Transcendental Problem Research Articles

Effects of conservative versus liberal oxygen treatment in mortality of UCI patients

Background: The oxygen is a drug that is commonly used in clinical practice and whose therapeutic use has been adjusted over time. However, this practice confronts us with one of the transcendental problems, which is the inconsistency of the optimal oxygen level established in the clinical practice guidelines. Currently the treatment is liberal and leads to abnormally high levels of oxygen causing damage locally and systemically. The consequence of this is increased mortality in patients who are treated with high levels of oxygen. In view of this, conservative therapy was proposed to avoid hyperoxemia and mitigate its adverse effects. The optimal level of oxygen for the treatment of patients admitted to the intensive care unit remains uncertain. Material and methods: A comprehensive electronic search of the relevant literature on conservative and liberal treatment in intensive care unit inpatients was performed through medical databases as well as reference search engines such as Pubmed, Cochrane, trip, epistemonikos, Australian New Zealand clinical trial registry and clinicaltrial.gov. For this, the following keywords and MESH terms were used: “conservative oxygen therapy”, “conservative oxygen therapy and mortality”, “conservative oxygen therapy and critical care”, “conservative oxygen therapy and critically ill”. Randomized clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses were identified without considering publication status, reported results, date or year of publication, and language. Results: Were included 21 systematic review and meta-analysis papers that compared liberal with conservative treatment and were within the inclusion criteria and 13 randomized clinical trials. Conclusion: Currently, the available evidence on targeted oxygen therapy in intensive care patients remains inconclusive. More randomized clinical trials are needed to determine the ideal oxygen target for intensive care patients and its impact on mortality

Ian Proops: Kant on Transcendental Freedom (The Fiery Test of Critique: Chs. 11–12)

Abstract Kant’s position on the problem of free will can be perplexing and frustrating: all the real questions about human agential capacities or even about issues of moral imputability are empirical questions, which have empirical answers. But there remains a metaphysical or transcendental problem about the possibility of freedom, which is forever insoluble. Ian Proops’ discussion in The Fiery Test of Critique is to be commended for displaying the rare virtue of appreciating this last point and presenting Kant’s position about it accurately. The only questionable part has to do with the standard terminology – ‘determinism’, ‘libertarianism’, ‘compatibilism’, and ‘incompatibilism’. I argue that it would be better to say, as Kant does, and Proops also does most of the time, that practical freedom, hence transcendental freedom, must be presupposed whenever we act or even judge, but how freedom is possible is both unknowable and even incomprehensible to us.

К истокам «спора о Софии»: Е. Н. Трубецкой как критик софиологии

The recent growth in research interest in sophology forces us to revisit the criticisms of this teaching that were voiced during the so-called "Paris controversy". The failure of the critique of Father Sergius Bulgakov's sophology by the latter is becoming more and more evident. The criticism of Bulgakov's theology by theologians is becoming increasingly obvious. In particular, the sources of the doctrine were incorrectly identified, and the accusations of heresy made on behalf of some hierarchs of the Russian Church made it impossible to continue the polemic. It now seems that sophology was the moment of a crisis of philosophy in Russian theology. In order to make the critique of sophology more substantive, a revision of the accusations that have been made against Bulgakov's teaching is necessary. The article proposes a return to the first stage of the critique of sophology, which has not been continued due to historical circumstances. As early as 1918 E.N. Trubetskoy wrote that Bulgakov's main mistake was the Gnostic understanding of Sofia. According to Trubetskoy, introducing the qualities of subjectivity and psychologism into Sofia leads to a similarity with the demiurge from Plato's dialogue "Timaeus". The analysis of Trubetskoy's criticism shows that the real reason for this accusation was his rejection of the version of the solution to the transcendental problem of religion which Bulgakov proposed in 'The Everlasting Light'. Here Bulgakov, based on his Philosophy of Economy, develops the concept of Sofia in connection with the concept of the transcendental subject in Kant's philosophy and points out the fundamental connection of the above problematics with Kant's third critique. From Trubetskoy's point of view, a Christian resolution of the "problem of Sofia" is possible only by identifying Sofia with Plato's world of divine ideas. By the Christian doctrine of Wisdom he understands his own interpretation of Platonic idealism. An analysis of Trubetskoy's sophiological ideas leads to the conclusion that they incorporate both the views and intuitions of V.S. Soloviev and many of Bulgakov's ideas and are not original.

Identification of Mobility Patterns in Rural Areas of Low Demographic Density through Stated Preference Surveys

Within the multiple urban–rural interactions that make up the territorial dynamics, this article addresses and identifies how mobility relations are produced between neighbouring municipalities that share services. The aim of this research is to carry out a diagnosis of the current mobility situation in an area of low population density in order to identify the needs and possible shortcomings in this area. The initial identification of weaknesses is essential in order to propose solutions for rural mobility. The methodology adopted is based on two distinct lines of work: (1) analysis of information in open data from public repositories using geographic information system tools (GIS), and (2) surveys of citizens living in the study area. The results allude to the fact that the most transcendental problem in the study area is the lack of a quality collective public transport service that meets minimum utility requirements for users, a fact that generates a transfer towards the use of private vehicles. No serious parking, noise, pollution or road safety problems are observed; however, similar dynamics to other rural areas with low demographic density are confirmed, such as the age of the mobile fleet and an aging population with accessibility problems. The presence of new modes of transport (electric bicycles, personal mobility vehicles, and even electric vehicles) is practically insignificant. Both teleworking and the new consumer habits associated with online shopping have not yet had a strong impact. Political decision making by public administrations is identified as a direct application of this research.

СОСТОЯНИЯ СОЗНАНИЯ, ПРОБЛЕМА НАБЛЮДАТЕЛЯ, ПОЗНАНИЕ (ИЛИ О ЕДИНСТВЕ ТРАНСЦЕНДЕНТАЛЬНОЙ ПСИХОЛОГИИ, ФИЗИКИ И ФИЛОСОФИИ). ЧАСТЬ II

The article notes that the main conclusion of the first part of the article is that the perception of the world (observation, measurement, presentation of the worldview, etc.) always takes place through the subject of perception, depends on its subjectivity, in particular, on the states of consciousness. This leads to the formation of different ways of understanding and investigating phenomena of the surrounding reality. The reason of such differences in perception of the world is that every single researcher, observing the world or, studying the phenomena of the world, taking the position of an external (external, objective, «divine») observer, does not notice that he excluded himself, his personality, uniqueness of his cognitive abilities from the act of observation. Such an observer is obviously aware that he is looking at the world, but is not aware of the influence of his own subjectivity on the result of perception. The article shows that the problem is much deeper and more complex. The fact is that even after becoming aware of the influence of one's own subjectivity on the result of perception, one is unable to become aware of the mental activity that generates these results-the reality of the mental phenomena of perception and thinking. Awareness of these gaps in cognition leads to transcendental problems. The need then arises for a clearer understanding of what the characteristics of the observer are and how the results of observation relate to an objective reality that exists outside of human consciousness and perceptions, but is inaccessible to direct observation. Defining the role of the observer in cognition can make new adjustments in the creation and development of scientific research methodologies. The differences that exist between the concepts of external and internal observer are pointed out. The difficulties encountered by transcendental psychology in using methods of classical science based on data obtained from the external observer position are shown. The problems were solved in the transition to the position of the internal observer. An example of a similar transition is «Copernican revolution» made by I. Kant in philosophy. The transition to the position of an internal observer turned out to be fruitful for physics as well. The studies of A. V. Kaminsky and D. Spencer-Brown, analyzed in this article, testify to it.

El patrimonio cultural edificado en la inmersión histórica de América Latina y el Caribe

This essay constitutes a brief theoretical-critical approach to the problematic situations associated with the management of historic centers in the context of Latin America and the Caribbean, it seeks to reflect on the role that innovation and creativity play in lifestyles cities, as well as possible alternatives to meet the goal of sustainable development of historic spaces. Likewise, the study of cities is incorporated with the aim of perceiving considerations in those subjective aspects that connect them; is a process that implies, above all, understanding the centrality of the polis as a scene of socialization, satisfaction of objective and spiritual needs, understanding the constant search for solutions to everyday and transcendental problems, space being a vital element, where construction is generated of the subjects; it is necessary for themselves to determine the meaning that customs / daily life give to their immediate surroundings. Understanding that the public space becomes a close universe, where human beings in their different statutes respond many times to a struggle of hegemonic powers installed as part of the effects of a globalized process; which allows raising the need to consider cultural heritage in its different perspectives, not separating its essence with a material and immaterial nature; which, the life and sociocultural development could be measured by the representation of their heritage. Such perspectives and imperatives allow to establish a connection and interpretation of the past; through a reflective process, having as basic elements the understanding and interpellation, willing to generate a process that encourages a hermeneutical analysis of cultural knowledge attending to some historical references from Latin America and the Caribbean.

Geotechnical zonation and soil–structure interaction at Puerto Vallarta, México

We performed a seismic vulnerability assessment that involves geotechnical and building structure analysis for Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, a city located along the pacific coast. Puerto Vallarta, like many other Latin American cities, has significant seismic risk. We implemented the multichannel analysis of surface waves and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio methods to estimate shear wave velocity and soil resonance frequency. We considered a standard penetration test to determine the penetration resistance and soil classification. We divided the Puerto Vallarta into four zones according to a building taxonomy based on construction materials and structural systems and story number and height. The VS30 parameter shows that Puerto Vallarta has soil types C, D, and E according to the National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program (NEHRP). We classified the soil into three types based on the estimated fundamental period, TS. Both VS30 and TS parameters showed an overall transition of soil properties from the mountain toward the valley area. The standard penetration tests corroborate the results of the implemented geophysical methods. The correlation between the fundamental period of the soil and the fundamental period of the most common building types at each zone of Puerto Vallarta indicates high seismic vulnerability. We identify building vulnerability to resonance effects principally at the south and along the coast of the Puerto Vallarta. This work combines academic and governmental efforts to solve a real and transcendental problem since it might directly affect the regulation and evaluations of structures in the area.

On significative exergy: Toward a logomachics of education

The conceptual gambit of this article is to propose that the notion of anti-entropy should be complemented by that of exergy investment or destruction, a term first proposed by Zoran Rant in 1956. It argues that one of Bernard Stiegler’s most important interventions into deconstruction is the thermodynamic reformulation of Derridean différance. I argue that we should view the idea of anti-entropy as likewise the displacement of entropy to an external system. With the notion of exergy, it becomes possible to outline an economics of exergy expenditure and investment that considers this displacement. Having argued for the necessity of exergy as a concept that may complement anti-entropy, I demonstrate that this economy of exergy expenditure, through transductive analogy, can be applied to signification. An economics of exergy may give crucial insight into the transcendental problem of signification; that which Derrida’s notion of différance first responded to. I ask the question: can a trace-like logic of sense be understood energetically if trace itself is understood to be materially inscribed into the world? Having explored this question, I then outline how education might be understood as both the means through with traditional significations are energetically maintained as well as the means through which metastable significations can be disrupted. I use the recent banning of anti-capitalist literature in the UK as an example of what I call logomachics, a conflict of significative exergetic investment and disinvestment.

The Promise of the World: Towards a Transcendental History of Trust

This paper aims at a phenomenological analysis of trust. We argue that trust has a transcendental dimension in that it functions as a condition of possibility of the basic ego-world relation. Tacit for the most part in ordinary experience, it comes forth in its problematicity in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. People experiencing psychic disturbances lose trust in the continuity and the mineness of lived experience and conceive the world as uninhabitable. In order to address the transcendental problem of trust, we first carry out a static analysis of trust as perceptual faith and we show that it is founded in the functioning of a transcendental ground. In a second step, we proceed with a genetic analysis drawing on Husserl’s manuscripts on the awakening of the self, on early childhood, and Richir’s recent phenomenological readings of D. W. Winnicott. We situate the archaic experience of trust in an originarily intersubjective and affective dimension, where the parental environment functions as a transcendental matrix for the early development of a yet inchoative self. By doing so, we aim to sketch out the major lines of a transcendental history of trust in the early stages of human experience.

Prevalencia De Fracturas Faciales Atendidas En El Servicio De Cirugía Maxilofacial Del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín HCAM Entre Los Años 2013 Y 2018

El trauma se define como una lesión física generada por la aplicación de una fuerza externa, en contra del cuerpo humano, dentro es esto al trauma facial se considera una de las patologías más frecuentemente tratadas en los departamentos de cirugía oral y maxilofacial, representando estos la mayor parte de los pacientes que han sufrido algún tipo de traumatismo convirtiendo a este en un problema trascendental para salud pública. Las lesiones faciales son traumatismos que en raras ocasiones llegan a ser fatales, pero se los considera complicadas por su cercanía a estructuras anatómicas importantes, los cuales se pueden ver afectados por el traumatismo en primer lugar, dejando secuelas que en ocasiones resultan imposibles de solucionar.
 El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la frecuencia de las fracturas del macizo facial así como su etiología y relación con la edad, genero, frecuencia, localización anatómica en los pacientes tratados en el servicio de maxilofacial del hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, para así poder aportar información estadística real y actualizada en base a la magnitud, naturaleza, causas y manejo de la fracturas faciales en el ámbito regional y así proveer una mejor percepción del trauma maxilofacial y su origen y así ayudar a la toma de medidas preventivas y terapéuticas.
 Un total de 432 pacientes sufrieron lesiones maxilofaciales de los cuales la mayoría se produjo entre la tercera y cuarta década de la vida con una relación de 9:1 entre hombres y mujeres, la causa más común fueron las agresiones físicas (28,50%) seguido por los accidentes en motocicleta (22,20%). La factura más frecuente fue la mandibular con un 32,4% seguido por fracturas del complejo orbito cigomático maxilar con un 28,5% y las fracturas del piso de orbita (14,1%).

The transcendental problem of space and time

Este artigo visa discutir o caráter do conceito transcendental de espaço e tempo - encontrado na Estética Transcendental - e sua importância nas seguintes questões: o problema fenomenológico da forma da doação intuitiva, a interpretação científica e metafísica do espaço-tempo, a questão do conteúdo das ocorrências espaço-temporais e suas contribuições experimentais, e a questão da forma das relações e associações de conteúdo experimental. O objetivo do artigo é o de radicalizar uma abordagem interpretativa da doutrina do Espaço-Tempo de nodo a demonstrar confrontações possíveis com questões atuais de Filosofia Analítica, o que é feito, muito embora superficialmente, na seção final.

What Is Called Thinking?: When Deleuze Walks Along Heideggerian Paths

When on the last page of What Is Philosophy?, Deleuze and Guattari (1995: 218) claim that philosophy needs a non-philosophy, this statement is the result of a long engagement with the problem of thinking in society. It is this engagement that we intend to reconstruct in this article. By developing an original definition of thinking after Heidegger, Deleuze is able to claim that philosophy is not the only ‘thinking’ discipline. Our point of departure is Deleuze's constant reference to a phrase from Heidegger's lecture course What Is Called Thinking?: ‘We are not yet thinking’ ( Deleuze 1988 : 116, 1989: 167, 1994: 144, 2002: 108; Deleuze and Guattari 1995: 56). This phrase points to the demand for a new distribution of the relation between philosophy and its outside. The purpose of this article is to trace Heidegger's influence on Deleuze's definition of thinking and to raise two points. First, Deleuze borrows some elements of Heidegger's definition of thinking to further his own understanding of politics as an involuntary practice. For both, the question of thinking is political. Second, by departing from Heidegger, Deleuze can democratise the definition of thinking, beyond its confinement to philosophy, by turning to cinema. Deleuze calls cinema the art of the masses because it brings the masses in contact with external signs. Finally, in the last part of this article, we will discuss how Deleuze raises stupidity (and not error) as a transcendental problem that should be constantly fought. In this way, we hope to shed light on how Deleuze moves from Heidegger's question ‘what is called thinking?’ to the problem of stupidity and shame.

O transcendental encarnado: Merleau-Ponty e a Nouvelle Ontologie

O fio condutor que perpassa o presente ensaio alinha o peculiar estatuto da problemática transcendental no horizonte aberto pela obra de Merleau-Ponty. Nessa direção, demarcaremos as linhas mestras desse novo discurso transcendental, isto é, sua inflexão ontologicamente decisiva enquanto crítica revisional das condições de todo conhecimento agenciada sob o enigma de nossa conaturalidade carnal e, portanto, corporal com o mundo e com o outro.

Beyond Byzantium: A Study of Yeats’s Transcendental Problem in his Later Poetry

Beyond Byzantium: A Study of Yeats’s Transcendental Problem in his Later Poetry

Wittgenstein’s reconsideration of the transcendental problem

The transcendental problem that obsessed the great Western philosophers such as Kant and Husserl should be, according to Wittgenstein, conceived as a matter of understanding a process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from stated rules. Once these rules, regarded as a priori categories by Kant and as eidos and eidetic relations by Husserl, are demonstrated to be no more than the language usages or rules of language-games related to our forms of life, Kant's transcendental idealism and Husserl's transcendental phenomenology no longer have

Wittgenstein’s reconsideration of the transcendental problem

The transcendental problem that obsessed the great Western philosophers such as Kant and Husserl should be, according to Wittgenstein, conceived as a matter of understanding a process of reasoning in which a conclusion follows necessarily from stated rules. Once these rules, regarded as a priori categories by Kant and as eidos and eidetic relations by Husserl, are demonstrated to be no more than the language usages or rules of language-games related to our forms of life, Kant’s transcendental idealism and Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology no longer have a leg to stand on.

Beyond Cartesian limits: Leibniz's passage from algebraic to “transcendental” mathematics

This article deals with Leibniz's reception of Descartes' “geometry.” Leibnizian mathematics was based on five fundamental notions: calculus, characteristic, art of invention, method, and freedom. On the basis of methodological considerations Leibniz criticized Descartes' restriction of geometry to objects that could be given in terms of algebraic (i.e., finite) equations: “Descartes's mind was the limit of science.” The failure of algebra to solve equations of higher degree led Leibniz to develop linear algebra, and the failure of algebra to deal with transcendental problems led him to conceive of a science of the infinite. Hence Leibniz reconstructed the mathematical corpus, created new (transcendental) notions, and redefined known notions (equality, exactness, construction), thus establishing “a veritable complement of algebra for the transcendentals”: infinite equations, i.e., infinite series, became inestimable tools of mathematical research.

Self and Agency: A Prolegomenon to Rousseau's "Dialogues"

The coherence of the "Dialogues" can be vindicated in opposition to the widespread view-notably espoused by Jean Starobinski-that their ethical position overturns the Rousseauian synthesis elaborated in earlier systematic works. Rousseau's "Dialogues" amount to a transcendental problem which accepts the self it portrays as given: an account is needed of how this self arises by arguments that move from stated facts to points of principle offered in Rousseau's philosophy. Only then can we recover agency concealed by the rhetorically infelicitous objective, third-person optic Rousseau adopts to present and defend his self.

Constructions Using a Compass and Twice-Notched Straightedge

1. INTRODUCTION. It is impossible to trisect an arbitrary angle. So mathematicians have claimed, with confidence, for more than 160 years. The statement is provocative. To a mathematician, the statement embodies the beauty of algebra and its applications to geometry, hints at Galois theory, and is a rare example of a statement of the nonexistence of a solution. To recreational mathematicians, it is often thought of as a challenge. Every year, mathematicians around the world receive letters from the general population making claims to the contrary. Their solutions fall into two main categories: they either are false or do not adhere to the rules of constructions. In our provocative statement, we often omit the qualifying phrase using only a straightedge and compass. This is a restriction whose popularity is most probably due to the writings of Plato (ca. 427‐347 BC )[ 6]. But according to Pappus (late third century, AD), the ancient Greeks (ancient already to him) classified problems in geometric construction into three types. A problem is called plane if it can be solved using only a straightedge and compass; it is called solid if it can be solved using one or more conic section(s); and it is called linear if the solution requires a more complicated curve. In particular, the ancient Greeks had already found solid solutions to the trisection problem, as well as to the problem of doubling the cube. They suspected that neither problem was plane, a fact that was finally established by Pierre L. Wantzel (1814‐1848) in 1837 (though some have argued that Gauss must have known how to do this soon after writing Disquisitiones in 1798 [4], [5]). I find this classification very intriguing, for it reflects a point of view that is appealing to modern algebraic geometers. The ancient Greeks somehow observed that the simplest problems are those that can be solved using quadratics, and that the next simplest class is the class of problems solvable with quadratics and cubics. Even their terminology (with the exception of “linear”) is very appropriate. The terms “plane” and “solid” are meant to suggest the two-dimensional and three-dimensional natures of the solutions. Thus, a plane construction should involve equations of degree two, and a solid construction should involve equations of degree three. The modern mathematician might be tempted to partition the linear problems (a poor choice of terminology) further into algebraic and transcendental problems, but we would probably do little more. I also find it intriguing that this classification scheme does not obviously include the following trisection algorithm, due to Archimedes (287‐212 BC).

A generalized scheme for constructing Lyapunov functions from first integrals

A heuristic scheme is described for constructing Lyapunov v-functions, generalizing the classical method for constructing these functions from the first integrals of the equations of motion under investigation (or from the integrals of a comparison system). It is shown that the generalized scheme inherits a characteristic feature of the classical method: the Lyapunov functions are constructed as solutions of a certain completely integrable partial differential equation (or system of such equations). The form of this equation and its order are uniquely defined by a non-degenerate multi-parameter function V( x, α) + α q , x ϵ R n , α ϵ R q−1 (where α is a parameter vector), which generalizes the classical linear combination of integrals. Methods are described for representing v-functions, in the course of which the traditional methods (the method of Chetayev combinations of integrals and the construction of Lyapunov functions as a non-linear function of integrals) are augmented by geometrical constructions in which the v-functions are sought in the form of envelopes of certain subfamilies of the function V( x, α) + α q . The generalized scheme serves as a basis for deriving new, simple criteria for the asymptotic stability of the trivial solution in a transcendental problem of the stability of a system with two degrees of freedom in the critical case of two pairs of pure imaginary roots at 1 : 1 resonance (the case of simple elementary divisors).