEDS tables, including near field communication (NFC) tags and QR codes. We also present a mobile TEDS parser, compatible with Android, that is capable of reading TEDS data from all supported mediums (one-wire memories, NFC tags, and QR codes) and decoding them as human-readable text. The idea is to make TEDS available in the easiest way possible. We also underline the need to extend the 21451-4 standard by adding support for frequency–time sensors. A new TEDS template is proposed, and filling examples are presented. The main novelties of the paper are (i) the proposal of new ways to store 21451-4 TEDS tables using NFC tags and QR codes; (ii) the release of new tools to access TEDS tables including a mobile parser; and (iii) the definition of a new TEDS template for frequency–time sensors.

Efficient Digital System Management using IEEE 1451.0 Enabled Control Architecture

The IEEE and National Institute of Standards and Technology have formulated an open universal standard called IEEE 1451 for ‘Smart Transducer Interface’ with digital systems. The objectives of this paper is to propose IEEE 21450 enabled control architectures for efficient management of power system with embedded system parameters as electronic documentation. The control architecture accommodates appropriate number of transducer interface module along with transducer electronic data sheet, which enables active calibration, adaptive tuning and failure proof operation of system management.

Artificial Landmarks for Trusted Localization of Autonomous Vehicles Based on Magnetic Sensors.

Magnetic sensors provide an advantageous alternative localization method, primarily focusing on localization in surroundings where GPS, other radio frequency-based, as well as optical localization do not work or has severe limitations. Suitable for distances in the meter range, such magnetic localization may in particular be useful as artificial landmarks, e.g., for automatic drift correction. To easily use such artificial landmarks, we propose an integration process based on Transducer Electronic Data Sheets. With this approach, the landmarks can be used by passing autonomous vehicles, e.g., UAVs, for re-orientation and re-calibration. During this process, all necessary information such as data formats, reference coordinates, calibration data, provider of the landmark etc. is made known to the vehicle passing by. Based on the provided so-called meta-information, the vehicle itself can decide whether and how to use the provided sensory information. To provide a certain level of trust in the landmarks and their provided information, the corresponding data sheets are certified using a digital signature.

A Plug-and-Play Human-Centered Virtual TEDS Architecture for the Web of Things.

This article presents a Virtual Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (VTEDS)-based framework for the development of intelligent sensor nodes with plug-and-play capabilities in order to contribute to the evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) toward the Web of Things (WoT). It makes use of new lightweight protocols that allow sensors to self-describe, auto-calibrate, and auto-register. Such protocols enable the development of novel IoT solutions while guaranteeing low latency, low power consumption, and the required Quality of Service (QoS). Thanks to the developed human-centered tools, it is possible to configure and modify dynamically IoT device firmware, managing the active transducers and their communication protocols in an easy and intuitive way, without requiring any prior programming knowledge. In order to evaluate the performance of the system, it was tested when using Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) and Ethernet-based smart sensors in different scenarios. Specifically, user experience was quantified empirically (i.e., how fast the system shows collected data to a user was measured). The obtained results show that the proposed VTED architecture is very fast, with some smart sensors (located in Europe) able to self-register and self-configure in a remote cloud (in South America) in less than 3 s and to display data to remote users in less than 2 s.

The use of standards in embedded devices to achieve end to end semantic interoperability on health systems

Nowadays, an approach to improve the quality of medical services is the semantic interoperability, and to achieve it, physiological transducers descriptors and data from physiological transducers need to be shared and understood in the same way by Medical Information Systems (MIS), the importance of the physiological transducers in medical environment and at home healthcare monitoring is growing; they provide physiological data, such as body temperature, glucose level, blood pressure, among other parameters to improve medical services. This is the reason why this work proposes the integration of HL7 V3, a standard of Health Level 7 (HL7) family and a second family of standards named IEEE1451; the latter manages smart transducers and the definition of Transducer Electronic Data Sheets (TEDS). To achieve semantic interoperability, a message template is proposed which includes date, physiological transducer sample, basic TEDS, transducers template identifier, a link to the complete TEDS, among other important features from physiological samples. As a case of study here, the HL7 V3 - IEEE1451 TEDS message defined by the template is sent by an application implemented on a network gateway NXP’s Tower System to a remote server recipient. This way, the main contributions of this paper are: i) the design and implementation of a message template that integrate HL7 V3 and IEEE1451 standards into an embedded gateway device NXP’s tower system; and ii) a testbed based on embedded devices to show that it is possible to achieve end to end semantic interoperability.

About the Smart Weather Station

Abstract Until recently, the Romanian weather stations utilized ordinary transducers that acquire useful information related to the desired physical inputs. These inputs will be converted into electrical signals easy to be processed by analog to digital converters. This paper proposed a new approach based on smart sensors system that change the interior behavior in order to optimize data acquirements from the environment. The smart sensor characteristics are stored into himself in a transducer electronic data sheet form (TEDS). The intelligent transducer generat together with the measured analogic signal also a digital interface. Through this interface the transducer’s catalog data can be read from the transducer.

HydroUnits: supporting dimensional analysis in hydrologic computing systems using sensor-based standards

Unit representation in the Transducer Electronic Data Sheet (TEDS) specified in the IEEE 1451 standards is a binary sequence of 10 octets that encode the physical units as a product of the seven Système International base units, plus radian and steradian, each raised to a rational power in addition to an unsigned integer indicating the structure of the unit. While this representation seems trivial, manual compilation is prone to be erroneous and impractical, especially for complex units used in the hydroclimatology field. Hence, the development of a software application to automatically generate this vector represents a critical step to both reduce work load and automate unit conversion. Existing conversion packages for manipulating units fall short in many ways and also suffer from not integrating with a units controlled vocabulary. We developed HydroUnits (Python-based) to compute the vectorial representation for the Consortium of Universities for the Advancement of Hydrologic Sciences, Inc's Observations Data Model units for use in an IEEE 1451.0-based TEDS generator. In addition, the package has been extended to support dimensional analysis, unit reduction and unit conversion and contains provision to convert time series data between different unit systems.

Integrating Transducer Capability to GS1 EPCglobal Identify Layer for IoT Applications

Internet of Things (IoTs) is a technology to connect machines, objects, and people with electronic devices. Many researchers have focused their works on architecture design from different perspectives. The deployment of IoT applications contains a variety of things that are attached with end-point devices, such as sensors, actuators, and radio frequency identification tags to perform sensing, controlling, and/or identifying things. The GS1 EPCglobal Architecture and IEEE 1451 standards are adopted as the cornerstone of our IoT architecture framework. In this paper, we focus on how to resolve the heterogeneity and dynamic characteristics of this variety of things. A uniform expression mechanism based on electronic product coding (EPC) scheme is introduced. The practical facilities are presented and examples of how to generate EPC scheme for transducers are illustrated. By integrating the IEEE 1451 compatible transducers, based on transducer electronic data sheet, to the identify layer of the extended GS1 EPCglobal Architecture, we can process more versatile data of different things in IoT applications. The uniform EPC scheme of heterogeneous things in the identify layer will make a consistent expression of things and compatible with the upper layer. This mechanism plays a fundamental role to support transducer capability in GS1 EPCglobal Architecture.

TEDS Extensions Toward Energy Management of Wireless Transducers

Energy and power management is one of the crucial tasks in any wireless transducers application. Therefore, wireless transducers often have application specific designs in order to optimize the energy management. However, this limits reuse of devices and causes much configuration effort. In this paper, we propose to map energy-related parameters of wireless transducers into a transducer electronic datasheet (TEDS). Thus, appropriate performance and power settings can be made for each application and the wireless transducers are easily adapted for a certain task. We show energy management is not just important for communication but also to the data acquisition or actuation submodules. Thus, our approach can also be used to consider the capabilities of submodules that are not related to communication. Despite versatile applicability, the structure of the TEDS remains comparatively simple.

Dynamically Reconfigurable WSN Node Based on ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 TEDS

Ubiquitous and plug-and-play are fundamental characteristics for the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 family of standards has recently awakened its interest in this development, making easier the introduction of both characteristics in the design of wireless sensor nodes. Dynamic reconfigurability is also an exciting topic that is gathering interest for the development of embedded systems and smart sensor nodes in the last few years. The use of dynamic reconfiguration increases the scalability and heterogeneity capabilities of the sensor network. However, the ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 standards do not handle dynamically reconfigurable nodes and previously proposed frameworks do not include this capability into novel wireless sensor nodes. In this paper, an ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) architecture for the management of reconfigurable WSNs nodes is proposed. To test the node architecture and validate its capability, the proposed TEDS was implemented for an environmental sensor network.

Use of TEDS to Improve Performances of Smart Biomedical Sensors and Instrumentation

This paper aims to highlight the advances and the latest novel and emergent technologies, implementations, and applications in the field of biomedical smart transducers and sensors according to the guidelines of the ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 Standards. I focus attention on the use of transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS) to suggest new features and ideas in order to improve performances of biomedical sensors and instrumentation. The final aim is to address the design and development of smart transducers and sensors using the guidelines of the above-mentioned family of Standards. ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451-x (previously known as IEEE 1451.x) is a family of Standards, which allows designer to project smart transducers and sensors with reference to protocols, extensible messaging and presence protocol, TEDS, signal treatment, networks, Web services, radio frequency identification, and so on. In detail, this paper proposes the use of TEDS to store information concerning patient clinical history and diagnostic criteria in order to project learned and patient-adapting devices. In this way, the sensing system uses the built-in information to optimize the data processing by adapting the diagnostic algorithm to the specific patient. Such a new approach in designing biomedical sensors allows to improve reliability and accuracy of final diagnosis. Three application cases are proposed and discussed to guide designers and developers in projecting smart biomedical sensors.

Current Status of the IEEE 1451 Standard-Based Sensor Applications

In this paper, we have discussed the sensor-based applications and what is necessary for the dissimilarities in hardware realization and algorithm. This paper presents the existing state-of-the-art of IEEE 1451 standard-based sensor applications and is mainly focused on standard transducer interface module (STIM), network capable application processor (NCAP), and transducer-independent interface (TII). They have some major factors that are regularly imperative in the development of IEEE 1451 standard-based applications, such as plug and play facility, for one or more than one STIM, communication protocols/network's, architecture, reliability, maintenance, accuracy, easy to use, cost, transducer electronic data sheet, test facility, and so on. The above concerns are also summarized by reference to research articles on STIM, NCAP, and TII. Highlighting is on the predictability of dynamic applications that concentrate on the above mentioned criteria.

A Reduced Reference Distortion Measure for Performance Improvement of Smart Cameras

Application specific information processing (ASIP) unit in smart cameras requires sophisticated image processing algorithms for image quality improvement and extraction of relevant features for image understanding and machine vision. The improvement in performance as well as robustness can be achieved by intelligent moderation of the parameters both at algorithm (image resolution, contrast, compression, and so on) as well as hardware levels (camera orientation, field of view, and so on). This paper discusses the employment of ISO/IEC/IEEE 21451 smart transducer standards for performance improvement of smart cameras. The standardized transducer electronic data sheets (TEDS-by IEEE 21450) provide the self description of sensors, of which the calibration details are of vital importance to yield a smart and reconfigurable imaging system. This is possible by exercising intelligent control over the TEDS (smart camera) calibration details as well as automated tuning of algorithm parameters (in ASIP) based on decisions by perceptually efficient image quality assessment (IQA) tool. Estimation of distortion based on reduced reference IQA has been highlighted as a reliable methodology for this purpose. The proposed IQA approach uses wavelets for features extraction followed by estimation of luminance, contrast, and divergence parameters to obtain the proposed distortion measure (Q). The computational complexity in the process has been catalyzed using integral image and gradient magnitude approaches. The validation of Q metric is carried out by evaluating the image quality for various types of distortions on images from Content-based Strategies of Image Quality assessment (CSIQ) and Information Visualization CyberInfrastructure (IVC) databases. Simulation results yield a healthy correlation of Q and the subjective human opinions.

Management of Sensor-Related Data Based on Virtual TEDS in Sensing RFID System

Integration of multiple sensors into active radio frequency identification (RFID) system is a technology trend. Currently, sensing RFID (SRFID) systems face a number of challenges including description of characteristics of nonsmart sensors, management of sensor-related data, and operational mechanism of sensor sampling. Based on transducer electronic data sheet (TEDS), this paper presents a virtual description method of nonsmart sensors integrated into the active RFID tag. The objective is to improve interoperability and compatibility of the sensing RFID system with off-the-shelf active RFID readers or novel sensing RFID open-loop systems in the future. This paper also proposes a data table storage mode for management of sensor-related data, in the system based on virtual TEDS. The paper analyses the operational mechanism and procedure of the sensor-sampling system that is equipped with these two proposed techniques. Several experiments were carried out with a newly developed container supply chain monitoring application system based on SRFID to examine the performance of the system.

Plug and Play Geiger-Muller Detector for Environmental Monitoring

A novel Plug and Play Geiger-Muller detector for environmental monitoring is reported that allows the integration and automatic configuration of Geiger-Muller detectors in a network containing heterogeneous sensors. A new Transducer Electronic Data Sheet for Geiger-Muller detector complying with the IEEE 1451.4 standard has been implemented to interface radiation detectors according to Plug and Play. The electronic specifications for Geiger-Muller detectors developed in this article are based on the newly proposed transducer template and modification of the standard calibration table template. Proposed templates may also be used for other types of radiation detectors with pulse output. To illustrate the Plug and Play capability with Geiger-Muller detectors, the details of detector implementation are included.

Research and Implementation on Networked Smart Sensor Based on IEEE1451 Standard

Firstly, the background and significance of IEEE1451 standard are introduced. Secondly, each protocol, especially the IEEE1451.2 standard of IEEE1451 family standards, is described respectively, including Smart Transducer Interface Module(STIM), Network Capable Application Processor (NCAP) and Transducer Electronic Data Sheet(TEDS). Then, a new design idea and implementation of a kind of networked smart sensor based on the IEEE451.2 is introduced in detail. Finally, the advantages and trends of the smart sensor based on IEEE1451 standard are summarized.