Tranquilizers Research Articles

Research progress of the renoprotection effects of dexmedetomidine

Dexmedetomidine(Dex) served as a highly selective α2 adrenoceptor agonist, which exhibits sedation, analgesia, anti-anxiety, diuresis effects and so on. Meanwhile, it has low side-effects including respiratory depression and brain electrical interference. As it′s widely used as analgesic and sedative depressant tranquilizer application in clinic. Kidney ischemia/reperfusion injury is a global public health concern associated with high morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. It is of great significance to implement reasonable renal protection strategies, and optimization of perioperative medications may be an important strategy in renal protection. Recent studies show that Dex has renoprotection. This paper reviews the renoprotection of Dex and the possible mechanisms, which may able to make people further understood the renal protective effect and possible mechanisms of Dex, so as to reasonable application Dex to improve the prognosis of related patients. Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Kidney; Reperfusion injury; Protection

Common challenges and coping strategies in pediatric anesthesia

Background Progress in pediatrics, anesthesiology, apparatus for anesthesia, and computerized technology promotes the development of pediatric anesthesia. But pediatric anesthesia currently lags far behind adult anesthesia as the incidence of postoperative complications and mortality rate in pediatric patients is still higher than those in adult patients. Objective To review the recent advancement in pediatric anesthesiology and provide guidance for the practice of pediatric anesthesia. Content Recent radiological imaging and bronchoscopy studiesreveal the location and shape of the narrowest part of children's trachea. This finding provides anatomical guidance for appropriate performance of balloon catheter intubation.The treatment of obtrusive sleep apnea(OSA) in pediatric patients requires tonsillectomy. In these cases, dexamethasone, serotonin receptor blockers and metoclopramide can alleviate postoperative complications. Airway management is more challenging in pediatric anesthesia than in adult anesthesia and requires tranquilizer treatment and real-time monitoring to avoid adverse reactions. Appropriate perioperative anesthesia and analgesia management may effectively control emergence agitation. Neurotoxicity of general anesthetics is another important concern for pediatric anesthesia. Trend Further clinical investigations are required to optimize intervention strategies to prevention adverse outcomes in pediatric anesthesia and to clarify the cause-effect relationship between anesthesia and neurodevelopmental deficits. Key words: Pediatric; Anesthesia; Airway management; Obstructive sleep apnea hyponea; Emergence igitation; Neurotoxicity

The application of dexmedetomidine in local anesthesia

Background Dexmedetomidine(Dex) is a highly selective agonist of α2 adrenergic receptors. It provides multifacet actions, including sedation, analgesia, anxiolysis, and inhibition of sympathetic nervous system, through activating α2 adrenergic receptors. Because of its ourstanding pharmacological properties, it has been widely used in both general and local anesthesia. Objective To review the applition of Dex for local anesthesia. Content In comparison to general anesthesia, local anesthesia, including intrathecal anesthesia and nerve blocking, has advantages in both costs and feasibility. As patients are awake during local anesthesia and operation, sedatives and tranquilizers become necessary to mitigate fear and anxiety. As a sedative, Dex relieves anxiety, but has minor inhibition of respiration, leading to minimal alterations in hemodynamic parameters. As a tranquilizer, Dex does not directly affect GABAergic synaptic transmission, and promotes wakefulness during anesthesia, facilitating cooperation of patients with surgeons. The application of ultrasound-assisted imaging techniques in nerve blocking with anesthetics improves the localization and simplifies the procedures. Local administration of Dex with anesthetics for nerve blocking and intrathecal anesthesia prolongs the effects of anesthetics through various mechanisms. Because the above-mentioned advantages, Dex has also been used in pediatric anesthesia. Trend Dex is an ideal adjuvant drug for local anesthesia which provides adequate sedation and anxiolysis, and prolongs effects of anesthetics, but with minor adverse effects on hemodynamics and respiration during operations. Key words: Dexmedetomidine; Regional anesthesia; Nerve block

The bearing of treatment of the classification of the affective disorders.

This study is based on a group of 154 hospital patients suffering from primary affective disorders. The aim of the study was to examine the nosological relationship between anxiety states and depressive illnesses from the standpoint of two aspects of treatment: therapeutic practice and treatment response. The allocation of patients to one of the two diagnostic groups was made independently of the clinicians in charge of the management and treatment of the patients; the therapeutic response was assessed in terms of the clinico-social state of the patients both on discharge from hospital and six months later by two of the investigators who were unaware of the diagnosis made of the original illness. Physical treatment was considered in terms of four main categories: electroconvulsive therapy, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and sedatives or tranquillizers. ECT and tricyclic antidepressants were prescribed significantly more frequently to patients with depressive illness, while sedatives and tranquillizers were given significantly more often to patients with anxiety states. Patients with anxiety states were also prescribed monoamine oxidase inhibitors more frequently, the difference almost reached the level of statistical significance. The response to electronconvulsive therapy was significantly better in patients with depressive illnesses than in those with anxiety states, both on discharge from hospital and six months later. A similar difference was found when the response of the two diagnostic groups to tricyclic antidepressants was compared. These findings provide some validation for the broad subdivision of affective disorders into anxiety states and depressive illness.

Rapid screening of 24 tranquillizer drugs in fish and fishery products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectroscopy

A method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 24 tranquillizer drugs in fish and fishery products using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap high resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS). The samples were extracted with acetonitrile. Then, the extracts were concentrated, dissolved by 50% (v/v) methanol aqueous solution, cleaned up with hexane saturated by acetonitrile. The separation was performed on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 column (100 mm×2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with the gradient elution using acetonitrile and water both containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as mobile phases. The drugs were analyzed by full MS scan/data dependent MS2 (Full MS/dd-MS2)(Top 1) mode by heating electrospray ion (HESI) source. The results were quantified by external standard method. The calibration curves of the 24 tranquillizer drugs were linear in their respective linear range, the decision coefficients (r2) were no less than 0.9968. The average spiked recoveries of the 24 tranquillizer drugs were 58.9%-122.9%, and the relative standard deviations (RSDs) were 0.1%-16.4% in the six kinds of fish and fishery products at three spiked levels. The limits of quantification (LOQs) of the 24 tranquillizer drugs were 0.1-5.0 μg/kg. The method is simple, rapid, sensitive, reliable and suitable for the screening of the 24 tranquillizer drugs in fish and fishery products.

Positive Mental Health and Prevalence of Psychological Ill-Being in University Nursing Professors in Catalonia, Spain.

The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence of psychological ill-being among university nursing professors in Spain and determine their grade of positive mental health. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2013 to December 2013 with a sample of 263 university nursing professors. Sociodemographic and occupational variables, as well as variables related to daily habits and lifestyle, were collected. Psychological ill-being was measured using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and positive mental health was evaluated with the Positive Mental Health Questionnaire (PMHQ). Prevalence of psychological ill-being (GHQ-12 score >2) among the sample was 27% (range = 21.8% to 32.6%), with a higher prevalence in teachers from first and second cycles (Bachelor's degree and Master's degree, respectively) and a lower prevalence in those having very satisfactory social relationships. Significant differences were found in relation to consumption of tranquilizer drugs and Bach flower remedies. PMHQ scores were lower among teachers with a GHQ-12 score >2. Participants presented a good level of positive mental health. Preventive policies should be applied with the aim of reducing psychological ill-being among professors and potentiating positive mental health. [Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 55(7), 38-48.].

Ketamine as a First-Line Agent for Sedation of Agitated Patients?

Ketamine has a long history as a veterinary tranquilizer and is familiar to emergency physicians because it is a frequently used, safe, effective agent

Pharmacological and synthetic profile of benzothiazepine: A review

The 1, 5-benzothiazepines are important nitrogen- and sulfur-containing seven-membered heterocyclic compounds in drug research since they possess diverse bioactivities. 1, 5-Benzothiazepines are the most well-known representatives of benzologs of 1,4-thiazepine and one of the three possible benzo-condensed derivatives, and 1,5-benzothiazepines. The 1, 5-benzothiazepine derivatives are of particular interest for lead discovery because they have been found active against different families of targets.Therefore, the 1,5-benzothiazepines are useful compounds in the drug research which has stimulated the invention of a wide range of synthetic methods for their preparation and chemical transformations. Benzothiazepine and its derivatives exhibit diverse biological activities such as coronary vasodilatory, tranquilizer, antidepressant, antihypertensive, calcium channel blocker. This review also discusses the structure-activity relationship of the most potent compounds. It can act as an important tool for medicinal chemists to develop newer compounds possessing 1, 5-benzothiazepines moiety that could be better agents in terms of efficacy and safety.

Trust and the Performative Construction of Markets

The concept of trust has recently been rediscovered, especially in the fields of economic sociology and organization theory. Nevertheless, the actual functioning of trust in markets has only been understood incompletely up to now. As this paper argues, one reason for this is that conceptualizations of trust have focused primarily on the decision-making process of the trust-giver. The contribution of the trust-taker, however, has not been comprehensively investigated. I propose understanding trust as a tranquilizer in market relations that is partly produced in the situation itself by the performative acts of self-presentation of the trust-taker. On the basis of a taxonomy of four strategies, the final part of the paper demonstrates the consequences that result for the understanding of the functioning of markets from this conceptualization of trust relations. Das Konzept des Vertrauens wurde insbesondere in der Wirtschafts- und Organisationssoziologie wahrend der letzten Jahre wiederentdeckt. Dennoch ist die Funktionsweise von Vertrauen auf Markten bisher nur unvollstandig verstanden. Der Grund hierfur ist, so die in dem Papier entwickelte These, dass die Konzeptualisierungen von Vertrauen hauptsachlich die Entscheidungsprozesse des Vertrauensgebers untersuchen, den Beitrag des Vertrauensnehmers fur das Zustandekommen von Vertrauensbeziehungen jedoch nur unvollstandig beleuchten. Es wird vorgeschlagen, Vertrauen als ein Beruhigungsmittel in Tauschbeziehungen zu verstehen, das entscheidend durch die performativen Akte der Selbstdarstellung des Vertrauensnehmers in der Handlungssituation erzeugt wird. Im letzten Abschnitt wird auf der Basis einer Heuristik von vier Strategien gezeigt, welche Perspektive sich aus dieser Vertrauenskonzeption fur das soziologische Verstandnis der Funktionsweise von Markten ergibt.

Efficacy of tropisetron and tranquilizer in reducing breast cancer chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting

Objective To observe the effect of tropisetron and tranquilizer on preventing nausea and vomiting induced by breast cancer chemotherapy,in comparison with using only tropisetron.Methods 78 cases of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were randomly divided into the observation group (40 cases) and the control group (38 cases).The observation group used the method of antiemetic intravenous tropisetron,while the control group adopted intravenous drip of tropisetron combined with intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine.The incidence of nausea and vomiting of two groups was observed.Results The incidence of nausea and vomiting of the observation group was higher than that of the control group.The incidence of adverse reaction showed no obvious difference between two groups.Conclusions Intravenous injection of tropisetron combined with intramuscular injection of chlorpromazine can reduce nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapy of breast cancer,so this method is worthy of popularization. Key words: Tropisetron; Chemotherapy; Nausea; Vomiting; Preventions

Relationship between alcohol and occurrence of various offenses

Article history: Received August 25, 2013 Received in revised format 19 September 2013 Accepted 23 October 2013 Available online November 12 2013 Alcohol is the most prevalent abused drug in the world and brings out a large amount of medical expenses to the society. This paper presents an empirical investigation to devise preventive measures and identify the groups at risk. In this study, a descriptive study was conducted among people who were arrested by the police because of committing illegal actions and were suspected of alcohol usage were referred to the organization of forensic medicine. The studied variables include gender, age, state of affair, marital status, type of crime, the time of drug use, tranquillizer drugs and the times of psychiatrist visit. Out of 305 subjects, 204 (66.9%) cases had a positive respiratory test result and 101 (33.1%) were negative. The results showed that committing crimes due to quarrel and wrangling (34.3%) and being drunk in the public (29.7%) were prevalent among the people who used alcohol. Driving accidents also had 18% prevalence. 32.7% of the people who had a negative respiratory test result had committed crimes because of being drunk and 29.7% of them had quarrel and wrangling. The high rate of alcohol use in people who referred from the disciplinary office to the organization of forensic medicine demonstrated that it was necessary to devise a plan in order to improve a person's awareness of harmful alcohol use and to identify the vulnerable groups in the society. © 2014 Growing Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Triazoles: A valuable insight into recent developments and biological activities

AbstractIn recent years, heterocyclic compounds, analogs, and derivatives have attracted strong interest due to their useful biological and pharmacological properties. The small and simple triazole nucleus is present in compounds aimed at evaluating new entities that possess anti-microbial, anti-tumor, antitubercular, anti-convulsant, anti-depressant, antimalarial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Triazoles display a broad range of biological activities and are found in many potent, biologically active compounds, such as trazodone (antidepressant drug), rizatriptan (antimigrane drug), hexaconazole (antifungal drug) and alprazolam (hyptonic, sedative and tranquilizer drug). So far, modifications of the triazole ring have proven highly effective with improved potency and lesser toxicity. The present review highlights the recently synthesized triazoles possessing important biological activities.

Interactions of phenothiazine drugs with bile salts: Micellization and binding studies

An evaluation of the interactions of phenothiazine tranquilizer drugs (promazine hydrochloride; PMZ and promethazine hydrochloride; PMT) with bile salts viz., sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycholate (NaDC) in aqueous medium, investigated through different physicochemical measurements is presented in this work. The mixed micellization behavior and surface properties of the phenothiazine–bile salt systems have been analyzed by conductivity and surface tension measurements. Application of different theoretical approaches to all the phenothiazine–bile salt mixtures shows a non-ideal behavior. Further, the spectroscopic techniques such as UV–visible and steady state fluorescence have been employed to study the binding of phenothiazines with bile salts. The stoichiometric ratios, binding constants (K), and free energy change (ΔG) for the phenothiazine–bile salt complexes were estimated from the Benesi–Hildebrand (B–H) double reciprocal plots obtained by using the changes in spectral intensities of phenothiazines on addition of bile salts. The results are discussed in the light of use of bile salts as promising drug delivery agents for phenothiazines and hence improve their bioavailabilty.

Dental Wax Importance in Dogs and Cats Endodontic, Osteodontic and Prosthetic Treatments

Our research and observations were performed during 2008 - 2010 at the Faculty ofVeterinary Medicine, on a number of 10 dogs and 5 cats, of different breeds, age and sexes, presentedat the clinic for diagnosis and prosthetic treatment. All dental impressions were made for partiallyedentulous prosthetic fields. The impression material well prepared is placed in the mouth after apreliminary tranquilizer, so that the dental impression to restore as closely as possible the particulartype of occlusion. For dogs, we obtained good results with Zeta plus condensation silicone, which hasa high fidelity, and setting time is 1.5-2 minutes, shorter than the addition silicon.In cats and small dogs (2 cases), we obtained good results with Oran wash hydrophilic additionsilicone, which setting time is 2 minutes, is resistant to breaking and prevents model distortion.Because of its stability, the model casting can be done up to seven days. Another advantage is that itallows very accurate models, with many micro details, essential in the specimens with menialdentition. For more accurate information to be collected by dental impressions, these must include thesupporting area and the periphery prosthetic field tissues.

Physicochemical studies of pyridinium gemini surfactants with promethazine hydrochloride in aqueous solution

The mixed micellization and interfacial behavior of pyridinium gemini surfactants, 1,1'-(1,1'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis-(sulfanediyl))bis(alkane-2,1-diyl))dipyridinium bromide, i.e., [12-(S-2-S)-12], [14-(S-2-S)-14], [16-(S-2-S)-16] with a phenothiazine tranquilizer drug, promethazine hydrochloride (PMT), has been investigated by conductivity, surface tension and steady state fluorescence measurements. Different spectroscopic techniques like fluorescence, UV-visible and NMR were also employed to understand the nature of interactions between the pyridinium gemini surfactants and PMT. The various micellar, interfacial and associated thermodynamic parameters for different mole fractions of PMT-pyridinium gemini surfactant mixtures have been evaluated. Synergism was observed in the mixed micelle as well as the monolayer formed by these mixtures. The fluorescence quenching experiment indicates that the interactions between PMT and surfactants are hydrophobic in nature. The UV-visible measurements reveal the distinct formation of a drug-surfactant complex. The detailed mechanism for the type of interactions was further studied by NMR titrations which show cation-π interactions between PMT and pyridinium gemini surfactant molecules.

Pain in Laboratory Animals: The Ethical and Regulatory Imperatives

Can it ever be ethical to leave pain untreated in laboratory animals? Despite advances in the development of alternatives to using animals in research, scientists still often cite a need to use live animals in experiments. Once that need has been confirmed by funding agencies and/or the local IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) or other ethics committee, but before the research plans are finalized, the potential for animal pain and distress must be assessed, and plans laid to minimize animal suffering. Regulatory concern for the pain of laboratory animals is not new. In 1970, the United States Congress updated the Animal Welfare Act (AWA) in calling for “adequate veterinary care, including the appropriate use of anesthetic, analgesic or tranquilizing drugs, when such use would be proper in the opinion of the attending veterinarian” [1]. This policy is echoed in a 2009 report of the National Academy of Sciences on the pain of laboratory animals, expanding pain management to a more generalized obligation than simply an aspect of the veterinarian's duties: “Laboratory animals need not experience substantial or ongoing pain and . . . prevention and alleviation of pain is an ethical imperative” [2]. The eighth edition of the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals similarly states that “institutions are expected to provide oversight of all research animals and ensure that pain and distress are minimized” [3]. The ethical principle underlying laboratory animal welfare policy is that causing pain and distress to sentient animals is permissible, but requires strong justification [4]. It is a nuanced norm: causing pain is not categorically prohibited; it is allowed only with the justification that a valuable scientific experiment requires that animal pain be left untreated. Taking laboratory animal pain seriously does not equate to demonstrating a zero tolerance for animal pain. Without question, present public policy allows humans to cause laboratory animals unalleviated pain. The AWA, the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, and current Public Health Service policy all allow for the conduct of what are often called “Category E” studies – experiments in which animals are expected to undergo significant pain or distress that will be left untreated because treatments for pain would be expected to interfere with the experiment [3], [5], [6]. One example among many would be studies of new painkillers for arthritis, in which a control cohort of animals are left untreated, while the experimental groups receive the test painkillers (which themselves may prove not to give pain relief). But how are we to determine when to allow these experiments, or what limits to set on them? To move the mandate for “pain management when possible” from platitude to real-world guidance on difficult decisions requires carefully engaging the question of Category E experiments. In this paper we assume that animal research will continue into the foreseeable future and that if regulations remain largely as they are, there will be times when scientists, veterinarians, and the local IACUC will agree that some pain will be left untreated. We discuss how that commonly happens, how things have changed over the years since the publication of Russell and Burch's seminal work, and close with some suggestions on how the process might be improved.

Clinical observation on treatment of 45 Cases of severe acute left heart failures with non-invasive mask ventilator

Objective To observe the clinical treatment of severe acute left heart failures with non-invasive mask ventilator. Methods All patients were conducted on common treatment of heart failure, including high concentration oxygen,tranquillizer,cardiac stimulant,diuretic,vasodilators and antispasmodic and asthma,etc. ,and mechanical ventilation with non-invasive mask ventilator is emergently applied to the patients whose state of illness could not be controlled. Results 35 cases were mitigated and the success rate up to 77.8% ;there were remarkable differences in pH values of arterial blood, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2 and vital signs before and after ventilators were applied (P ＜ 0. 05). Conclusion The non-invasive mask ventilator was an effective measure for treatment of severe acute left heart failure. Key words: Ventilators, mechanical; Heart failure, congestive

Influence of a clinical anaesthesia-technique (premedication with tranquillizers and atropine, induction with chloralhydrate, maintenance with halothane in a closed circle system) on liver function tests in the horse.

Summary In spite of marked anaesthetic hypotension and hypercapnia and post-anaesthetic hypoxemia, the use of closed circuit halothane anaesthesia of a mean duration of 1 hr. 40 min. after premedication with tranquillizers and induction with chloralhydrate did not cause significant changes in the B.S.P.-test, the S.A.P. or in the blood-concentrations of total, direct-reacting and indirect-reacting bilirubin in 24 horses. The S.G.O.T. showed a significant increase at 12, 24 and 48 hrs., probably due to slight muscular trauma. In 10 horses a closed circuit halothane anaesthesia, complicated by post-operative excitation, struggling and a prolonged recovery period, caused a significant increase in S.G.O.T., S.A.P. and blood concentrations of total, direct-reacting and indirect-reacting bilirubin. Zusammenfassung Einflus einer klinischen Anasthesie-Technik (Pramedikation mit Tranquillisern und Atropin, Chloralhydrateinleitung, Aufrechterhaltung mit Halothan im geschlossenen System) auf Leberfunktionstest beim Pferd Obwohl Halothan eine deutliche Blutdruckabnahme, Hyperkapnie und Hypoxamie erzeugt, verursachte eine Halothan-Narkose (mittlere Dauer: 1 Stunde und 40 Minuten; Pramedikation mit Tranquillisern; Einleitung mit Chloralhydrat, 24 Versuche) keine signifikanten Veranderungen der folgenden Parameter: Bromsulphalein-Ausscheidung der Leber, Aktivitat der Alkalischen Serumphosphatase (AP), konjugiertes und nicht konjugiertes Serumbilirubin. Die Serum-Glutamat-Oxalacetat-Transaminase (SGO-T) zeigte hingegen 12, 24 und 48 Stunden nach der Narkose eine signifikante Erhohung, die wahrscheinlich auf eine leichte Schadigung der Muskulatur zuruckzufuhren ist. Bei 10 Pferden war die Halothan-Narkose (geschlossenes System) mit einer postoperativen Exzitation, starker Muskelaktivitat und verlangerter Erholungszeit verbunden. Bei diesen Tieren waren die SGOT, die AP, sowie das konjugierte und nicht konjugierte Serumbilirubin erhoht. Resume Influence d'une technique clinique d'anesthesie (premedication a l'aide de tranquillisants et d'atropine, induction par l'hydrate de chloral, maintien a l'halothane en circuit ferme) dans des tests sur la fonction du foie chez le cheval Malgre une hypotension anesthesique prononcee, une hypercapnie et une hypoxemie post-anesthesique, l'emploi d'une anesthesie a l'halothane en circuit ferme, d'une duree moyenne d' une heure 40 minutes, apres premedication a l'aide de tranquillisants et induction a l'hydrate de chloral, ne modifie pas de facon significative chez 24 chevaux les tests des B.S.P. et des S.A.P., ni les concentrations sanguines de la bilirubine totale, a reaction directe ou indirecte. Les S.G.O.T. manifestent une augmentation significative apres 12, 24 et 48 heures, due probablement a un leger traumatisme musculaire. Chez 10 chevaux, une anesthesie a l'halothane en circuit ferme, compliquee par une excitation post-operative, des efforts et une convalescence prolongee, cause une augmentation significative dans les S.G.O.T., les S.A.P. et les concentrations de la bilirubine totale, a reaction directe ou indirecte. Resumen Influjo de una tecnica de anestesia clinica (premedicacion con ataracticos y atropina, induccion con hidrato de cloral, mantenimiento con halothane en circuito cerrado) sobre las pruebas funcionales del higado en el caballo A pesar de marcada hipotension anestesica e hipercapnia e hipoxemia post-anestesica, el uso del anestesico halothane en circuito cerrado a lo largo de 1 hora, 40 mins. despues de la premedicacion con tranquilizadores e induccion con hidrato de cloral, no origina cambios significativos en la prueba de la bromosulfaleina, de la serofosfatasa alcalina (SFA) o en las concentraciones sanguineas de bilirrubina total, de reacciones directa e indirecta en 24 caballos. La SGOT mostraba un aumento significativo a las 12, 24 y 48 horas, debido probablemente a un trauma muscular ligero. En 10 caballos, la anestesia a base de halothane en circuito cerrado, complicada por excitacion postoperatoria, esfuerzos y un periodo de recuperacion prolongado, causo un aumento significativo en la SGOT, SFA y concentraciones sanguineas de bilirrubina total, de reacciones directa e indirecta.

Saffron chemicals and medicine usage.

The reputation of growing saffron is about 2500 years. Apparently saffron originally comes from Greece and Mediterranean region. There are some researchers who believe that origin of this plant comes from Iran. Iran is considered to be one of the greatest producers of saffron and nearly 90% of production of saffron is produced in Iran. There are varieties of chemical components present in the stigma of the saffron plant. These chemical components include carbohydrates, minerals, mucilage, vitamins such as riboflavin and thiamine, color pigments such as crocin, anthocyanin, carotene, lycopene, Zeaxanthin and aromatic terpenic essence called “safranal” and flavoring substances such as picrocrocin. Crocin (C44 H64 O24) is the most influential chemical in the coloring of saffron. Other than crocin, saffron is also made up of free aglycone crocin and a small number of anthocyanin pigments. The oil soluble color pigments include lycopene, alpha carotene, beta carotene and Zeaxanthin. Today, based on growing and effective applications of saffron in medical fields and in alternative medicine, it has attracted the attention of many researchers. Saffron may substitute chemical medicines. Some medical properties of saffron are as follows: helps digestion, strengthens the stomach and is anti-tympanites, activates the sexual desire, is analgesic, especially for colicky pains gingivitis, fights tumors and collection of free radicals (thus reacting against cancerous cells), is euphoriant and alleviates neuralgia, is a tranquilizer, cures insomnia, strengthens memory power, improve concentration, reacts against spasm, fights depression, the Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, controls blood pressure disorders, lowers high cholesterol levels, cures iron deficiency (anemia) in girls, reduces chances of such heart diseases as arteriosclerosis, and helps improve heart conditions (due to the presence of thiamin, riboflavin and mineral components), cures respiratory disorders such as asthma, cough, influenza and cold, helps blood circulation in the retina, cures macula lutea and retinopathy ischemic caused by old age. Cures rheumatism and bruises when used externally, cures amebic dysentery, measles, and inflammation of the liver, splenomegaly and urogenital infections. The application of saffron in cancer-treatment experiments performed on laboratory animals has proved successful. Key words: Saffron, crocin, picrocrocin, carotene, iycopene, antitympanit, analgesic, fights tumor, antidepression.

The observation of the effect on children patients of lumbar puncture applied mental intervention

Objective To study the observation of the effect On patient children of lumbar puncture applied mental intervention. Methods 168 children(3～12)of central nervous system infected,which presenting for lumbar puncture.All patients were divided into two groups:the observed group and compared group.Compared group received routine nursing procedures.observation group applying mental intervention besides routine nursing care.The using of ataractic,the quality of puncture and the complication between two groups were compared.Results 9.5%of patient in observed group used ataractic,but 46.4%of compared group before operation,the success rate of lumbar puncture increased significantly;the rest time of observed group were longer oberversily than the compared,complications occurred in 6%of the observed group,36%of the compared. Differences were statistical signi6cance.Conclusion The applying of mental intervention on patient children of lumbar puncture showed that the effect was satiofaetory,reducing the use of ataractic and the happening of complication,improving the quality of puncture,being an affeetive method of intervention. Key words: Children patients; Mental intervention; Lumbar puncture