Trans-vaccenic Acid Research Articles

Investigating the Dietary Impact on Trans-Vaccenic Acid (Trans-C18:1 n-7) and Other Beneficial Fatty Acids in Breast Milk and Infant Formulas.

Maternal diet plays a significant role in the fatty acid composition of breast milk. Dietary products such as milk and meat are the primary sources of natural TFAs for humans. These peculiar fatty acids hold nutritional significance as they not only lack the detrimental effects of industrially produced trans fats on the endothelium characteristic, but they also exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. The relationship between the presence of eight fatty acids in breast milk (including natural TFAs trans-vaccenic and conjugated linoleic acid) and the maternal diet has been explored, and their abundance has been compared to that of infant formulas. Two cohorts of lactating women, originating from a Spanish region, participated in this study; they adhered to the Southern European Atlantic diet or the Atlantic diet. While the consumption of conventional meat or dairy products does not seem to increase the abundance of TFAs in breast milk, trans-vaccenic and oleic acid are among the most distinctive features of breast milk fat in mothers consuming naturally improved dairy products with an improved fatty acid profile. The most significant differences between natural breastfeeding and formula feeding lie in natural TFAs, since formulas are notably deficient in natural TFAs while being overfortified in alpha-linolenic acid in comparison to breast milk. We suggest an improvement in the formulation of these products through using cow's milk with an optimal fatty acid profile that better mimics the fatty acid composition found in human milk.

The Strain-Dependent Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm effect of Cis and Trans-Vaccenic Acid against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

This study, it was aimed to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of cis and trans-vaccenic acid against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the study, four different P. aeruginosa strains were used. Antibacterial activity was determined by microdilution and growth curve. The antibiofilm activity was determined by crystal violet assay. In addition, the effect of vaccenic acids on pyocyanin production was investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cis and trans-vaccenic acid against all strains was determined as 128-256 μg/mL, and the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) value was 8-512 μg/mL. While vaccenic acids reduced cell growth in three strains, they also significantly inhibited pyocyanin production. In one strain, it inhibited biofilm formation without affecting cell growth. As a result, the presence of antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of cis and trans-vaccenic acid against P. aeruginosa was determined as potential agents in the fight against this bacteria.

Effects of beef fat enriched with trans vaccenic acid and cis9, trans11-CLA on glucose homoeostasis and hepatic lipid accumulation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice.

Trans vaccenic acid (TVA, trans11-18:1) and cis9, trans11-CLA (also known as rumenic acid; RA) have received widespread attention as potentially beneficial trans-FA due to their putative health benefits, including anti-diabetic properties. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of beef fat naturally enriched with TVA and RA on parameters related to glucose homoeostasis and associated metabolic markers in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. Thirty-six male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old) were fed for 19 weeks with either a control low-fat diet (CLF), a control high-fat diet (CHF), or a TVA+RA-enriched high-fat diet (EHF). Compared with CLF, feeding either CHF or EHF resulted in adverse metabolic outcomes associated with high-fat diets, including adiposity, impaired glucose control and hepatic steatosis. However, the EHF diet induced a significantly higher liver weight TAG content and elevated plasma alanine transaminase levels compared with the CHF diet. Collectively, the findings from this study suggest that EHF does not improve glucose tolerance and worsens liver steatosis in DIO mice. However, the adverse effects of EHF on the liver could be in part related to the presence of other trans-FA in the enriched beef fat.

Trans-vaccenic acid reprograms CD8+ T cells and anti-tumour immunity.

Diet-derived nutrients are inextricably linked to human physiology by providing energy and biosynthetic building blocks and by functioning as regulatory molecules. However, the mechanisms by which circulating nutrients in the human body influence specific physiological processes remain largely unknown. Here we use a blood nutrient compound library-based screening approach to demonstrate that dietary trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) directly promotes effector CD8+ T cell function and anti-tumour immunity in vivo. TVA is the predominant form of trans-fatty acids enriched in human milk, but the human body cannot produce TVA endogenously1. Circulating TVA in humans is mainly from ruminant-derived foods including beef, lamb and dairy products such as milk and butter2,3, but only around 19% or 12% of dietary TVA is converted to rumenic acid by humans or mice, respectively4,5. Mechanistically, TVA inactivates the cell-surface receptor GPR43, an immunomodulatory G protein-coupled receptor activated by its short-chain fatty acid ligands6-8. TVA thus antagonizes the short-chain fatty acid agonists of GPR43, leading to activation of the cAMP-PKA-CREB axis for enhanced CD8+ T cell function. These findings reveal that diet-derived TVA represents a mechanism for host-extrinsic reprogramming of CD8+ T cells as opposed to the intrahost gut microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids. TVA thus has translational potential for the treatment of tumours.

Health effects of ruminant trans fatty acids with emphasis on type 2 diabetes

Recent government bans on industrial trans fatty acids (TFA) in developed countries has left naturally occurring TFA from ruminant products (e.g., dairy, beef, and lamb) as the sole source of TFA in the food supply. In contrast to industrial TFA, which have undisputed adverse health effects, ruminant TFA such as trans vaccenic acid (TVA; trans11-18:1), rumenic acid (RA; cis9, trans11-18:2) and trans palmitoleic acid (TPA; trans9-16:1) have been associated with reduced risk for some diseases such as type 2 diabetes. The present review summarizes the findings from observational, animal and human studies investigating the effects of ruminant TFA on metabolic parameters related to type 2 diabetes, and provides an update on the current knowledge of their biosynthesis, intake and factors affecting their concentrations in ruminant derived foods. Overall, observational studies and a small number of animal studies suggest that ruminant TFA may be protective against type 2 diabetes, whereas the same benefits have not been observed in other animal studies or in human clinical trials. Additional clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to better understand the isomer-specific effects of ruminant TFA. Until then, production practices resulting in increased levels of this group of fatty acids in ruminant milk and meat should be carefully reconsidered.

PSI-20 Trans Vaccenic Acid Does Not Improve Insulin Resistance in Diet Induced Obese Mice

Abstract Trans vaccenic acid (TVA, trans11-18:1) is a natural trans fatty acid that is exclusively found in ruminant fats such as dairy, beef, and lamb. Increased circulating concentrations of TVA and its metabolites are epidemiologically related to a reduced risk of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, direct causative evidence is lacking, and the mechanisms are poorly understood. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether TVA can alleviate insulin resistance in diet-induced obese mice when compared with oleic acid (OA, cis9-18:1, the major dietary cis 18:1 isomer) or trans10-18:1 (a major industrial trans fatty acid isomer). Forty-eight male C57BL/6J mice (7 weeks old) were fed either a low-fat diet (LFD,10% kcal total fat), a high-fat diet (HFD) enriched with OA (HFD-OA; 45% kcal total fat, 6% kcal from pure OA), an HFD enriched with TVA (HFD-TVA; 45% kcal total fat, 6% kcal from pure TVA), or an HFD enriched with trans-10 18:1 (HFD-T10; 45% kcal total fat, 6% kcal from pure trans-10 18:1) for 19 weeks. The metabolic phenotype was characterized using a glucose tolerance test (GTT) and insulin tolerance test (ITT). Insulin-sensitive tissues (muscle, liver, and adipose) were harvested and extracted for protein, which was analyzed for protein kinase B (Akt) and phosphorylated Akt (pAKT) by western blot using Vinculin as a loading control. The resulting band intensities were quantitated using the FluorChem 9900 program (Alpha Innotech). pAkt expression was normalized to Akt. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s test. Our GTT results suggested a greater (P < 0.05) glucose intolerance in both HFD-TVA and HFD-T10 groups compared with the LFD group. Whereas HFD-OA-fed mice maintained their glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity despite greater body weight and adiposity. In agreement with GTT and ITT results, we found reduced (P < 0.05) Akt phosphorylation in the muscle of both HFD-TVA and HFD-T10 groups compared with LFD while there was no difference in phosphorylation level in the liver and adipose. In conclusion, this work demonstrates that contrary to our initial hypothesis, a large dose of TVA (6% of calorie intake) promotes glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in HFD-fed mice. Further studies using the typical intake of TVA in humans (0.5 to 1% of calorie intake) are required to better understand the effects of TVA on glucose homeostasis.

Modulation of Murrah Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Rumen Functions for In Vitro Fatty Acid Bio-Hydrogenation, Methane Production and Fermentation Pattern of Total Mixed Ration Supplemented with Allium sativum (Garlic) Essential Oils

The potential for plant-origin essential oils to modulate rumen functions for reducing bio-hydrogenation of fatty acids and methane production has been a significant area of research in recent times. This study investigated the effects supplementation of garlic (Allium sativum) essential oils have on in vitro bio-hydrogenation of fatty acids, methanogenesis and fermentation characteristics of total mixed ration in buffalo with the aim of enhancing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in animal products as well as reducing environmental pollution. Allium sativum (AS) essential oils were examined at four levels [0 (Control), 33.33 µL (AS-1), 83.33 µL (AS-2) and 166.66 µL (AS-3) per litre of buffered rumen fluid] in a radio-frequency based automatic gas production system (ANKOM-RF). Two bottles per treatment per run over two incubation runs were undertaken to gain representative results. Oats hay and concentrate mixture (1:1) was used as a substrate (500 ± 5 mg) and incubated with 60 mL of buffered rumen fluid in 250 mL ANKOM bottles fitted with automatic an gas recording system at 39 °C for 24 h, following standard in vitro gas production protocols. The results demonstrated a reduction (p < 0.01) in lipid bio-hydrogenation, measured by lowered saturated fatty acids and enhanced unsaturated fatty acids on the supplementation of AS essential oils, irrespective of the dose levels. Moreover, the increased (p < 0.01) production of trans vaccenic (trans C18:1) acid (TVA) following graded dose supplementations of the AS essential oils increased the production of conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in animal products. Although, reduced methane production (p < 0.01) was evidenced, the decrease in total gas production and feed digestibility (TDDM) demonstrated the strong antimicrobial properties of AS at all dose levels. The study reveals that the Allium sativam (Garlic) essential oils have the potential to be an agent for the reduction of the rumen biohydrogenation of fatty acids and methanogenesis. However, in vivo examination is necessary to validate the findings and confirm its suitability for use as an additive to enhance nutraceutical and organoleptic properties in animal products.

Lithium Chloride Promotes Endogenous Synthesis of CLA in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells.

Although conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can promote human health, its content in milk is insufficient to have a significant impact. The majority of the CLA in milk is produced endogenously by the mammary gland. However, research on improving its content through nutrient-induced endogenous synthesis is relatively scarce. Previous research found that the key enzyme, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) for the synthesis of CLA, can be expressed more actively in bovine mammary epithelial cells (MAC-T) when lithium chloride (LiCl) is present. This study investigated whether LiCl can encourage CLA synthesis in MAC-T cells. The results showed that LiCl effectively increased SCD and proteasome α5 subunit (PSMA5) protein expression in MAC-T cells as well as the content of CLA and its endogenous synthesis index. LiCl enhanced the expression of proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), and its downstream enzymes acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FASN), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), and Perilipin 2 (PLIN2). The addition of LiCl significantly enhanced p-GSK-3β, β-catenin, p-β-catenin protein expression, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and downregulation factor genes for mRNA expression (P < 0.05). These findings highlight that LiCl can increase the expression of SCD and PSMA5 by activating the transcription of HIF-1α, Wnt/β-catenin, and the SREBP1 signaling pathways to promote the conversion of trans-vaccenic acid (TVA) to the endogenous synthesis of CLA. This data suggests that the exogenous addition of nutrients can increase CLA content in milk through pertinent signaling pathways.

Sea cucumber sulfated polysaccharides and Lactobacillus gasseri synergistically ameliorate the overweight induced by altered gut microbiota in mice.

Sulfated polysaccharides from sea cucumber Stichopus japonicus (SCSPsj) have been found to modulate the gut microbiota by promoting the growth of probiotics. However, the effects of the combination of SCSPsj and probiotics are still less known. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of SCSPsj and Lactobacillus gasseri on gut microbiota-altered mice through gut microbiota and metabolomics analysis. In the present study, supplementation with SCSPsj, L. gasseri or the combination of SCSPsj and L. gasseri could effectively ameliorate the body weight gain and fat accumulation in gut microbiota-altered mice treated with low-dose penicillin. The better effect of the combination of SCSPsj and L. gasseri is attributed to the synergistic effect of SCSPsj and L. gasseri. 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the combination of SCSPsj and L. gasseri can synergistically improve gut microbiota dysbiosis by increasing Lactobacillus and reducing Coriobacteriaceae_UCG-002. Furthermore, metabolomics results revealed that the combination of SCSPsj and L. gasseri can alleviate metabolic disorders by reducing the levels of lipid and lipid-like molecules in the serum samples, such as trans-vaccenic acid and 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestene. Our findings have proved that the combination of SCSPsj and L. gasseri can benefit host health attributed to the synergistic effect, which is conducive to further application in functional food.

The association between serum fatty acids and pregnancy in PCOS women undergoing ovulation induction

Background Long-term dietary fat intake is thought to affect metabolism and pregnancy of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) patients, and the type of fatty acids one consumes plays an important role. Previous studies mostly used questionnaires to analyze the type and proportion of fatty acids. Methods This prospective study included 91 PCOS patients. Serum fatty acids were measured by the gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry method before ovulation induction. We compared the fatty acids between the pregnancy group and the nonpregnancy group and explored the influence of the fatty acids on live births and pregnancy loss. Results Nervonic acid was lower in the pregnancy group than in the nonpregnancy group (0.25% vs. 0.30%, p = .017). The following trans-fatty acids were significantly lower in the pregnancy group than in the nonpregnancy group: trans-10-heptadecenoic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, trans-11-eicosenoic acid, and brassidic acid. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the live birth group was significantly higher than the pregnancy loss group (16.95% vs. 15.10%, p = .039). Among individual PUFAs, the levels of linoleic acid (p = .043), docosapentaenoic acid (p = .024), alpha-linolenic acid (p = .042), and eicosapentaenoic acid (p = .035) were higher in the live birth group than in the pregnancy loss group. After adjusting for infertility duration, age, and body mass index, our findings suggested an inverse association between pregnancy and nervonic acid, trans-10-heptadecenoic acid, trans-vaccenic acid, trans-11-eicosenoic acid, and brassidic acid and pregnancy. Conclusions Our findings indicate that polyunsaturated fatty acids are associated with live birth in PCOS patients. Serum trans-fatty acids and nervonic acid might be risk factors for nonpregnancy. The mechanism of the influence of different fatty acids on pregnancy and live birth merits further exploration.

Molecular effects of the consumption of margarine and butter varying in trans fat composition: a parallel human intervention study

BackgroundWhereas the dietary intake of industrial trans fatty acids (iTFA) has been specifically associated with inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes, understanding the impact of dietary fats on human health remains challenging owing to their complex composition and individual effects of their lipid components on metabolism. The aim of this study is to profile the composition of blood, measured by the fatty acid (FAs) profile and untargeted metabolome of serum and the transcriptome of blood cells, in order to identify molecular signatures that discriminate dietary fat intakes.MethodsIn a parallel study, the molecular effects of consuming dairy fat containing ruminant TFA (rTFA) or margarine containing iTFA were investigated. Healthy volunteers (n = 42; 45–69 y) were randomly assigned to diets containing margarine without TFA as major source of fat (wTFA control group with 0.4 g TFA per 100 g margarine), margarine with iTFA (iTFA group with 4.1 g TFA per 100 g margarine), or butter with rTFA (rTFA group with 6.3 g TFA per 100 g butter) for 4 weeks. The amounts of test products were individually selected so that fat intake contributed to 30–33% of energy requirements and TFA in the rTFA and iTFA groups contributed to up to 2% of energy intake. Changes in fasting blood values of lipid profiles (GC with flame-ionization detection), metabolome profiles (LC-MS, GC-MS), and gene expression (microarray) were measured.ResultsEighteen FAs, as well as 242 additional features measured by LC-MS (185) and GC-MS (54) showed significantly different responses to the diets (PFDR-adjusted < 0.05), mainly distinguishing butter from the margarine diets while gene expression was not differentially affected. The most abundant TFA in the butter, i.e. TFA containing (E)-octadec-11-enoic acid (C18:1 t11; trans vaccenic acid), and margarines, i.e. TFA containing (E)-octadec-9-enoic acid (C18:1 t9; elaidic acid) were reflected in the significantly different serum levels of TFAs measured after the dietary interventions.ConclusionsThe untargeted serum metabolome differentiates margarine from butter intake although the identification of the discriminating features remains a bottleneck. The targeted serum FA profile provides detailed information on specific molecules differentiating not only butter from margarine intake but also diets with different content of iTFAs in margarine.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00933322.

Serum Metabonomics Reveals Risk Factors in Different Periods of Cerebral Infarction in Humans.

Studies of key metabolite variations and their biological mechanisms in cerebral infarction (CI) have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. However, how metabolite variations in different periods of CI influence these biological processes and whether key metabolites from different periods may better predict disease progression are still unknown. We performed a systematic investigation using the metabonomics method. Various metabolites in different pathways were investigated by serum metabolic profiling of 143 patients diagnosed with CI and 59 healthy controls. Phe-Phe, carnitine C18:1, palmitic acid, cis-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, palmitoleic acid, 1-linoleoyl-rac-glycerol, MAG 18:1, MAG 20:3, phosphoric acid, 5α-dihydrotestosterone, Ca, K, and GGT were the major components in the early period of CI. GCDCA, glycocholate, PC 36:5, LPC 18:2, and PA showed obvious changes in the intermediate time. In contrast, trans-vaccenic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, all-cis-4,7,10,13,16-docosapentaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, DHA, FFA 18:1, FFA 18:2, FFA 18:3, FFA 20:4, FFA 22:6, PC 34:1, PC 36:3, PC 38:4, ALP, and Crea displayed changes in the later time. More importantly, we found that phenylalanine metabolism, medium-chain acylcarnitines, long-chain acylcarnitines, choline, DHEA, LPC 18:0, LPC 18:1, FFA 18:0, FFA 22:4, TG, ALB, IDBIL, and DBIL played vital roles in the development of different periods of CI. Increased phenylacetyl-L-glutamine was detected and may be a biomarker for CI. It was of great significance that we identified key metabolic pathways and risk metabolites in different periods of CI different from those previously reported. Specific data are detailed in the Conclusion section. In addition, we also explored metabolite differences of CI patients complicated with high blood glucose compared with healthy controls. Further work in this area may inform personalized treatment approaches in clinical practice for CI by experimentally elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms.

Milk Fat Depression and Trans-11 to Trans-10 C18:1 Shift in Milk of Two Cattle Farming Systems

Milk fat depression (MFD) syndrome, a consistent decrease in milk fat content, is related to important changes in fatty acid composition due to feed imbalances and the consequent ruminal metabolism alteration. Milk produced in two different farming systems was compared: Holstein Friesian fed with unified in intensive production and Podolica raised on a pasture in an extensive system. Milk chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition were determined comparing milk with a normal fat level (&gt;3.8%) to milk with a low fat level (&lt;3.2%) in each breeding system. Holstein Friesian milk showed the decrease in trans-11 and increase in trans-10 C18:1 (shift from trans-11 to trans-10 C18:1) in low fat with respect to normal fat milk with a consequent decrease in the trans-11/trans-10 C18:1 ratio. Even conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, was lower while CLA trans-10, cis-12 was higher in low fat milk than in normal fat milk from Holstein Friesian. These changes, that are indicators of MFD syndrome, were not found in Podolica milk between fat levels. Holstein Friesian milk showed less short-chain fatty acids (9.48 % vs. 11.05%, p &lt; 0.001), trans vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans-11, 0.51% vs. 3.39%, p &lt; 0.001), rumenic acid (CLA C18:2 cis-9, trans-11, 0.32% vs. 1.45%, p &lt; 0.001) and total CLA (0.53% vs. 1.91%, p &lt; 0.001) contents than Podolica milk. Further losses of these human healthy nutrients in low fat Friesian milk reduced the nutritional quality of the milk, while the milk from animals raised on the pasture was of better quality even when the level of fat was low.

Fatty Acid Composition of Grain- and Grass-Fed Beef and Their Nutritional Value and Health Implication.

Beef contains functional fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and long-chain fatty acids. This review summarizes results from studies comparing the fatty acid composition of beef from cattle fed either grass or grain-based feed. Since functional lipid components are contributed through dietary consumption of beef, the fatty acid composition is reported on mg/100 g of meat basis rather than on a percentage of total fat basis. Beef from grass-fed contains lesser total fat than that from grain-fed in all breeds of cattle. Reduced total fat content also influences the fatty acid composition of beef. A 100 g beef meat from grass-fed cattle contained 2,773 mg less total saturated fatty acids (SFA) than that from the same amount of grain-fed. Grass-fed also showed a more favorable SFA lipid profile containing less cholesterol-raising fatty acids (C12:0 to C16:0) but contained a lesser amount of cholesterol-lowering C18:0 than grain-fed beef. In terms of essential fatty acids, grass-fed beef showed greater levels of trans-vaccenic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; EPA, DPA, DHA) than grain-fed beef. Grass-fed beef also contains an increased level of total n-3 PUFA which reduced the n-6 to n-3 ratio thus can offer more health benefits than grain-fed. The findings signify that grass-fed beef could exert protective effects against a number of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease (CVD) as evidenced by the increased functional omega-3 PUFA and decreased undesirable SFA. Although grain-fed beef showed lesser EPA, DPA, and DHA, consumers should be aware that greater portions of grain-fed beef could also achieve a similar dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Noteworthy, grain-fed beef contained higher total monounsaturated fatty acid that have beneficial roles in the amelioration of CVD risks than grass-fed beef. In Hanwoo beef, grain-fed showed higher EPA and DHA than grass-fed beef.

Use of Stress Signals of Their Attached Bacteria to Monitor Sympagic Algae Preservation in Canadian Arctic Sediments.

Based on the strong aggregation of sympagic (ice-associated) algae and the high mortality or inactivity of bacteria attached to them, it was previously hypothesized that sympagic algae should be significant contributors to the export of carbon to Arctic sediments. In the present work, the lipid content of 30 sediment samples collected in the Canadian Arctic was investigated to test this hypothesis. The detection of high proportions of trans vaccenic fatty acid (resulting from cis-trans isomerase (CTI) activity of bacteria under hypersaline conditions) and 10S-hydroxyhexadec-8(trans)-enoic acid (resulting from 10S-DOX bacterial detoxification activity in the presence of deleterious free palmitoleic acid) confirmed: (i) the strong contribution of sympagic material to some Arctic sediments, and (ii) the impaired physiological status of its associated bacterial communities. Unlike terrestrial material, sympagic algae that had escaped zooplanktonic grazing appeared relatively preserved from biotic degradation in Arctic sediments. The expected reduction in sea ice cover resulting from global warming should cause a shift in the relative contributions of ice-associated vs. pelagic algae to the seafloor, and thus to a strong modification of the carbon cycle.

Differential Effects of Ruminant and Industrial 18-Carbon trans-Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (trans Vaccenic and Elaidic) on the Inflammatory Responses of an Endothelial Cell Line.

Endothelial dysfunction and inflammation are recognised factors in the development of atherosclerosis. Evidence suggests that intake of industrial trans fatty acids (TFAs) promotes endothelial dysfunction, while ruminant TFAs may have the opposite effect. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of elaidic acid (EA (18:1n-9t); an industrially produced TFA) and trans vaccenic acid (TVA (18:1n-7t); a natural TFA found in ruminant milk and meat) on inflammatory responses of endothelial cells (ECs). ECs (EA.hy926 cells) were cultured under standard conditions and exposed to TFAs (1 to 50 μM) for 48 h. Then, the cells were cultured for a further 6 or 24 h with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α, 1 ng/mL) as an inflammatory stimulant. ECs remained viable after treatments. TFAs were incorporated into ECs in a dose-dependent manner. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) increased production of MCP-1, RANTES, and IL-8 in response to TNF-α, while preincubation with TVA (1 µM) decreased production of ICAM-1 and RANTES in response to TNF-α. Preincubation with EA (50 µM) upregulated toll-like receptor 4 and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in response to TNF-α. In contrast, preincubation with TVA (1 µM) downregulated TNF-α induced nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 gene expression. Preincubation of ECs with EA (50 µM) increased THP-1 monocyte adhesion. In contrast, preincubation of ECs with TVA (1 µM) reduced THP-1 monocyte adhesion, while preincubation of ECs with TVA (50 µM) decreased the level of surface expression of ICAM-1 seen following TNF-α stimulation. The results suggest that TVA has some anti-inflammatory properties, while EA enhances the response to an inflammatory stimulus. These findings suggest differential effects induced by the TFAs tested, fitting with the idea that industrial TFAs and ruminant TFAs can have different and perhaps opposing biological actions in an inflammatory context.

Fatty Acids as Biomarkers of the Production Season of Caciocavallo Palermitano Cheese.

Simple SummaryIn the Mediterranean environment, climatic variability determines a discontinuity in the forage availability of pastures. Caciocavallo Palermitano is a cheese obtained from the milk of the Cinisara cattle breed, mainly raised on pasture. The present study investigated the fatty acid profile of cheeses produced in two typical farms in the four seasons of the year, with the aim of identifying specific fatty acids that can be used as biomarkers to discriminate the productions obtained in the different seasons, in order to economically enhance those seasonal productions that have better health characteristics. The results revealed the possibility of distinguishing spring productions from those of other seasons on the basis of the higher content of some fatty acids deriving from grazing fresh forage, the availability of which is greater in spring. Further studies should be conducted to also evaluate the possibility of using fatty acids as biomarkers of different diets.This experiment aims to evaluate the potential of fatty acids (FA) of Caciocavallo Palermitano cheese as biomarkers of production season and pasture-based diet. A total of 48 cheeses were made in the four seasons with milk from two farms that raised cows of Cinisara breed. The animals were fed on pasture with supplementation of wheat bran and wheat straw in the barn, and in summer also with Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes. The chemical composition and FA profile of cheese were influenced by the season and not by the farm. In particular, cheeses produced in spring were characterized by higher protein and lower fat, and showed higher contents in trans-vaccenic acid, α-linolenic acid, rumenic acid, n-3 polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), and total PUFA. In winter, the lower availability of grazing forage, requiring a higher level of feeding integration, was responsible for an increase of saturated FA (SFA). The multivariate analysis distinguished clearly the cheeses made in winter and spring, while those produced in autumn and summer showed some overlapping points. Further investigations should be carried out to evaluate the effects of type and level of feeding integration on the presence of FA more suitable to be used as biomarkers of period and diet.

Abstract LB079: Circulating plasma phospholipid fatty acid levels &amp; breast cancer risk in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort

Abstract Circulating plasma phospholipid fatty acid levels and breast cancer risk in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort Background The association between dietary fat intake and breast cancer risk has been a source of controversy with conflicting results reported in past decades. Additional prospective studies that objectively measure circulating levels of fatty acids are now needed to better understand the associations between dietary fat and breast cancer development. MethodsWe assessed the relation between breast cancer risk and plasma levels of 60 phospholipid fatty acids in a nested case-control study of 2,718 postmenopausal women (905 breast cancer cases and 1,813 matched controls) enrolled in the Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II) Nutrition Cohort. Blood samples were collected at baseline (1997-1998). Multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression models that included established breast cancer risk factors (alcohol use, postmenopausal hormone use, smoking status, waist circumference, body mass index, and weight change from age 18 years to blood draw) were used to compute odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). The false discovery rate (FDR; q-value) was computed to control for multiple comparisons. ResultsAfter adjustment for multiple comparisons and in continuous log-transformed multivariable models, plasma levels of myristic acid (a saturated fatty acid) were positively associated with breast cancer risk (OR per log-value, 1.17, 95% CI: 1.07-1.28; q-value = 0.03), with similar magnitude associations found for estrogen receptor (ER) positive and ER negative breast cancer (p-interaction = 0.39). Positive associations were also found for plasma levels of monounsaturated fatty acid (OR per log-value, 1.09, 95% CI: 1.00-1.18; q-value = 0.24), palmitoleic acid (OR per log-value, 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.24; q-value = 0.09), palmitic acid (OR per log-value, 1.12, 95% CI: 1.01-1.24; q-value = 0.17), dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (OR per log-value, 1.14, 95% CI: 1.04-1.25; q-value = 0.09), and adrenic acid (OR per log-value, 1.13, 95% CI: 1.03-1.24; q-value = 0.11) with breast cancer risk; however, after adjustment for multiple comparisons these associations did not reach the threshold of statistical significance. Similarly, inverse associations between plasma levels of trans α-linolenic acid (OR per log-value, 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.96; q-value = 0.09), heptadecanoic acid (OR per log-value, 0.90, 95% CI: 0.82-0.99; q-value = 0.17), and vaccenic acid (OR per log-value, 0.88, 95% CI: 0.80-0.97; q-value = 0.11) with breast cancer risk were not statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. ConclusionThese findings suggest that higher circulating levels of myristic acid, that can be sourced from dietary intake of dairy foods or via de novo synthesis, may increase breast cancer risk. Additional studies are needed to replicate this finding and provide mechanistic insights. Citation Format: Michele Matta, Emily Deubler, Veronique Chajès, Marc Gunter, Neil Murphy, Mia M. Gaudet. Circulating plasma phospholipid fatty acid levels &amp; breast cancer risk in the CPS-II Nutrition Cohort [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr LB079.

Analysis of Serum Metabonomics in Patients with Multiple Myeloma Based on Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

To observe the changes of serum metabolites in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) by metabonomics, and explore the potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and progression of MM. Serum samples were collected from 26 patients with MM and 50 healthy controls. The data detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was input into SIMCA-14.0 software for multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the changes of metabolites. The metabolic change of uric acid and trans-vaccenic acid in serum samples of MM patients was 9.39 times and 2.77 times of these in healthy people, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of healthy people, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01). Uric acid and trans-vaccenic acid are expected to be important metabolic indicators for the diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy evaluation of MM, thus providing some clues for the pathogenesis of MM.

Elaboration of goat cheese with increased content of conjugated linoleic acid and transvaccenic acid: Fat, sensory and textural profile

Goat`s milk and its dairy products have been commonly related to important nutritional and health benefits. In fact, fat fraction is one of the most important components of goat’s milk regarding its value, as lipids are involved in cheese yield, firmness, color and flavor of goat dairy products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the modification in the lipid and sensory profile of cheeses elaborated with goat milk, through diet inclusion of sunflower oil (SFO). The main objective was to elaborate Danbo Type cheeses with increased content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and transvaccenic acid (TVA), and at the same time decrease the proportion of saturated fat, and evaluate these values during the shelf life of the cheeses. The study was conducted with 60 Saanen goats separated into two homogeneous groups and supplemented for 18 days with one of two concentrates: without added oil (control, C) or enriched with sunflower oil (SFO). Cheeses were elaborated using goat milk, collected after desirable changes in its lipid profile were achieved. Physicochemical, microbiological, and fatty acid composition together with the sensory profile were evaluated. In SFO cheeses fat content increased, without affecting protein content, microbiological, sensory profile and consumer acceptability. Also, the content of TVA increased from 2.4 to 4.4 % (p < 0.01), while CLA presented an increase from 0.8 to 1.3 % (p < 0.01). A decrease in the saturated/unsaturated ratio was observed resulting in a decrease in the atherogenic index. Therefore, inclusion of SFO in the diet of goats could be a viable alternative to increase the contribution of fatty acids with beneficial effects for health in cheeses.