Trans Koetaradja Research Articles

Analisis Kelayakan Tarif Bus Trans Koetaradja Berdasarkan Ability To Pay (ATP) Koridor 2A Pusat Kota-Blang Bintang

Since in 2018, Trans Koetaradja Urban Mass Transit is expected to provide maximum service to the community as users. Corridor 2A with the route Masjid Raya Baiturrahman-Lambaro-Blang Bintang. For now, the government applies full subsidies for bus users, meaning that bus users can ride this bus without paying. However, this condition will certainly not last forever. Calculation of the feasibility of bus fare based on Ability to pay is done to see the ability of this bus user to pay the bus fare. This study uses a Quantitative Descriptive Research Method through Survey Techniques involving 392 respondents to bus users given a survey form containing questions regarding: frequency of bus use, average monthly income and expenses and expenses to pay for transportation Respondents were selected based on activities, which were divided into 7 categories based on occupation, including: Students, Self-employed, Workers, Civil Servants, Non-workers and Housewives. The results of the questionnaire were then tabulated and calculated to see the distribution of ATP rates by considering income, percentage of expenditure on transportation and frequency of use. From the research results, the percentage of gender is 57% female and 43% male. The average frequency of use of the bus in 1 week is 4 times the transportation costs obtained range between Rp. 10,000 and Rp. 200,000 The average ATP value is Rp. 2,400.

Study Of Accessibility and Minimum Service Standards (MSS) of Trans Koetaradja Stops in Relation to User Satisfaction

Trans Koetaradja had six corridors that traversed the city of Banda Aceh and parts of Aceh Besar Regency. The lack of public interest was attributed to factors such as accessibility and Minimum Service Standards (MSS) implemented at Trans Koetaradja stops, concerning security, safety, comfort, affordability, equality, and regularity, which were deemed suboptimal. The aim of this research was to analyze the suitability of the existing conditions of Trans Koetaradja stops and examine the dominant factors of accessibility and SPM that influenced user satisfaction with Trans Koetaradja. A quantitative research approach was used, employing data collection techniques through observation in the bus stops from corridor 1, corridor 2A, and corridor 5. The observation results indicated that the Trans Koetaradja stops were not fully compliant with the MSS. Furthermore, the PCA test results revealed that the factors that contributed to user satisfaction with Trans Koetaradja stops were security and regularity, distance and comfort, user convenience, time, cost, and affordability.

The influence of service performance and passenger satisfaction on public transport loyalty in a small city in a developing country

Public transportation is widely considered more attractive in developed countries compared to developing countries, primarily due to its level of service performance, and the influencing factors vary depending on the characteristics of the place and the community. Meanwhile, passenger loyalty is essential to increase the demand for public transportation. This research aims to investigate the impact of service performance and passenger satisfaction on passenger loyalty to public bus transportation in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The research was conducted on six Trans Koetaradja Bus corridors that connect the city and its surrounding areas, and the data was analyzed using the multiple regression method with SPSS. The results showed that that service performance and passenger satisfaction had an impact on passenger loyalty, with a correlation coefficient of 0.563. However, the determination value (R2) was only 0.317, indicating that only 31.7% of the service performance and passenger satisfaction affected passenger loyalty to the Trans Koetaradja bus. The remaining 68.3% were influenced by other variables. Meanwhile, the low contribution of service performance and passenger satisfaction was likely due to the fact that Trans Koetaradja passengers have private vehicles, which are considered more efficient. This can be seen from the respondents' trip frequency of only 1-2 times a week. To address this issue, integrated and accessible public transportation and mixeduse urban planning are needed in Banda Aceh to improve travel duration. It is hoped that these results can improve the public interest and loyalty to public transportation in their daily activities.

Importance-Performance Analysis in Public Transport Level of Service: A Case Study of The Trans Koetaradja Bus in Banda Aceh

Traffic congestion often occurs in many cities, particularly in developing countries, mainly due to excessive private vehicles instead of public transport. To solve the problem, public transport should improve its level of services to attract more people to use it. Therefore, it is essential to observe to what extent people's satisfaction with public transport regarding its operation. This research aims to analyze the satisfaction level of bus passengers in Banda Aceh City concerning the expected satisfaction and observed performance. The passengers' satisfaction level was analyzed using the important performance analysis (quadrant analysis) method. The results showed that people's perception of the level of service of Trans Koetaradja buses was still acceptable. However, the arrival and departure time still needs to be improved. Further, dedicated bus lane planning is essential to avoid traffic jams so that the travel time can be much shorter. The fleet of operating buses is sufficient, and free-of-charge fares still need to be applied.

Understanding Household's Travel Costs Budget Frontier in Banda Aceh, Indonesia

This study aims to explore the constraints of the Travel Costs Budget Frontier (TCBF) before a full-charged fare is implemented for the bus system known as the “Trans Koetaradja” in the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia. A stochastic frontier analysis was used to identify how people allocate their share of income for transportation in line with their mobility and socio-demographic characteristics. The findings showed the TCBF to be influenced by commuting trip activities, private mode usage, owning car and motorcycle and income limits. Barriers were observed to be restricting the low-medium income groups. Owning their own private modes within the low-medium income groups does mean household disbursement and could impose their transport expenditure rather than public modes usage. There is a need to devise policies considering the low-medium incomes to implement impartial full-charge to ensure affordable bus fare.

Mode choice analysis among motorcycle and Trans Koetaradja urban bus and its contributing factors using revealed preference (RP) data

The random utility maximization (RUM) is a widely used principle to study customer behaviors derived from econometric theory. The mode choice problem in transportation planning has been intensively studied to explore the choice behavior of travelers. In the demand analysis, market shares among transport modes are substantially used for public transport planning and operation. Therefore, this study is a preliminary analysis of the modeling complex mode choice behaviors among motorcycle and bus system so-called Trans Koetaradja by considering specific attributes of mode, households, and individual sociodemographic attributes. The developed model of mode choice is used to explore the effect of specific attributes of mode, households, and individual sociodemographic attributes on traveler’s mode choice behaviors and its contributing factors. Using the Revealed Preference (RP) data collected in Banda Aceh, we formulate Binary Logit (BL) to identify and evaluate the effects specific attributes of mode, households, and individual sociodemographic on mode choice. These results confirm that there is a substantial contribution of the specific mode attributes of the individual in determining selected mode choice. The specific attribute of motorcycle mode preference such as travel time (TT) and distance of destination (DD). Findings further confirm that individual sociodemographic variable including dummy young Age (DYA), dummy has elementary education background (DEB), dummy has low-medium income (DIN), dummy owned motorcycle (DOM) and dummy has driver license (DDL) have a statistically significant alert to the selecting mode choice of motorcycle.

Integration of public open space and pedestrian pathway to the Trans Koetaradja shelter in the Masjid Raya Baiturrahman area

The area of Masjid Raya Baiturrahman is an area that is integrated with public space, pedestrian pathway, and public transportation infrastructure namely Halte Trans Koetaradja. This area is always crowded because of the Masjid Raya Baiturrahman besides as a center of Islamic worship also as a center of Islamic tourism in Banda Aceh. This area is always crowded by motorists and pedestrians who visit and perform activities in the area. Because the still mix of motor vehicles and pedestrians makes the area at certain times very dense so it is not safe and comfortable for pedestrians. This research aims to identify the existing conditions of the pedestrian street in the area of Masjid Raya Baiturrahman Grand and also identify the characteristics of pedestrian movements to determine the level of service from the pedestrian path. This study was conducted using a table based on the list of Ministerial Regulation of Public Works No. 03 the Year 2014 and also the Department of Transport (DOT) to identify the existing conditions of the pedestrian path in the area of Masjid Raya, then conducted a review of the characteristics of pedestrian movements using the formula of pedestrian speed, pedestrian flow and also pedestrian density. The results of this research appointment that the pedestrian pathway in the area of Masjid Raya Baiturrahman when reviewed from the existing service level, it is still a level of service A, but if the review of existing conditions then there is an improvement to the pedestrian pathway. This is because the supporting facilities have not been compactor to the pedestrian pathway by the standard guidelines.

The relative importance of bus system's Perceived Service Quality (PSQ) attributes among public and private mode users in Indonesia

Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) is a common approach usually applied in examining public satisfaction and has been adopted in the transportation sector to measure the quality of service provided by the public transport system. This study, therefore, investigated the relative important service quality attributes of bus systems among both public and private modes of transportation users in Banda Aceh in Indonesia. An urban bus system known as the "Trans Koetardja" was used as a case study and a questionnaire designed based on preference survey was applied. A total of 200 samples comprising of 100 bus users and 100 private mode users including cars and motorcycles were used for the preliminary study. Moreover, the IPA approach was used to evaluate the Trans Koetaradja service quality attributes based on importance and performance classification. The quadrant grid plot showed the need for the operators to allocate their resources towards improving their services by considering (a) an improvement in bus stop facilities, (b) enhancement in the route and accurate timetable, and (c) shortening bus travel time and waiting time in the bus stop

Analysis of the Trans Koetaradja bus services considering latent variables of bus line services

The Government of Aceh delivers a transport policy measure to combat autos dependency and severe traffic within the city by reforming conventional urban public transportation to modern bus system so-called the Trans Koetaradja (TK). The most critical issue for urban bus system is in how to maintenance existing users and attract new ridership’s. In this case, perceived service quality (PSQ) elements such as the easiness, comfort, and safety of bus system has an importance rule in determining user’s satisfaction. The PSQ is used in public transport planning and operation as a tool to establish the level of overall user’s satisfaction towards public transport services. Therefore, this study aims to examine the PSQ of the TK bus services by considering unobserved variable such as psychological indicators related to the bus line services from TK’s users. Revealed preference survey within 3 lines of TK was conducted in the mid of 2019. On board survey with a total of 450 samples were distributed and valid used in this study. The multivariate analysis of structural equation modelling so-called confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is used to deeply explore the behavioral intention of TK users toward the bus service attributes. The CFA result depicts that PSQ resulted to higher user’s satisfaction has significantly statistical relationship with the user intention to the bus services variables of “obedience when stopped”, “driver appearance”, “air condition”, “bus arrival time” and “the satisfaction of supporting bus facilities”.

The study of the operation of Trans Koetaradja public bus transportation of the corridor II A and II B in Banda Aceh city

Aceh Government is trying to plan the integrated transportation system. Aceh Government has planned the construction of 6 Corridors of Trans Koetaradja Bus, some of them are Corridors II A and II B. The previous public transport cannot accommodate the transportation service needs of the route of Sultan Iskandar Muda Airport - city center - Ulee Lheue Crossing Port. However, currently, the Banda Aceh Trans Koetaradja Public Bus Transportation is projected to be able to improve the services optimally. The purpose of this study is to assess the level of performance and to improve the quality of the service up to the customers’ satisfaction expectations. The method of this research comprises the survey, which is sampling Kouto and distributing questionnaires and data analysis. The questionnaire distribution uses statistic test method and Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) through the SERVQUAL approach, namely: reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, and physical evidence. The result of the study is that the current performance of the services of Trans Koetaradja public bus transportation is rated as good; the importance of the service regarding the customers’ expectation is rated good; the quality of service provided to customers is rated 94.52%. The conclusion of this study is that there are several shortages of transportation performance, such as the timeliness of arrival, waiting time at bus stops, passenger assistance, and available seats.

Travel cost budget distributions among household life stages considering bus users in Banda Aceh

This study aims to investigate the average travel cost budget (TCB) distributions among household life stages (HLS) groups considering the bus users of Trans-Koetaradja in Banda Aceh, capital of Aceh province. This research was conducted within three corridors of Trans Koetaradja. The onboard survey is performed to collect bus users related information such as their monthly travel budget, socio-economic attributes, and travel/mobility characteristics. In this study, we only consider to analysis the distributions and characteristics obtained data sets by deeply investigating socio-demographics and travel attributes of bus users. The analysis result reveals that the group 3 (families with pre-school children) spent the highest average of TCB (0.442 million IDR/month) and group 1 (single person) spent the lowest TCB (0.280 million IDR/month). While group 2 (childless couple) has portion the lowest average of TCB about 10.2% from their monthly income, and group 3 (families with pre-school children) has shared the highest TCB accounting up to 14.4% from their monthly income compared to the remaining groups. This result depicts that an average TCB across HLS groups is considerably high, especially early household life stages development. It is may partially due to a limitation on their monthly income and lack of affordable transport mode for them.

Analysis on the effect of socio-economic and travel attributes to perceptions of the Trans Koetaradja quality of services

The urban bus reform namely Trans Koetardja (TK) has been argued and implemented by the Government Aceh as measure to mitigate autos dependency in this region. One basic element of the bus system is that how to attract private vehicle users to switch to TK by providing good bus quality of services. Thus, understanding what factors may contribute to the perceived quality of services is a crucial and need to investigate thoroughly especially in developing cities. Therefore, this paper aims to explore and clarify the relationships among socio-economic attributes and travel behavioural characteristics of the respondents to bus reform quality of services by contemplating latent constructs from bus system operation side. Revealed preference survey was conducted in the mid of 2019. On board survey with a total of 450 samples were distributed and valid used in this study. The multivariate analysis of structural equation modelling so-called exploratory factor analysis (EFA) approach employed to reveal contributing effect of causal loading among socio-economic attributes and travel behavioural characteristics of the respondents to bus reform quality of services. The path coefficient is used to examine causal relationships among latent variables and its contributing factors. The results of the analysis explore that the significant correlation between the observed variables of bus system and the latent variables happened to the variables of time of arrival and bus to the comfort of the bus stop and bus.

An Exploration of Factor Affecting Household’s Travel Cost Budget Considering Household Life Stages Applying to Urban Bus Ridership

Urban bus reform so-called Trans Koetaradja (TK) is regarded as a potential urban transport policy aiming at alleviating autos traffic congestion and mitigating highly private mode dependency in Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The new bus system proposed by the Government has been operated since early 2018, and it remains free of fare services due to subsidy provide by the Government as the bus corridors have been expanded the budget getting escalating year by year. To reduce the burden of subsidies, the Government intends to drop monetary aid by applying full fare for the bus. However, declining the subsidy could affect bus ridership, especially low-income households whose captive riders may not afford the ticket. It hypothesizes that the travel cost budget (TCB) has significantly influenced the ability to pay for a particular household to afford the bus fare. The TCB for this study defines the maximum amount of money allocated by a specific family for their transportation within a month. Therefore, this study is aiming at exploring factors that effecting the households' transportation expenditures, taking into account household life stages (HLS) among TK' bus users. The use of revealed preference data obtained in 2019, the regression analysis of the ordinary least square (OLS) method, was used to calibrate and teste the exogenous variables across HLS. To simplify, the HLS in this study is segmented as early, middle, and established HLS. The distribution of TCB across HLS revealed that the share of transport expenditure on average to their monthly income had shared about 10-11 %. The finding from the OLS indicates that the variables of the female gender, monthly income, and the number of owned motorcycles have significant contributions to the TCB. The most significant finding is the impact of monthly income on the TCB across HLS. It exhibited early, and middle HLS has shown more spending share on income compared to the established HLS

Walkability in Banda Aceh: An approach in urban mobility development

Banda Aceh starts to develop the city transportation system by introducing bus “Trans Koetaradja” in 2016. It is one of the government actions to accommodate people to move within the city and expected to solve and prevent the city traffic jam that starts to happen in the last decade. On the one hand, the high growth in the number of motor vehicles reveals the needs of the people to commute in the city, however, on the other hand, this situation brings some problem that can affect city life, related to human and environment. For these reasons, early observation and questionnaire indicate that people’s willingness to walk is low due to the factors of the physical environment and local habits. For these reasons, this paper tries to approach the problem with the idea of walkability; understanding the definition of walkability and learning what variables needed to take into account to apply and evaluate the notion, in the more contextual matter through literature studies. It is necessary to consider about walkability development, to support the progress of Banda Aceh forward sustainable development.

Integrasi Layanan Trans Koetaradja dengan Feeder Angkutan Labi-Labi di Kota Banda Aceh

The Aceh Provincial Government through the department of transportation in 2016 began operating Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) in Banda Aceh city. The presence of Trans Koetaradja is expected to be able to implement a mass transit system that is capable of maintaining order, traffic congestion and traffic jam in Banda Aceh City. However, the existence of BRT Trans Koetaradja poses a threat to the existence of drivers and businessmen of transporting labi-labi in Banda Aceh City. Starting from the problem, this research aims to create the form of integration of BRT Trans Koetaradja service with feeder of labi-labi transportation in Banda Aceh City. The research method used is descriptive analysis of kunatitatif which will describe the potential of travel demand and condition of existing road network. In addition, it uses a spatial descriptive analysis method to formulate the form of feeder transport routes of labi-labi and analyze the operational integration of routes, time and rates. The result of the research shows that there are 6 feeder routes that will serve the corridor I Keudah-Darussalam namely Prada area route, Zainal Abidin General Hospital route, Simpang Keramat route, Unsyiah campus route and UIN Ar-Raniry route, Aceh Governor Office and route of Simpang Mesra area. Operationally, the integration of Trans Koetaradja transport service time with feeder transport of labi-labi is at 07.00-18.00 wib. The required headway of each feeding route is 4-9 minutes. The travel time required for each feeder route is 10-15 minutes with the number of fleets used by 32 units to serve 6 (six) feeder routes. In terms of tariff integration, the cost to be spent per passenger to use labi-labi transportation on each feeder route is between Rp.1.000 - Rp. 1,500.

Kajian Penentuan Tarif Bus Trans Koetaradja berdasarkan Ability to Pay (ATP) dan Willingness to Pay (WTP)

Trans Koetaradja bus is managed by the government of Aceh Province to improve the urban public transport system. In order to appeal people to use this bus, the local government provides subsidy and applies the free fare, until today. It is expected that, when the subsidy is revoked in a few years ahead, people will get accustomed to use this bus. This research was conducted to observe public perceptions on the desired fare through ability to pay (ATP) and willingness to pay (WTP) analysis. Primary data was collected by doing survey over distributing questionnaires to the citizen. The bus corridors observed were on corridors I, III, and IV. The results showed that, the ATP-WTP of students were above the operator’s proposed tariff for all corridors. However, to attract those students to use the bus, it is recommended that the operator's proposed tariff (IDR 2,000 for each corridor) should be applied. For the general public category (PNS/TNI/Polri, Private Employees, Housewives, and other communities), the proposed tariff for each corridors were in between the average value of ATP-WTP. In that sense, tariff determination can be applied based on the average WTP value. However, the operator's proposed tariff for the public is still also feasible, subject to improving the level of services.

PENERAPAN METODE IPA (IMPORTANCE PERFOMANCE ANALYSIS) UNTUK MENGANALISIS KEPENTINGAN DAN KEPUASAN PENUMPANG TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAYANAN BUS TRANS KOETARADJA (STUDI KASUS : KORIDOR I KEUDAH – DARUSSALAM)

The use of private vehicles that increases continuously due to the poor of public transport services is one of the causes of congestion. To solve this problem, the City Government of Banda Aceh provides Trans Koetaradja Bus. The limitations of existing public transport services in the city of Banda Aceh caused the community to attempt facilitate their own movements with private vehicles. So that the development of Trans Kutaraja is faced with the challenge of how Trans Kutaraja is able to attract private vehicle users who are the majority of road user in the city of Banda Aceh. therefore, it is important to know how the user respondses to the service quality of Trans Kutaraja. This study aims to analyze the quality of Trans Koetaradja Bus services and determine the quality of Trans Koetaradja Bus services of attributes that are prioritized based on the perception of the users of Trans Koetaradja Bus by using the Importance Performance Analysis Method consisting of quadrant analysis and gap analysis. From the results of the quadrant analysis the IPA method for Trans Koetaradja users is more focused on the factors that most influence on the quality of bus services. It can be seen from the indicators located in quadrant I (top priority) consisting of indicators such as the availability of trash can at the bus stop, ease of obtaining information related to the route and time of bus arrival, the accuracy of bus travel schedules, time speed spent on bus trips from one point to another and the time period of arrival between one fleet and another.

Investigating public perceptions and its implication toward Trans Koetaradja policy considering latent motivation

Urban bus system so-called Trans Koetaradja (TK) has been considered and piloted as a way to mitigate motorcycles and cars dependency in Banda Aceh, capital of Aceh Province. It is assumed that the effectiveness of the such proposed policy would be useful if the public acceptance of this policy has a positive response. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the attitudes of the public in responding to such proposed policy. The data were collected within line 3 and line 4 of TK that is City Center - Mata Ie and City Center - Ajun - Lhoknga. The data collection method used was Stated Preference (SP) with a total of 220 samples collected using a stratified random sampling method. The SP questionnaire contains information about socio-economic, travel behavior, and respondents’ perceptions representing their attitudes towards TK policy. People are dependent on their vehicles due to public transport challenging to use. The psychological indicators such as like driving a car & motorcycle and TK has limited accessibility have significant manifested to the latent variable of Inhibition of freedom of movement/activity. These sign representing the attitudes of the people in Banda Aceh would be dependence to their own vehicles and directly affected to the rejection to use proposed bus system of the proposed policy. Furthermore, male commuters who have low education level and income households more likely to autos dependent and more feeling inhibition of freedom of movement/activity if they use public transport.

Analysis on Public’s Response Toward Bus Reform Policy in Indonesia Considering Latent Variables

Background: Public Transport (PT) is commonly recognized as a valid transport policy to reduce car and motorcycle users in many developing countries. In emerging countries such as Indonesia, a city like Banda Aceh has not run-away from the influences of impecunious public transportation services such as insufficient quality of services. The need for public transport reforms in achieving efficiency and sufficiency is under consideration by the Government as a way to mitigate severe private mode dependency. Therefore, Stated Preference (SP) survey was conducted in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, where the so-called bus reform policy Trans Koetaradja runs under trial as a case study. This investigation looks at Banda Aceh citizens’ intentions to Trans Koetaradja bus reform policy in terms of the public approval. Methods: The questionnaires were distributed to the public within three lines of Trans Koetaradja. Utilizing psychometric data collected from SP survey, we construct four factors representing psychological determinants (i.e., appropriateness of the policy, private mode dependency, the consciousness of problem private mode in society, and inhibition of freedom of movements). Due to the characteristics of the methods for evaluating public’ intentions, we retain that this kind of unobserved variable analysis could be accomplished by applying multivariate latent variable modeling. Aims: This work aims to propose a Structural Equation Modeling of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (SEM-CFA) for analyzing the effects of citizens intents related to subjective an individuals’ indicators on the psychological factors that might abridge the judgments about numerous characteristics towards the bus reform policy. Results: The empirical findings show that some latent factors offer explanatory power for bus reform policy acceptance. Latent variables, including “perceived appropriateness of the policy” and “awareness of problem private mode in society” appear to be the most significant direct causes leading to the acknowledgment of the effect of the acceptance of the proposed policy. Conclusion: However, the effect of latent variables of “private mode dependency” and “inhibition of freedom of movement/less accessibility of the bus” reveals negative determinants to the acceptance of the policy.

ANALISA TARIF BUS TRANS KOETARADJA KORIDOR 2A (PUSAT KOTA – BLANG BINTANG) BERDASARKAN BIAYA OPERASI KENDARAAN, ABILITY TO PAY DAN WILLINGNESS TO PAY

Today, the Province of Aceh has implemented mass transportation in the form of buses to overcome congestion. The Aceh Government through the Aceh Transportation Agency in collaboration with the Ministry of Transportation provides mass transportation services called Trans Koetaradja. The Trans Koetaradja bus, which operates in the capital of Aceh Province, reaches the city of Banda Aceh and the district of Aceh Besar. Trans Kutaradja service has opened five corridors up to 2018 including Corridor 2A Keudah - Blang Bintang. In its management the Government of Aceh provides subsidies so that for the time being the Aceh Government has freed up mass transportation services, but the provision of these subsidies will not last forever but will be phased out. So that the community will be subject to tariffs in using the Trans Koetaradja Bus This study aims to determine the amount of passenger tariffs in terms of BOK and using the ATP and WTP methods. The results of this study are for Corridor 2A for the results of tariffs based on BOK is Rp. 6,000, ATP is Rp. 3,800 (students); Rp. 3,900 (students); Rp. 4,000 (general public) and Rp. 6,000 (elderly / disability) while the rate based on WTP is Rp. 3,600 (students); Rp. 3,700 (students); Rp. 3,200 (general public) and Rp. 6,000 (elderly / disability).