Transatlantic Market Research Articles

Does Poland's agri-food industry gain comparative advantage in trade with non-EU countries? Evidence from the transatlantic market.

Accession of Poland to the European Single Market generated trade creation and diversion effects, which in turn resulted in a high degree of concentration of the Polish foreign trade in agri-food products with other EU countries. On the one hand, a high share of export to the markets of countries with a stable market economy is a confirmation of the Polish agri-food sector’s capacity to compete on the foreign markets. On the other hand, when considering limited capability to increase food demand in the EU it provides grounds for the assumption that further export expansion to a considerable extent will depend on the potential expansion of sale to non-EU markets. In this context significant issues include diversification of target markets and search for prospective markets outside the EU, while they also determine directions of an advantageous export specialization. In the period up to 2021 the USA was the fourth non-EU export partner of Poland in the agri-food sector after the United Kingdom, Ukraine and Russia. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the level of comparative advantages of the Polish agri-food sector on the EU and US markets in 2004–2021 using Widodo’s products mapping technique. The study used statistical data from the ComExt database of the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The conducted studies showed Polish export specializations in the transatlantic trade, as confirmed by high comparative advantages, as well as a positive and steadily improving trade balances for food preparations, including meat, cereal, fruit and vegetable, as well as confectionery preparations, and less processed animal origin products (meat and offal as well as dairy produce). Poland had a disadvantageous competitive position in trade of products complementary in relation to domestic production, which import was necessary. In view of the comparative cost theory the directions of the realized export specialization were rational and should be maintained. While in trade with the other EU countries the competitive position of the Polish agri-food sector was weakened, it was strengthened on the US market. In view of the considerable EU market saturation the improved competitive capacity in the non-EU markets is a positive development, which is a promising finding particularly in the long-term perspective.

The influence of European and American non-state actors on the integration of the transatlantic market after the Cold War - A Romanian perspective

ABSTRACT The focus of this article is on categories of non-state actors: private and public-private companies in Europe and the US, NGOs, and the academic community. In the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, there has been a revival of importance of non-state actors. This article assesses the growing influence of European and American non-state actors on the integration of the transatlantic market, against the backdrop of changes in the international context. Particular attention is paid to the case of Romania since, in terms of integration, it is located at a key position in relation to the geostrategic interests of both the European Union and the United States. The article is based on an opinion survey of the Romanian population as well as interviews with professionals belonging to Romanian and American non-governmental organizations, employees of Romanian companies collaborating with American corporations, and Romanian scholars having studied at American universities. The article concludes that, in a system marked by global interdependencies, non-state actors are influencing the policy-making processes at both national and international levels, with the business sector being the most influential non-state actor.

The Place of Irish Archives

Focusing on the transatlantic market for Irish literary archives, this essay examines the symbolic weight attached to the role of such archives in the construction of Irish national heritage. Tracing the circulation of collections (such as the Gonne-Yeats Letters, the correspondence of Seamus Heaney, and Joyce’s drafts of Ulysses) between Ireland and America, this article assesses the currency of literary archives in various locations. Finally, it considers whether the institutional location of these archives is still relevant given the digitization and globalization of the knowledge economy.

“A Nondescript Monster”: Fanny Fern in Transatlantic Print Culture

Fanny Fern (real name Sara Payson Willis Parton) was one of the most profitable American columnists and novelists of the mid-nineteenth century. Fern sustained her celebrity status largely through unauthorised reprints of her articles in American and British papers. Consequently, her public image was for the most part constructed through those reprinted articles, which were usually framed by speculations about her private life. This article examines the implications and limitations of Fern’s efforts to stabilise the dissemination of her public image in periodicals by using the relatively more stable form of the book. As a celebrity, she had limited control over the way she was publicly represented. As a woman in the public sphere, she was particularly vulnerable to slander and libel. The circulation of a spurious biography entitled The Life and Beauties of Fanny Fern (1855), alongside her sanctioned autobiographical novel Ruth Hall, profited from her literary brand while simultaneously undermining it. Examining how these competing narratives about Fern’s private life – one fictionalised, one unauthorised – shaped her literary reputation at home and in England, this paper argues that textual representations as well as material market choices, including book bindings and advertising techniques, shaped authorship in the increasingly commercialised transatlantic literary market of the mid-century in ways that both benefited and imperilled the female writer.

William Edward Daniel Ross’s Transformation into a Popular Fiction Novelist, 1962-1967

William Edward Daniel Ross transformed himself into a popular fiction novelist in mid-life; the years between 1962 and 1967 witnessing his authorial advance from apprentice to journeyman. During this period, he produced at least 85 original novels, which appeared in the United States or the United Kingdom in hardback, paperback, or digest format. By 1966, Ross’s rapid production identified him as a “literary factory” within the trade. As a “professional writer,” he responded to the market needs of publishers, which led him to produce novels in multiple genres, including mysteries, westerns, nurse romances, and gothics. The majority of his novels appeared under pseudonyms, most of them feminine; as Ross recognised, this circumstance obscured his claims to authorship, leading to his early designation as “Canada’s best-known unknown author.”    A substantial collection of Ross’s professional papers held at Boston University represents an invaluable resource into this author’s early years as a novelist, and into the trans-Atlantic popular fiction market for which he wrote. In combination with newspaper and magazine articles episodically published about him, this resource reveals an author who, between 1962 and 1967, established himself with publishers as a reliable creator of popular fiction. Ross brokered key business relationships with several hardback publishers producing popular fiction for the commercial lending libraries, as well as half a dozen paperback firms. Ross’s remarkable level of production relied on key “support personnel”: his wife Marilyn Ross facilitated his writing daily while New York-based literary agents Robert Mills and Donald MacCampbell offered strategic guidance.

Embedded Authorship: Thomas Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Nineteenth-Century “Transatlantic Bibliopoly”

Embedded Authorship: Thomas Carlyle, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Nineteenth-Century “Transatlantic Bibliopoly” Tim Sommer (bio) I. Transatlantic Circulation between the “Two Englands” In 1870, Thomas Carlyle donated a large part of his private library to Harvard University in an effort to demonstrate his “gratitude to New England” for its encouraging reception of his writings over the previous three and a half decades.1 Carlyle’s American friend and one-time de facto literary agent Ralph Waldo Emerson had emphatically urged that Harvard, his own alma mater, would be “the right beneficiary, as being the mother real or adoptive of a great number of” Carlyle’s “lovers & readers in America.”2 The role of the intermediary in the scheme fell to Charles Eliot Norton, a fellow Harvard graduate and transatlantic man of letters who subsequently became the first editor of the Carlyle–Emerson correspondence. As a gesture at once material and diplomatic, the gift, Norton suggested, would further consolidate a “bond between the people of the two Englands.”3 Through this public recognition of the support of his American “lovers & readers,” Carlyle was paying back his debt in the form of books, the same currency in which he had originally incurred it. When the volumes from his shelves arrived in Cambridge, this transatlantic migration of material objects provided the concluding chapter to a long history of exchanges that had seen the circulation of manuscripts, proof sheets, individual copies, and whole cargoes of Carlyle’s and Emerson’s books between Britain and the United States. This sustained Anglo-American interaction had not only established a lasting bond between the two writers, but also contributed to the emergence of the interconnected print market of what Norton described as “the two Englands.” While the study of transatlantic literary relations has burgeoned over the past two decades, only a fraction of the critical output this scholarship has [End Page 352] generated is concerned with such specifically book historical contexts and with tackling the archival evidence required to answer the questions they raise.4 Still largely dominated by a history of ideas approach, the field has for a long time “neglected the material exchanges of transatlantic culture” in favor of inquiries into transnational influences and conceptual transfer.5 A simultaneous flourishing of research in the history of the book has, on the other hand, yielded similarly few instances of scholarship devoted to topics that genuinely cut across the boundaries of national book markets and regionally specific print cultures.6 In a recent survey of the nexus between these two scholarly traditions, Emily Todd has accordingly called for new work that engages both paradigms at the same time. “Transatlantic studies needs book history,” she argues, just as much as the latter needs the former.7 A subfield in which the history of the book has already made a contribution to our understanding of transatlantic literary culture is the study of nineteenth-century practices and discourses of reprinting. Catalyzed by Meredith McGill’s pioneering American Literature and the Culture of Reprinting, 1834–1853 (2003), research in this area has retraced in rich historical detail the manifold “routes” that texts were traveling in a complex international system of book and periodical publishing.8 Described as subject to decontextualization, reformatting, and decentralized dissemination, writing here tends to take precedence over authors, who often figure as the hapless victims of impersonal market structures that extend far beyond single individuals. Where reprinting is read as a practice that “disrupted the connections of books as human transmissions and de-valued the author’s text,” publication emerges “as an independently signifying act”—independent, that is, from authors as historical agents and participants in the publishing process.9 Looking at the close collaboration between Carlyle and Emerson and recovering the extent of their involvement with the print market reveals a different picture of the place of authors in nineteenth-century reprint culture. Confronted with a vibrant transatlantic market environment in which their writings from the late 1830s onwards were increasingly targeted by unauthorized reprinters, the two entered the fray and took up the roles of agents and editors to reassert their intellectual, legal, and economic authority over their texts. The transatlantic culture of print in...

Transatlantic Market Competition Between Hybrid Carrier and Long-Haul Low-Cost Carrier Business Models

Long-haul low-cost carrier (LHLC) business models are generating considerable interest from the aviation practitioners and academics. Despite the high interest for the LHLC business model, only few have compared the LHLC business model to hybrid carrier business model and studied how airlines can compete with LHLCs. This paper analyses the differences of hybrid and long-haul low-cost carrier models and shows how Aer Lingus airlines has secured its dominant position in the Irish-US market. Product comparison with the help of in-depth interviews with key aviation practitioners as well as secondary data about the capacity and demand of the two carriers in question proves the differences between the two models. Porter five forces model provides an overview of the external competitive environment where the airlines in question operate. The research concluded that the hybrid and long-haul low-cost business model characteristics have many similarities, but also significant differences. It was also discovered that LHLC lack capacity and frequency as well as feeder traffic are very important elements for the transatlantic market. Robust route network including interline traffic and low operating cost, elements present in the hybrid airline business model, ensure profitability.

Vertical differentiation and airline alliances: The effect of antitrust immunity

This paper explores the impact of granting antitrust immunity (ATI) to airline alliances in a novel and realistic framework characterized by vertically-differentiated air services. Our theoretical model suggests that non-ATI alliances result in higher quality services at higher fares, whereas granting ATI produces the opposite effect. Using data on the transatlantic market over the period 2010–2017, our theoretical findings on service quality are empirically confirmed. We also relate our theoretical predictions on fares to the empirical results in Brueckner and Singer (2019). Our results indicate that alliances (ATI and non-ATI) concentrate a higher proportion of frequencies on high-quality routings, although airport congestion could mitigate this effect.

Post Second World War trans-Atlantic travel for business and pleasure: Cunard and its airline competitors

Over time the shipping lines grew to see the Atlantic as their own: a space they controlled in terms of the travellers’ experience. Following the end of the Second World War, UK-based Cunard (one of the largest passenger lines) sought to re-establish business very much as in the 1930s. The emergent airline industry used the language and imagery of the shipping lines to build their customer base whilst making much of the benefits of shorter crossing times for both business travellers and those on holiday. In contrast, shipping lines such as Cunard struggled to come to terms with the demise of a market based on one mode of transport. Whilst making moves to enter the airline business, the company believed that ships would retain significant market share of the trans-Atlantic market. Eventually the company declared that “people who need transport will use the air … ships are for leisure”.

Factors shaping non-stop airline services in the transatlantic air transport market: 2015–2017

This paper investigates the impact of alliance, cannibalization and network structure on carriers' nonstop entry into transatlantic markets with previously coexisting nonstop and one-stop service. The results show that market concentration measured by international airline alliances and joint ventures has a positive impact on carriers' entry, with the latter presenting a more accurate representation of market concentration in the transatlantic market. Carriers tend to cannibalize their own one-stop product in order to fulfill network cohesion. The three alliances show different manifestations of the cannibalization effect. For example, carriers are less likely to enter the market with nonstop service where one-stop service has already been provided by two carriers belonging to Star alliance. Importantly, network structure more generally also plays a significant role in carriers' entry into the overlapping transatlantic market.

Creating Maryland’s Paper Money Economy, 1720–1740: The Confluence of Political Constituencies, Economic Forces, Transatlantic Markets, and Law

The British North American colonies were the first western economies to rely on colony-specific legislature-issued paper money as a medium of exchange for domestic transactions. The creation of paper money regimes arose piecemeal among the colonies, making each story unique. Maryland’s story is the most complex among the colonies, since the emission of paper money resulted from an attempt to control and manipulate the tobacco market. The paper discusses how market forces, legal maneuverings, and the power of various constituencies combined to shape Maryland’s particular paper money system, assesses its successes and failures, and identifies the winners and losers among Maryland’s political classes as a result of this paper money experiment.

Low-fare flights across the Atlantic: Impact of low-cost, long-haul trans-Atlantic flights on passenger choice of Carrier

The purpose of this paper is to gain insights into low-cost, long-haul (LCLH) and full-service carrier (FSC) passenger preferences in the trans-Atlantic market. A total of 1412 economy and premium economy passengers were surveyed at Los Angeles and Seattle-Tacoma International Airports. The underlying factors comprised of passenger travel attributes were: Operations, Comfort, Onboarding, Service, and Flight Schedule, along with a variable, Airfare. Satisfaction with Airfare (#1 priority) and Comfort (#2 priority) impacted choice of LCLH carrier, whereas satisfaction with Service (#3 priority) and Flight Schedule (#4 priority) impacted choice of FSC. Both carrier types have a place in the trans-Atlantic market, although passenger loyalty was stronger for an all-inclusive FSC offering (76%) than a no frills LCLH offering (55%).

Commercial Travel and College Culture: The 1920s Transatlantic Student Market and the Foundations of Mass Tourism*

Commercial Travel and College Culture: The 1920s Transatlantic Student Market and the Foundations of Mass Tourism*

Vertical Differentiation and Airline Alliances: The Effect of Antitrust Immunity

This paper explores, both theoretically and empirically, the impact of granting antitrust immunity (ATI) to airline alliances in a novel and realistic framework characterized by vertically-differentiated air services. Our theoretical model suggests that non-ATI alliances produce an up-market movement yielding higher quality services at higher fares, whereas ATI alliances induce a down-market movement. Using data for fares on the transatlantic market from the Official Airlines Guide (OAG) corresponding to the period 2010-2017, our theoretical findings are empirically confirmed except for the effect of ATI alliances on fares. Finally, our results (both theoretical and empirical) indicate that alliances tend to concentrate a higher proportion of frequencies on high-quality routings, although airport congestion could partially compensate this effect.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and the Transatlantic Materials of American Literature

This article uses Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s experience in the transatlantic literary market to analyze how British publishers constructed antebellum American literature as a cultural commodity and an aesthetically valuable tradition through their material texts. Longfellow’s correspondence with publishers John Walker, George Routledge, and David Bogue and Bogue’s illustrated editions of Evangeline and Hyperion reveal that British reprints manifested overlapping discourses of authorization and value. Publishers used the materiality of their texts to legitimize their reprinting but also to champion Longfellow’s poetry, American letters more broadly, and Longfellow’s vision of a cosmopolitan American literature. The essay then traces this dialogue between British books and the emergence of American literature in Longfellow’s The Courtship of Miles Standish, in which transatlantic circulation and British books are integral to the founding of the United States and American writing. Ultimately, this essay repositions British reprints as complex acts of reception that intervened in debates over the nature of American literature, and it argues for a recentering of US literary history around material transatlantic exchange.

TTIP Negotiations and Public Procurement: A Federalist Approach

Government procurement is perhaps one of the most under-explored areas in the recent academic literature on transatlantic economic relations and yet it is also one of the most protected economic sectors addressed in the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) negotiations. Even though the EU and the US have undertaken extensive reciprocal procurement commitments under the WTO’s Agreement on Government Procurement, as well as in their respective preferential trade agreements (PTAs), the liberalisation and harmonisation of the transatlantic procurement market could not be more ambiguous or controversial. This paper aims to deepen our understanding of crucial aspects of the current EU–US procurement relationship. To this end, the paper explores the TTIP negotiations as well as similar PTAs and underlines the potential implications in terms of the fragmentation of the international discipline of procurement regulation.

Citizens and Transatlantic Free Trade Agreements: How to Reconcile American ‘Constitutional Nationalism’ with European ‘Multilevel Constitutionalism’?

Abstract The free trade agreements (FTAs) of the European Union (EU) aim at protecting transnational public goods (PGs) – such as a rules-based, transatlantic market – that could be progressively extended to other European and North-American FTA members and serve as a model for reforming worldwide trade rules and governance institutions. International law and governance can protect PGs more effectively if citizens are empowered as ‘democratic principals’ to hold multilevel governance institutions legally, democratically and judicially accountable for governance failures. The Lisbon Treaty established a ‘cosmopolitan foreign policy constitution’ requiring ‘protection of its citizens’, ‘strict observance of international law’ and rights-based market regulations also in the EU’s external relations. This contribution criticizes EU policies of disempowering citizens in FTAs and undermining their fundamental rights. Without respect for rule of law, the EU cannot overcome its crises of legitimacy and the distrust of citizens vis-à-vis intergovernmental EU regulations.

Efficiency Evaluation of Low-Cost Long-Haul Carriers in the Trans-Atlantic and Asia-Pacific Markets

There has been a resurgence of interest in low-cost long-haul (LCLH) operations as airlines seek new growth opportunities. However, researchers have yet to evaluate and compare the relative efficiency of LCLH carriers in this competitive business environment. The purpose of this paper was to determine the relative efficiency of LCLH carriers in the Trans-Atlantic and Asia-Pacific markets. Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) models were developed to compare the efficiency of five low-cost carriers: AirAsia X, Cebu Pacific, Norwegian Air, WestJet, current LCLH carriers, and JetBlue, a prospective LCLH carrier. The key findings from this DEA were that AirAsia X, Norwegian Air, and JetBlue were relatively efficient for all four quarters, whereas, Cebu Pacific was relatively efficient for three out of four quarters, while WestJet was relatively inefficient. Recommendations include suggestions for WestJet to lower its cost structure, and increase load factor, revenue passenger miles, and total revenue to achieve success with LCLH operations.

Henry Dreyfuss Designs the Postwar Ocean Liner

Henry Dreyfuss designed six ocean liners for John Slater at American Export Lines (AEL) from 1944 to 1951 using innovative techniques to facilitate collaboration with maritime engineers at Bethlehem Steel Shipbuilding Division and shipyard personnel. A leading industrial designer of the twentieth century, he applied anthropometry (later termed ergonomics), as well as experience designing trains and airplanes, to achieve workable solutions to problems of ocean liner construction, organization, maintenance, and livability. The resultant convertible midcentury interiors accommodated a variety of day- and nighttime uses by passengers across the economic spectrum, making AEL competitive in the postwar transatlantic transportation market.

Transformative Transatlantic Free Trade Agreements without Rights and Remedies of Citizens?

Evaluations of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) among Canada and the European Union (EU) and of the ongoing EU–US negotiations on a Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) depend on their legal, economic, and political methodologies for multilevel governance of public goods (PGs) like a transatlantic market. In contrast to the American and European post-war leadership for democratic governance of PGs (as recalled in Section I), the CETA fails to adequately protect democratic governance, rights of citizens, and judicial remedies in transatlantic market regulation (Section II). TTIP negotiators likewise prioritize economic and utilitarian group interests in order to limit opposition to a successful completion of TTIP; this risks undermining ‘republican governance’ and rights of citizens as limitations on the longstanding governance failures in the Transatlantic Partnership since the 1990s (Section III). Rather than complying with the EU Treaty requirements to base external free trade agreements (FTAs) on the ‘constitutional values’ that successfully govern market regulation and competition throughout Europe, trade negotiators abuse their ‘executive monopoly’ over transatlantic negotiations so as to limit their own legal, democratic, and judicial accountability vis-a-vis citizens. Civil society and parliaments should resist such ‘disconnected Westphalian governance’ and insist that international treaties with ‘legislative functions’ for protecting transnational PGs must be governed democratically and protect transnational rights and remedies of citizens so as to enable the ‘democratic principals’ to hold governance agents and their limited ‘constituted powers’ more accountable for the ubiquity of ‘market failures’ and ‘governance failures’ that continue to distort transatlantic relations, rule of law, and consumer welfare.