Use Of Transceivers Research Articles

Evaluating Xilinx 7 Series GTX Transceivers for Use in High Energy Physics Experiments Through Proton Irradiation

This paper presents an examination of the Xilinx 7-Series GTX transceiver for use in High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments with special emphasis on the environment expected in the ATLAS Liquid Argon (LAr) subsystem. Two Xilinx Kintex 325T devices were tested with a 180 MeV proton beam at the TSL facility in Sweden. The beam test architecture monitors the GTX transceivers for lane failures and bit errors in the data streams from the 13 links sent from the Device Under Test (DUT). The DUT was exposed to 1.55 ×10 13 protons/cm 2 over a non-continuous period of 24 hours. The cross section of the GTX to any failure was calculated to be approximately 7.32 ×10 - 12 cm 2 /lane which translates to an error every 17 minutes for a full LAr subsystem involving 2 ×10 4 lanes. No permanent damage was observed on any of the GTX links or other parts of the FPGA. A slight increase in current on the VCCINT power supply was observed at the end of the test.

Real-time Digital Signal Processing for Optical OFDM-Based Future Optical Access Networks

In this paper, key aspects associated with realizing real-time digital signal processing (DSP)-based optical transceivers for use in future optical access networks are considered. The fundamental principles of optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OOFDM)-based transceivers and their associated DSP implementation are presented. This is followed by an extensive review of the real-time DSP implemented in the end-to-end OOFDM transceivers experimentally demonstrated over the past several years.

災害時超急性期に展開される最善の医療

When large numbers of persons are injured and medical resources are limited in the super-acute phase of a disaster, medical care-givers must switch from their normal protocol of general examination and treatment to disaster medical care. When many people are injured, triage is the standard protocol. The most severe conditions to watch for when performing triage are cardiac tamponade, airway obstruction, flail chest, tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax, massive hemothorax, abdominal hemorrhage, pelvic fracture, dysfunction of the central nervous system, and crush syndrome. The primary triage, which is classified by vital signs, is determined in disaster settings and at triage posts. Injured persons assigned the red tag in the primary triage are classified as the top-priority group in severity and urgency. The secondary triage is performed at a first-aid center to determine whether the patient requires immediate treatment and cure or transfer to the hospital. Patients complicated with hemorrhagic shock (especially non-responders) and central nervous system dysfunction must be conveyed to the hospital earlier. The definition and measures of a disaster vary by type, period, and place. As such, the measures to cope with a disaster in a hospital setting also vary. Our group developed an in-hospital disaster training course made up of four components: primary triage, secondary triage, training in the use of transceivers, and a disaster-imaging game. The course was designed to hold the interest and engage all hospital staff during simulated disasters. Quick action is required to immediately accept large numbers of injured patients when a disaster strikes. The preparations for an actual disaster must therefore be thorough and complete.

Traceability of extensively produced Iberian pigs using visual and electronic identification devices from farm to slaughter1

A total of 351 Iberian pigs with equal numbers of both sexes from 2 commercial farms were used to study the ability of various identification devices to guarantee the traceability required for labeled meat products from Iberian pigs reared under extensive production conditions in Spain. The performance of tattoos, visual ear tags, electronic ear tags, and i.p.-injected transponders of half duplex and full duplex technologies were compared during a production cycle from nursery to slaughter at 15 mo of age (156 +/- 3 kg of BW). No major health reactions to any of the identification methods were detected. Results showed that tattooing was not an adequate identification procedure due to reading difficulties as a consequence of dark skin, soiled appearance, and figure deformation. Ear tag losses and failures were affected by fencing type and increased in one of the farms (20.4 and 15.7% for losses and failures, respectively; P < 0.05) as a consequence of using barbed-wire fences. Ear tag losses decreased when fences changed to stone blocks at 365 d of age. Visual and electronic ear tag losses during transport and slaughter were low (3.7% for visual and 3.1% for electronic tag). Results of injectable transponders during the growing-fattening period were variable and were more readable for the half duplex than for the full duplex i.p. transponders (92.0 vs. 68.7% +/- 1.5; P < 0.05). Handheld transceivers worked properly under extensive conditions, although the body size and skin characteristics of the Iberian breed might limit the performance of reading devices, and the use of transceivers with longer reading distances is recommended. The main problem observed with i.p. transponders was their low recovery rate at slaughter due to the lack of adherence of the transponders to the omentum.

Next-generation 10 GBaud module based on emerging SFP+ with host-based EDC [Topics in Optical Communications

There has been an ongoing trend to require transceivers for use in datacom and telecom switches to be small and have low power dissipation to enable large port count switches. At speeds between 1 and 4 GBaud the SFP form factor is by far the most commonly used. Up to now 10 GBaud transceivers have used larger devices with larger power dissipations. This article describes the SFP+ module being specified by the SFF Committee (SFF 8431) that will enable the same port densities as the SFP module. The adaptive equalizers and high-speed transmission channels required in the switches to make the SFP+ module work successfully are also described

A 80–100 GHz image‐reject passive‐HEMT mixer

AbstractThis paper describes a single‐sideband, subharmonically pumped, passive‐HEMT integrated circuit mixer developed for use in transceivers for point‐to‐point telecommunications in the 83–87 GHz band. The gallium arsenide (GaAs) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) can readily be fabricated using a standard commercial process. The mixer performs equally well for either up‐ or down‐ conversion. For RF signals in the range 80–100 GHz, the conversion loss is typically 20 dB with LO drive in the range 40–50 GHz. Under these conditions, high rejection of the undesired sideband (&gt;18 dB), relative to the desired signal, is achieved. For up‐conversion, 1 dB compression of the mixer gain typically occurs at −12 dBm RF output power. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 2429–2433, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21953

The Impact of Avalanche Transceivers on Mortality from Avalanche Accidents

Rapid extrication is the most important determinant of survival in avalanche victims. To facilitate rapid localization of avalanche victims by uninjured companions, avalanche transceivers are widely used during off-piste and backcountry activities. Despite their widespread use, the influence of transceivers on survival probability in avalanche accidents is controversial. The aim of this retrospective study was to analyze the influence of transceivers on the mortality of avalanche victims. There were 194 accidents in Austria from 1994 to 2003, involving 278 totally buried victims, which were analyzed. Avalanche transceivers were used by 156 (56%) victims and were associated with a significant reduction in median burial time from 102 to 20 min (p < 0.001), as well as a significant reduction in mortality from 68.0% to 53.8% (p = 0.011). This reduction was due to a decrease in mortality during backcountry activities involving ski tourers in free alpine areas (from 78.9% to 50.4%, p < 0.001). Transceivers did not reduce mortality during off-piste activities beside or near organized ski slopes (67.7% with versus 58.5% without transceiver, not significant). Mortality of persons using a transceiver is significantly higher if burial depth exceeds 1.5 m. Despite a significant reduction, mortality still exceeds 50% even with the use of transceivers. Therefore, in addition to the use of emergency equipment like transceivers, avalanche avoidance measures are critically important. The fairly modest influence of the use of transceivers on survival probability may be due to the highly efficient mountain rescue service in the Austrian Alps. In remote areas the reduction in mortality will probably be far more pronounced.

An HTS transceiver for third generation mobile communications

Future third-generation mobile communication systems will require improved sensitivity and selectivity to support the growth in multi-media services, increased coverage, longer talk time and larger numbers of subscribers. The paper describes a transceiver for use in mobile and personal communications base transceiver stations (BTS). Key components of the transceiver are fabricated using thin film high temperature superconductor technologies to achieve, in the receiver chain, enhanced sensitivity and selectivity and, in the transmitter chain, reduced combiner losses and increased selectivity. Cryo-packaging techniques, which provide a long between-service interval are described. The cryogenic r.f. module encapsulation design features novel r.f. and thermal interconnects which obviates the need for long lossy input cables. In-situ tuning methods allow the HTS filters to be optimised at the operating temperature, 60 K, and in vacuum. The transceiver incorporates an integrated miniature Stirling-cycle cooling engine designed for a 5-watt heat lift at 60 K, over an ambient temperature range of -40/spl deg/C to +65/spl deg/C. The control electronics are driven directly from the BTS d.c. supplies. The input power requirement to the cryo-cooler and drive electronics is <250 watts. The design of the cooler is arranged to provide an inherent balance, virtually eliminating vibration. Multiple r.f. transceivers are integrated with a single cryocooler, and together with bypass switching, alarms and lightning protection, are contained within a single mast-head mounted weatherproof housing.

Design and fabrication of monolithically integrated DFB laser-wavelength duplexer transceivers for TPON/BPON access links

The fabrication and characterisation of monolithically integrated OEIC transceivers for use in optical subscriber access links are reported. A design incorporating DFB lasers, wavelength duplexers and a monitor photodiode, specific to the TPON/BPON passive optical network configuration is presented.