Transcriptase-polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Research Articles

Features of the immunopathogenesis of infections caused by viroids and satellite viruses

One of the main molecular mechanisms of viroids that cause disease in plants is the blocking of ribonucleic acid functions of host cells by viroid ribonucleic acid. The variety of splicing options is due to viroid replication, which requires ribonucleic acid polymerase, ribonuclease, ligase, and deoxyribonucleic acid working on ribonucleic acid matrices. Viroids with faster replication are preferred. Identifying host proteins that interact with viroid ribonucleic acid is critical in the pathogenesis of viroid infections, which leads to gene expression changes of host plants. The study of the pathogenesis of plant infections caused by satellite viruses has shown that they have a common ancestor and that the satellite viruses suppress the reproduction of the helper virus. Satellite viruses require accessory viral proteins to encode capsid proteins for genome encapsulation and reproduction. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm and is induced by ribonucleic acid polymerase of the helper virus. Hepatitis D virus ribonucleic acid replication requires cell ribonucleic acid polymerase II. When the viral and endosomal membranes fuse, the ribonucleic acid of the hepatitis D virus moves into the nucleus, and antigenomic ribonucleic acid is produced, which is the template for the synthesis of matrix ribonucleic acids encoding delta protein. The minor delta antigen regulates ribonucleic acid editing, and the large delta antigen inhibits viral replication and induces a signal for the transport of ribonucleic acid from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm, which ensures the assembly of new viral particles. Large and small delta antigens have been detected in the brain, liver, lungs, kidneys, and spleen of snakes by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and immunohistochemical assays, indicating that all delta viruses possibly share a common ancestor that arose before the divergence of reptiles and mammals.

Hepatitis C virus core antigen: A diagnostic and treatmentmonitoring marker of hepatitis C virus in Indian population.

The diagnosis and treatment monitoring of hepatitis C is quite challenging. The screening test, i.e. antibody assay, is unable to detect acute cases, while the gold standard hepatitis C virus (HCV) reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) assay is not feasible in resource-limited countries such as India due to high cost and infrastructure requirement. European Association for the Study of the Liver and World Health Organization have approved a new marker, i.e. HCV core antigen (HCVcAg) assay, as an alternative to molecular assay. In this study, we have evaluated HCVcAg assay for diagnosis and treatment monitoring follow-up in Indian population infected with hepatitis C. Blood specimen of 90 clinically suspected cases of acute hepatitis C were tested simultaneously for anti-HCV antibody assay via ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay), HCVcAg assay by chemiluminescence immune assay (CLIA) and HCV RTPCR VL (viral load) assay. Thirty-four HCV RTPCR positive patients were further enrolled in treatment monitoring group whose blood samples were tested at thebeginning of treatment, twoweeks, fourweeks and 12weeks via HCV core Ag assay and HCV RTPCR Viral Load assay. Considering HCV RTPCR as gold standard, diagnostic performance of HCV core Ag assay and anti-HCV antibody assay was evaluated. The sensitivity and specificity of HCV core Ag assay were higher than that of anti-HCV Antibody assay, i.e. 88.3% and 100% vs. 23.3% and 83.3%, respectively. The overall diagnostic accuracy of HCV core Ag assay was 92.20%. Among treatment follow-up group, HCV core Ag levels correlated well with HCV viral load levels, at the beginning of treatment (baseline) till 12weeks showing highly significant Spearman rank correlation coefficient of > 0.9 with HCV viral load levels. HCV core Ag assay is a cost-effective, practically feasible substitute of HCV RTPCR viral load assay for diagnosis as well as long duration treatment monitoring of hepatitis C infection in resource-limited settings.

Coat protein of alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV) from Türkiye: genetic inference and in silico docking analysis for potential antiphytoviral purposes

In 2021, a study was conducted in the Denizli region of Türkiye to investigate the phylogenetic relationship and presence of alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus (AMV) infecting pepper plants exhibiting viral disease symptoms. A total of 57 samples were collected, of which twenty-four tested positive for AMV with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays. Samples from pepper plants displaying virus symptoms gave positive bands on the agarose gel, while healthy plants yielded negative results. One of the positive samples was randomly selected, cloned and sequenced. This sequence of the Denizli AMV isolate (753 bp) was recorded in the GenBank database with accession number OQ845956. The nucleotide sequence showed a high nucleotide consensus of 97%-99% compared with the nucleotide sequences of the same variants from different origins in GenBank. According to the phylogenetic tree generated through the Neighbour Joining (NJ) method, this AMV isolate belongs to the same group as Iranian isolates from various of hosts. Furthermore, in silico docking analysis of the coat protein (CP) of the AMV isolate and promising 12 essential oil compounds was performed to enable potential antiviral drug development. Docking study showed that eucalyptol, eugenol and carvacrol can make important contributions to the advancement of drug-based strategies for the managing of plant viruses by interacting with the virus coat protein of high binding energies, -5.3, -5.2 and -5.0 kcal mol-1, respectively. Although the presence of AMV in Denizli province has been reported previously, this study reports the phylogenetic relationships and docking analysis of the new AMV isolate in pepper crops.

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants distributed from March 2020 to May 2022 and their effect on the infection severity in Iraqi population

New SARS-CoV-2 variants appeared in late December 2020 as Mutations accumulated in the original virus. This study aimed to provide a local database about variants of COVID-19 circulating in the Iraqi population from 2020 to 2022 and the time of emergence of new strains each month since very few local studies have documented its existence in the country. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assays were employed to 319 collected and analyzed nasal swabs to determine whether an infection had occurred. A sophisticated diagnostic kit that sorted the distinctive mutations was implemented to evaluate the variants. Results showed Younger patients were more likely to be infected with the Alpha variant (66 patients) than older people (43 patients). Additionally, patients with wild-type infestations had more robust viral load and lower Ct threshold values, culminating in an increase in severity during infection with wild-type virus 26/32 (81.250). Meanwhile, 65/109(59.63%) of patients infected with the Alpha variant developed severe and critical illness and 51/84(60.71%)were infected with Delta or Delta plus variants. In conclusion, the Alpha variant had the highest infection percentage of 109(46.6%), followed by Delta or Delta plus variant 84(26.33%), Beta or Gamma variants 47(20.1%), Omicron variant 46(19.6%), and finally wild-type virus of 32(13.7%). February 2020 witnessed a preliminary finding of the wild-type, while the Alpha variant emerged in December 2020, Beta/Gamma variances were recognized in December 2020, Delta/Delta plus variances began in April 2021, and the Omicron variant debuted in March 2022. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Mutation, rRT-PCR, Coronavirus disease 2019, TaqPath, cycle threshold (Ct) value

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants distributed from March 2020 to May 2022 and their effect on the infection severity in Iraqi population

New SARS-CoV-2 variants appeared in late December 2020 as Mutations accumulated in the original virus. This study aimed to provide a local database about variants of COVID-19 circulating in the Iraqi population from 2020 to 2022 and the time of emergence of new strains each month since very few local studies have documented its existence in the country. Real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assays were employed to 319 collected and analyzed nasal swabs to determine whether an infection had occurred. A sophisticated diagnostic kit that sorted the distinctive mutations was implemented to evaluate the variants. Results showed Younger patients were more likely to be infected with the Alpha variant (66 patients) than older people (43 patients). Additionally, patients with wild-type infestations had more robust viral load and lower Ct threshold values, culminating in an increase in severity during infection with wild-type virus 26/32 (81.250). Meanwhile, 65/109(59.63%) of patients infected with the Alpha variant developed severe and critical illness and 51/84(60.71%)were infected with Delta or Delta plus variants. In conclusion, the Alpha variant had the highest infection percentage of 109(46.6%), followed by Delta or Delta plus variant 84(26.33%), Beta or Gamma variants 47(20.1%), Omicron variant 46(19.6%), and finally wild-type virus of 32(13.7%). February 2020 witnessed a preliminary finding of the wild-type, while the Alpha variant emerged in December 2020, Beta/Gamma variances were recognized in December 2020, Delta/Delta plus variances began in April 2021, and the Omicron variant debuted in March 2022. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, Mutation, rRT-PCR, Coronavirus disease 2019, TaqPath, cycle threshold (Ct) value

Optimization of an allelic discrimination real-time RT-PCR assay for detection of H275Y oseltamivir resistance gene mutation among influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 patients from 2020 to 2022.

Influenza virus is known to cause mild to severe respiratory infections and is also prone to genetic mutations. Of all the mutations, neuraminidase (NA) gene mutations are a matter of concern, as most approved antivirals target this protein. During the 2020 influenza season, an emergence of mutation in the NA gene, affecting the binding of the World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended probes to the specific site of the NA gene, was reported by our group. As a result of this mutation, the WHO-recommended allelic discrimination real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was unable to detect wild-type (H275) or mutant oseltamivir-resistant (Y275) strains of influenza A(H1N1)pmd09 viruses. In the current study, the WHO-recommended probes were redesigned according to the mutation in the probe binding site. Fifty undetermined samples (2020-2021) from the previous study were retested with the newly designed probes and found to be positive for H275 and/or Y275. The results obtained were similar to the Sanger sequencing results from the previous study, suggesting that the redesigned probes were efficient in discriminating between wild-type and mutant-type viruses. Furthermore, 133 samples from 2022, making a total of 183 samples (2020-2022), were tested using improved allelic discrimination real-time RT-PCR, and the overall prevalence rate of oseltamivir resistance in 2020-2022 was found to be 0.54%.

Calotropis procera: A double edged sword against glioblastoma, inhibiting glioblastoma cell line growth by targeting histone deacetylases (HDAC) and angiogenesis

Despite substantial investments in anti-glioblastoma (GBM) drug discovery over the last decade, progress is limited to preclinical stages, with clinical studies frequently encountering obstacles. Angiogenic and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) have shown profound results in pre-clinical studies. Investigating a multicomponent anti-cancer remedy that disrupts the tumor angiogenic blood vessels and simultaneously disrupts HDACs, while inducing minimal side effects, is critically needed. The crude extracts derived from medicinal plants serve as a renewable reservoir of anti-tumor drugs, exhibiting reduced toxicity compared to chemically synthesized formulations. Calotropis procera is a traditional medicinal plant, and its anticancer potential against many cancer cell lines has been reported, however its antiangiogenic and HDAC inhibitory action is largely unknown. The anticancer activity of methanol leaf extract of C. procera was tested in three types of human glioblastoma cell lines. Wild-type and transgenic zebrafish embryos were used to evaluate developmental toxicity and angiogenic activity. A human angiogenic antibody array was used to profile angiogenic proteins in the U251 GM cell line. A real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assay was used to detect the differential expression of eleven HDAC genes in U251 cells treated with C. procera extract. The extract significantly reduced the proliferation of all three types of GBM cell lines and the cytotoxicity was found to be more pronounced in U251 GM cells, with an IC50 value of 2.63 ± 0.23 μg/ml, possibly by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M transition. The extract did not exhibit toxic effects in zebrafish embryos, even at concentrations as high as 1000 μg/ml. The extract also inhibited angiogenic blood vessel formation in the transgenic zebrafish model in a dose-dependent manner. The results from the angiogenic antibody array have suggested novel angiogenesis targets that can be utilized to treat GBM. Real-time RT PCR analysis has shown that C. procrea extract caused an upregulation of HDAC5, 7, and 10, while the mRNA of HDAC1, 2, 3 and 8 (Class I HDACs), and HDAC4, 6, and 9 (Class II) were downregulated in U251 GM cells. The cytotoxicity of the C. procera extract on GBM cell lines could be due to its dual action by regulation of both tumor angiogenesis and histone deacetylases enzymes. Through this study, the C. procera leaf extract has been suggested as an effective remedy to treat GBM with minimal toxicity. In addition, various novel angiogenic and HDAC targets has been identified which could be helpful in designing better therapeutic strategies to manage glioblastoma multiforme in human patients.

Improvement of the qmosRT-PCR Assay and Its Application for the Detection and Quantitation of the Three Serotypes of the Novel Oral Polio Vaccine in Stool Samples.

Recently, genetically stable novel OPVs (nOPV) were developed by modifying the genomes of Sabin viruses of conventional OPVs to reduce the risk of reversion to neurovirulence and therefore the risk of generating circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses. There is a need for specific and sensitive methods for the identification and quantification of nOPV viruses individually and in mixtures for clinical trials and potentially for manufacturing quality control and environmental surveillance. In this communication, we evaluated and improved the quantitative multiplex one-step reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qmosRT-PCR) assay for the identification and quantification of nOPV viruses in samples with different formulations and virus concentrations and in virus-spiked stool samples. The assay was able to specifically identify at least 1 log10 CCID50/mL of each serotype in the presence of the two other serotypes at high concentrations (6-7 log10 CCID50/mL) in the same sample. In addition, the lowest viral concentration that the assay was able to detect in stool samples was 17 CCID50/mL for nOPV1 and nOPV2 viruses and 6 CCID50/mL for nOPV3. We also found high correlation between the expected and observed (by qmosRT-PCR) concentrations of spiked viruses in stool samples for all three nOPV viruses, with R-squared values above 0.95. The analysis of samples collected from an nOPV2 clinical trial showed that 100% of poliovirus type 2 was detected and few samples showed the presence of type 1 and 3 residuals from previous vaccinations with bOPV (at least 4 weeks prior vaccination with nOPV2), confirming the high sensitivity of the method. The qmosRT-PCR was specific and sensitive for the simultaneous identification and quantification of all three nOPV viruses. It can be used as an identity test during the nOPV manufacturing process and in evaluation of virus excretion in nOPV clinical trials.

MiRNAs from Inflamed Gingiva Link Gene Signaling to Increased MET Expression

Several array-based microRNA (miRNA) expression studies independently showed increased expression of miRNAs hsa-miR-130a-3p, -142-3p, -144-3p, -144-5p, -223-3p, -17-5p, and -30e-5p in gingiva affected by periodontal inflammation. We aimed to determine direct target genes and signaling pathways regulated by these miRNAs to identify processes relevant to gingival inflammatory responses and tissue homeostasis. We transfected miRNA mimics (mirVana) for each of the 7 miRNAs separately into human primary gingival fibroblasts cultured from 3 different donors. Following RNA sequencing, differential gene expression and second-generation gene set enrichment analyses were performed. miRNA inhibition and upregulation was validated at the transcript and protein levels using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting, and reporter gene assays. All 7 miRNAs significantly increased expression of the gene MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (MET). Expression of known periodontitis risk genes CPEB1, ABCA1, and ATP6V1C1 was significantly repressed by hsa-miR-130a-3p, -144-3p, and -144-5p, respectively. The genes WASL, ENPP5, ARL6IP1, and IDH1 showed the most significant and strongest downregulation after hsa-miR-142-3p, -17-5p, -223-3p, and -30e-5p transfection, respectively. The most significantly regulated gene set of each miRNA related to cell cycle (hsa-miRNA-144-3p and -5p [Padj = 4 × 10−40 and Padj = 4 × 10−6], -miR-17-5p [Padj = 9.5 × 10−23], -miR-30e-5p [Padj = 8.2 × 10−18], -miR-130a-3p [Padj = 5 × 10−15]), integrin cell surface interaction (-miR-223-3p [Padj = 2.4 × 10−7]), and interferon signaling (-miR-142-3p [Padj = 5 × 10−11]). At the end of acute inflammation, gingival miRNAs bring together complex regulatory networks that lead to increased expression of the gene MET. This underscores the importance of mesenchymal cell migration and invasion during gingival tissue remodeling and proliferation in restoring periodontal tissue homeostasis after active inflammation. MET, a receptor of the mitogenic hepatocyte growth factor fibroblast secreted, is a core gene of this process.

Detection of Hepatitis A RNA, Hepatitis E RNA, Human Adenovirus F DNA, and Norovirus RNA in Fresh and Frozen Berry Products at Point of Retail in Ireland.

Soft fruits are at particular risk of contamination with enteric viruses such as Hepatitis A virus (HAV), Hepatitis E Virus (HEV), Norovirus (NoV), Human Adenovirus (HAdV) and Sapovirus (SaV). The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the presence of these biological agents in ready to eat (RTE) berries at point of retail in Ireland. A sampling strategy was designed in which RTE fresh and frozen strawberries and raspberries were purchased from five retailers between May and October 2018. Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) assays for HEV RNA, Nov RNA, SaV RNA, and human Adenovirus species F DNA (HAdV-F) were performed on 239 samples (25g portions). Viral nucleic acid was present in 6.7% (n = 16) of samples tested as follows: HAV RNA (n = 5), HAdV-F DNA (n = 5), HEV RNA (n = 3) and NoV GII RNA (n = 3). Sapovirus RNA was not detected in any product. No significant differences were found between berry type, fresh/frozen status, or supermarket source. This study suggests a risk that exists across all retail outlets however only low levels of nucleic acid ranging from 0 to 16 genome copies/g were present. Although these findings may reflect non-viable/non-infectious virus the continued provision of risk mitigation advice to consumers is warranted and further work is required to ensure control measures to reduce contamination are implemented and enforced.

Impact of SARS-COV-2 Variants on the Infection Severity among Iraqi Patients

Severe acute respiratory corona viruses (SARS-COVs) are a particular category of RNA viruses that have emerged as a potential danger to the human population, triggering epidemics and pandemics that have resulted in catastrophic human mortality. The SARS-CoV2, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic that began on December 12, 2019 in Wuhan, China, has been linked to bats. A new SARS-CoV-2 variant appeared in late December 2020. Mutations with variants continued to appear until the time of this study. Thus, this study aimed to provide a local database among Iraqi patients about SARS-COV-2 variants as there have been very few local studies documenting its existence and its relationship with the progression and severity of infection. For this study 234 nasal swabs were collected from COVID-19 positive individuals between March 2021 to March 2022. RNA was extracted and tested by using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay to confirm infection, and the variants were detected by using a special kit that stratified the characteristic mutations. Results showed the presence of Alpha, Beta or Gamma and Omicron variants in our population at the same time as their global spread at high rates with different severity of cases. It increased in severity during infections with wild type 26/32 (81.25%) and Alpha 82/109 (75.23%) variants but a high incidence of Beta or Gamma 28/38 (73.68%) and Omicron 35/46 (76.09%) variants within mild-moderate infections. Moreover, there was a significant increase in severity in older age groups than younger. Hence, we can conclude that most severe infections with SARS-COV-2 appeared in wild type and during the appearance of Alpha variant which provided a unique database of variants of COVID-19 circulating in the Iraqi population and also assisted in determining the severity of disease. More research is needed on this subject.

Effect of FoxO1 on Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Inflammation in Viral Myocarditis via Modultion of the TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

To investigate the possible effect of FoxO on coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) -induced cardiomyocyte inflammation and apoptosis via modulation of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway.Viral myocarditis (VMC) models were establied via CVB3 infection both in vivo and in vitro. Western blotting was adopted to detect FoxO1 and TLR4 expressions in myocardial tissues and cells. Cardiomyocytes of suckling mouse were divided into the control, CVB3, CVB3 + pcDNA, CVB3 + pcDNA-FoxO1, CVB3 + TLR4 siRNA, and CVB3 + pcDNA-FoxO1 + TLR4 siRNA groups. Flow cytometry was employed to evaluate cell apoptosis. The expressions of inflammatory factors including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were detected via quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Then, TLR4/NF-κB pathway-related proteins were determined via Western blotting.VMC mice had increased FoxO1 and TLR4 expressions in myocardial tissues. Cardiomyocytes with CVB3 infection also had upregulated protein expressions of p-FoxO1/FoxO1 and TLR4. Compared with those in the control group, the cardiomyocytes in the CVB3 group were increased in LDH and CK-MB levels, cell apoptosis rate and inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6), as well as protein expressions of TLR4 and p-p65/p65. Compared with those in the CVB3 group, the cardiomyocytes in the CVB3 + pcDNA-FoxO1 group were further upregulated whereas those in the CVB3 +TLR4 siRNA group were downregulated in the aforementioned indicators. Furthermore, TLR4 siRNA can reverse the effect of pcDNA-FoxO1 on the aggravation of cardiomyocyte injury induced by CVB3 infection.FoxO1 can upregulate the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway to promote cardiomyocyte apoptosis and inflammatory injury in CVB3-induced VMC.

Prevalence and risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection among HIV positive patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria

Background: Worldwide, an estimated 58 million people have chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, with about 1.5 million new infections occurring per year. About 2.3 million people living with HIV globally have serological evidence of past or present HCV infection. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of active HCV infection and associated risk factors among HIV positive patients attending the HIV clinic, Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria.
 Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for HCV infection among randomly selected HIV positive patients at the LUTH HIV clinic. Socio-demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected from the participants using a structured questionnaire. Blood samples were collected and tested for HCV antibodies with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (CTK Biotech USA) and HCV RNA was detected using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay.
 Results: One hundred and ninety-five HIV infected participants were recruited into the study of which 134 (68.7%) were females and 61 (31.3%) were males. The mean age of participants was 40.1±7.8 years. Of the 195 participants, 5 tested positive for antibody to HCV, giving a seroprevalence rate of 2.6% (95% CI = 0.8-5.9%). Of the 5 seropositive participants, HCV RNA was detected in 1 (20.0%), giving a prevalence of 0.5% (1/195) for active HCV infection. The seroprevalence of HCV in males of 4.9% (3/61) and females of 1.5% (2/134) was not significantly different (OR=3.41, 95% CI=0.56-20.98%, p=0.18). The mean log10 HIV viral load was significantly higher among participants seropositive for HCV (5.1±0.9 log copies/ml) than those seronegative (2.7±1.2 log copies/ml) (p < 0.001). The mean duration of antiretroviral therapy was significantly lower among participants seropositive for HCV (2.6±1.3 years) than those seronegative (5.6±3.1 years) (p=0.004). The seroprevalence of HCV was significantly higher in those with CD4 count <350 cells/mm3 (8.5%) than those with CD4 count >350cells/mm3 (p=0.02). The seroprevalence of HCV in the HIV-positive participants was significantly associated with sexual partners (p=0.0473), with highest seroprevalence in those with ≥ 3 sexual partners (OR=11.625, 95% CI=1.049-128.83). Other risk factors were not significantly associated with seroprevalence of HCV (p>0.05), while risk factors associated with active HCV infection could not be evaluated with the only one HCV RNA positive participant
 Conclusion: Although the prevalence of active HCV infection in HIV infected individuals in this study was apparently low (0.5%), screening with HCV antibody test and confirmation with HCV RNA PCR assay are recommended.

Clinical Significance of Quantitative Viral Load in Patients Positive for SARS-CoV-2

Cycle threshold (CT) refers to the number of cycles in a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay needed to amplify viral RNA and can be used to indicate viral load. CT is inversely related to viral load, where lower CT values indicate higher viral levels. Data suggest lower CT scores are associated with worse outcomes in COVID; however, quantitative CT scores are not typically reported to patients. This retrospective analysis examined the use of CT scores in patient counseling for positive COVID results and suggests that higher viral loads were associated with greater need for prescription drug therapy in the outpatient setting. Patient perception of CT score was found to influence masking and quarantine behavior. We hypothesize that a quantitative threshold for viral load such as CT can be useful in patient counseling, estimating need for drug therapy, and influencing behavior toward public health concerns.

Hydrogels loaded with atenolol drug metal–organic framework showing biological activity

Abstract Using the starting reactants of Zn(OAc)2 and 2-mercaptonicotinic acid (H2L), we successfully synthesized a fresh Zn(ii) compound, that is, [Zn3(L)3] n (1), under hydrothermal conditions and then successfully loaded with atenolol. Hualuronic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan hydrogels loaded with atenolol drug metal–organic framework were prepared based on a chemical synthesis method. The microscopic morphology of the hydrogels was investigated, and scanning electron microscopic results showed that the hydrogels had a highly porous morphology with good penetration between the pores. For the new hydrogels, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detection was conducted, and the production of sVCAM-1 and TNF-a in vascular endothelial cells was determined. Besides, the levels of inflammatory response in the vascular endothelial cells were also determined with the real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction assay.

Comprehensive analysis identifies cuproptosis-related gene DLAT as a potential prognostic and immunological biomarker in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

BackgroundCuproptosis is a regulated cell death form associated with tumor progression, clinical outcomes, and immune response. However, the role of cuproptosis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the implications of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in PAAD by integrated bioinformatic methods and clinical validation.MethodsGene expression data and clinical information were downloaded from UCSC Xena platform. We analyzed the expression, mutation, methylation, and correlations of CRGs in PAAD. Then, based on the expression profiles of CRGs, patients were divided into 3 groups by consensus clustering algorithm. Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (DLAT) was chosen for further exploration, including prognostic analysis, co-expression analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and immune landscape analysis. The DLAT-based risk model was established by Cox and LASSO regression analysis in the training cohort, and then verified in the validation cohort. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) assays were performed to examine the expression levels of DLAT in vitro and in vivo, respectively.ResultsMost CRGs were highly expressed in PAAD. Among these genes, increased DLAT could serve as an independent risk factor for survival. Co-expression network and functional enrichment analysis indicated that DLAT was engaged in multiple tumor-related pathways. Moreover, DLAT expression was positively correlated with diverse immunological characteristics, such as immune cell infiltration, cancer-immunity cycle, immunotherapy-predicted pathways, and inhibitory immune checkpoints. Submap analysis demonstrated that DLAT-high patients were more responsive to immunotherapeutic agents. Notably, the DLAT-based risk score model possessed high accuracy in predicting prognosis. Finally, the upregulated expression of DLAT was verified by RT-qPCR and IHC assays.ConclusionsWe developed a DLAT-based model to predict patients’ clinical outcomes and demonstrated that DLAT was a promising prognostic and immunological biomarker in PAAD, thereby providing a new possibility for tumor therapy.

Assessing the comparability of cycle threshold values derived from five external quality assessment rounds for omicron nucleic acid testing

BackgroundA variety of open-system real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for several acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 are currently in use. This study aimed to ensure the quality of omicron nucleic acid testing and to assess the comparability of cycle threshold (Ct) values derived from RT-PCR.MethodsFive external quality assessment (EQA) rounds using the omicron virus-like particles were organized between February 2022 and June 2022.ResultsA total of 1401 qualitative EQA reports have been collected. The overall positive percentage agreement was 99.72%, the negative percentage agreement was 99.75%, and the percent agreement was 99.73%. This study observed a significant variance in Ct values derived from different test systems. There was a wide heterogeneity in PCR efficiency among different RT-PCR kits and inter-laboratories.ConclusionThere was strong concordance among laboratories performing qualitative omicron nucleic acid testing. Ct values from qualitative RT-PCR tests should not be used for clinical or epidemiological decision-making to avoid the potential for misinterpretation of the results.

Diversity and Genetic Reassortment of Keystone Virus in Mosquito Populations in Florida.

Keystone orthobunyavirus (KEYV), a member of the genus Orthobunyavirus, was first isolated in 1964 from mosquitoes in Keystone, Florida. Although data on human infections are limited, the virus has been linked to a fever/rash syndrome and, possibly, encephalitis, with early studies suggesting that 20% of persons in the Tampa, Florida, region had antibodies to KEYV. To assess the distribution and diversity of KEYV in other regions of Florida, we collected >6,000 mosquitoes from 43 sampling sites in St. Johns County between June 2019 and April 2020. Mosquitoes were separated into pools by species and collection date and site. All pools with Aedes spp. (293 pools, 2,171 mosquitoes) were screened with a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) assay that identifies KEYV and other closely related virus species of what was previously designated as the California encephalitis serogroup. In 2020, screening for KEYV was expanded to include 211 pools of Culex mosquitoes from sites where KEYV-positive Aedes spp. had been identified. rRT-PCR-positive samples were inoculated into cell cultures, and five KEYV isolates from Aedes atlanticus pools were isolated and sequenced. Analyses of the KEYV large genome segment sequences revealed two distinct KEYV clades, whereas analyses of the medium and small genome segments uncovered past reassortment events. Our data documented the ongoing seasonal circulation of multiple KEYV clades within Ae. atlanticus mosquito populations along the east coast of Florida, highlighting the need for further studies of the impact of this virus on human health.

Potential Involvement of Oxidative Stress in Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy.

Oxidative stress (OS) results in many disorders, of which degenerative musculoskeletal conditions are no exception. However, the interaction between OS and ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy in lumbar spinal canal stenosis is not clearly understood. The first research question was whether OS was involved in LF hypertrophy, and the second was whether the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) was effective on LF hypertrophy. In total, 47 LF samples were collected from patients with lumbar spinal disorders. The cross-sectional area of LF was measured on axial magnetic resonance imaging. Immunohistochemistry of 8-OHdG and TNF-α were conducted on human LF samples. A positive association was found between 8-OHdG or TNF-α expression and cross-sectional area of LF. Flow cytometry analysis showed that H2O2, buthionine sulfoximine, and TNF-α treatment significantly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species in primary LF cells. NAC inhibited the induction of LF hypertrophy markers by OS or TNF in a real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting analysis indicated that p38, Erk, and p65 phosphorylation were involved in intracellular OS signaling in LF cells. In conclusion, our results indicated that OS could be a therapeutic target for LF hypertrophy. Although this study included no in vivo studies to examine the longitudinal efficacy of NAC on LF hypertrophy, NAC may have potential as a therapeutic agent against lumbar spinal canal stenosis.

Ebola Virus Disease (Evd): Nigeria Perspective

The deadly but uncommon Ebola virus disease affects both humans and primates (EVD). The Ebola virus causes a severe form of hemorrhagic fever in which the victim’s blood clots abnormally, leading to internal bleeding. After initial contact with the virus, "dry" symptoms such as fever, aches and pains, and exhaustion typically appear, followed by "wet" symptoms such as diarrhoea and vomiting anywhere from two to twenty-one days (on average, eight to ten) later Virologists believe Laupland and Valiquette are hosting the virus. It is believed that the onlyway for the Ebola virus to spread is through direct contact between people and blood or other body fluids from a person showing symptoms of the disease. Saliva, mucus, vomit, faeces, tears, perspiration, breast milk, urine, and sperm all contain the Ebola virus. The term "spillover" is used to describe the zoonotic spread of the Ebola virus from infected hosts like the fruit bat or nonhuman primates to other animals. The Ebola virus is amember of the viral family known as Filoviridae in the order of Mononegavirales the Marburg virus is also. Ebola virus infection can be diagnosed through a variety of techniques, including electron microscopy, antigen capture detection tests, serum neutralisation tests, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) assays, antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and virus isolation through cell culture. The term "Ebola vaccine" refers to both already available and planned vaccines against the virus. Only Zaire ebolavirus and rVSV-ZEBOV vaccines are effective against this disease. Treatment that is purely supportive, such as relieving patients of their symptoms and giving them water orally or intravenously, does not improve prognosis. This research intends to give Nigerians an up-to-date picture of the spread of EVD in the country in the wake of the recent pandemic in neighboring Uganda.