Transition Research Articles

Tropical Transition of Tropical Storm Kirogi (2012) over the Western North Pacific: Synoptic Analysis and Mesoscale Simulation

Abstract Tropical transition (TT) is a cyclogenesis process in which a baroclinic disturbance is transformed into a tropical cyclone. Many studies have analyzed TT events over the North Atlantic. This study assesses TT processes from a possible subtropical cyclone to Tropical Storm Kirogi at a relatively high latitude over the western North Pacific in an environment of enhanced baroclinicity in August 2012. Analyses based on satellite observations, the JRA-55 reanalysis, and a simulation with 2.5-km horizontal grid spacing demonstrate three stages during the TT: the baroclinic, intermediate, and convective stages. Over the baroclinic stage, Kirogi had an asymmetric comma-shaped cloud pattern with convection in the northern and eastern parts of the cyclone. This convection is attributed to quasigeostrophic forcing and frontogenesis associated with advection of warm and moist air. Vorticity locally generated by this convection was advected to the cyclone center by cyclone-relative northerly flow. Kirogi also had a shallow warm-core structure due to the interaction with an upper-level cold trough extending from the midlatitudes. In the intermediate stage, the warm and moist air in the lower troposphere and the cold trough in the upper troposphere wrapped around Kirogi. In the convective stage, Kirogi attained characteristics of a typical tropical cyclone with convection concentrated near the cyclone center and a deep warm-core structure. These results demonstrate that baroclinic processes can directly trigger formation of a tropical storm at relatively high latitudes over the western North Pacific in a similar manner to that over the North Atlantic. Significance Statement Tropical cyclogenesis is an important process for early identification of tropical cyclone hazards. Tropical transition is a tropical cyclogenesis process that is triggered by a subtropical or extratropical disturbance. It is unique to relatively high latitudes and has social importance particularly for midlatitude countries. There have been fewer studies on tropical transition over the western North Pacific than over the North Atlantic. This study demonstrates the dynamics of a distinct tropical transition event that led to the formation of Tropical Storm Kirogi (2012) at a relatively high latitude over the western North Pacific.

Effect of dry or temper rolling of high- or low-protein wheat and its impact on rumen parameters, growth performance, and liver abscesses in feedlot cattle

This study assessed the impact of dry- (DR) versus temper-rolled (TR) and low- (13%, LP) versus high-protein (18%, HP) wheat on ruminal fermentation, growth, and liver abscesses in feedlot cattle. Crossbred Angus steers (302 ± 34 kg; n = 160; 24 ruminally cannulated) were used in a backgrounding (BG) to finishing (FN) trial. The BG diet consisted of 60% barley silage, 35% wheat, and 5% supplement, and the FN diet contained 10% barley silage, 85% wheat, and 5% supplement (dry matter basis). Four transition (TN) diets were used to adapt cattle to the FN diet. A numerical increase in large particles and reduction in small particles occurred when both HP and LP wheat were TR, with this response being greater for HP wheat. Steers experienced lower ( P ≤ 0.03) ruminal pH with HP-DR and LP-TR than HP-TR wheat during TN. Steers fed HP wheat BG diets tended to exhibit greater ( P ≤ 0.09) gain:feed and NEg than steers fed LP wheat. Greater ( P = 0.01) average daily gains were exhibited by FN steers fed LP wheat. Liver abscesses were more ( P < 0.001) severe with HP wheat. While HP wheat improved the growth of BG cattle, it increased the severity of liver abscesses during FN.

Proteoforms of β-Casein, α-s1-Casein, α-Lactalbumin, Serum Albumin, and Lactotransferrin Identified in Different Lactation Phases of Human Milk by Proteomics Approach.

Human milk (HM) has a wide range of proteins with biological and nutritional functions, essential for newborns. The roles of proteins and their proteoforms in HM are not fully understood. This study aims to assess, by 2-DE proteomics, the differential proteoforms in HM, present in colostrum (COL), transition (TRA), and mature milk (MAT), aiming to contribute to understanding neonates' protein needs. HM samples are collected from 39 healthy lactating women. COL presents the higher concentration of essential amino acids. After MALDI-MS/MS and bioinformatics analysis, proteoforms are differentially detected. Abundances of β-casein (CSN2), α-s1 casein, and α-lactalbumin (LALBA) are higher in MAT; CSN2s are found in 11 spots and the isoforms increase in size as the pI becomes more acidic; regarding LALBA, two variant forms are found with different abundances in TRA and MAT; CSN2, LALBA, lactotransferrin (LTF), and serum albumin forms are present in all lactation phases. This study reveals differential proteoforms in COL involved in tissue growth and body development, besides essential amino acids, and, in MAT, involved in muscle mass gain, strengthening of the immune system, and energy production. The results provide new insight about proteoforms involved in maturation of the newborn's organs and systems.

Properties and molecular self‐assembly of liquid crystalline hard–hard diblock and hard–soft–hard triblock copolymers influenced by Flory–Huggins interaction parameter and volume fraction of distinct segments

AbstractTwo series of hybrid liquid crystalline (LC) diblock copolymers (DBCs) and triblock copolymers (TBCs) composed of hard and soft blocks with great control over their molecular masses, dispersities (Mw/Mn = Đ ≤ 1.38) and compositions were prepared via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in anisole solvent using new p‐dodecylphenyl‐N‐acrylamide monomer, azobisisobutyronitrile initiator, poly(2‐[2‐(4‐cyano‐azobenzene‐4‐oxy)ethylene‐oxy]ethyl methacrylate) and poly(2‐[2‐(4‐cyano‐azobenzene‐4‐oxy)ethylene‐oxy]ethyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) macroinitiators. Structures and properties of BCs were characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance, gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimeter, optical polarizing microscope, atomic force microscope and grazing‐incidence small angle X‐ray scattering. Kinetic behavior indicated that block copolymerization proceeded with controlled/living characteristics. Every BCs revealed three endothermic transitions corresponding to glassy phase transition, smectic‐to‐nematic phase transition (TS‐N) and melting phase transition. DBC‐1, DBC‐2, TBC‐1 and TBC‐2 with high‐LC volume fractions exhibited strong TS‐N contrasted to DBC‐3, DBC‐4, TBC‐3 and TBC‐4 having low‐LC contents. DBC‐1, DBC‐2, DBC‐3, TBC‐1 and TBC‐2 evidenced smectic C structure while TBC‐3 containing low‐LC segment (39 wt%) showed nematic structure. Morphologies of block copolymer thin films in mixed solvent (Tetrahydrofuran/cyclohexane) vapor annealing system varied significantly, depending on the volume fractions of building blocks and the interactions between the blocks and solvents.

Гражданское участие молодежи в регионе: возможности и ограничения

The problem of activating the potential of youth in territories’ development, the transi tion of their latent resources (opportunities) into the actual state of the driving force of social change at the regional level is of particular relevance for public and scientific discourse. From the standpoint of the activist paradigm, young people are seen as a significant subject of territorial development through their involvement in various practices of civic participation. The purpose of the article is to identify the opportunities and limitations of youth civic participation in the development of territories. The authors determine that a favorable institutional environment for the young people’s civic participation is being created in Russian society, however, there are problems in the implementation of youth policy both at the national level and in the regions. Based on the methodology of quantitative sociology (the authors developed a toolkit for a sociological survey, which was tested on the territory of the Vologda Oblast in 2021, N=1900), it was revealed that young people, demonstrate their willingness to civic participation to a greater extent than the population of the region as a whole, but they are somewhat less likely to be included into real practices of socially useful activity. The authors concluded that both political (in vertical interaction with the authorities) and social participation of young people (in the space of everyday  life) is realized primarily in informal (one-time or spontaneous) practices. It is determined that the demotivating reasons for the young people’s engagement in  the civic participation practices in the regional space vary from institutional to social and psychological qualities of the individual. By the example of the Youth Center “GOR.COM35” (Vologda), it is shown that the youth center is a complex structure or a new model of “public-state partnership” that creates conditions for the development of civic participation of young people in the region. The materials presented can form the basis of sociological diagnostics of the level, potential,  and barriers to youth involvement in socially useful activities in order to further develop the priorities of youth regional policy and effectively build the  work of youth organizations.&nbsp

Molecular adsorption of the NCO, CNO and CON isomers on the Rh(001) surface : A standard DFT and DFT+[formula omitted] calculations

The adsorption and dissociation of the NCO, CNO and CON isomeric molecules on Rh (001)-(3x3) are investigated using the standard density functional theory (DFT) and DFT with Hubbard U, i.e., DFT+U methods. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) is used as the exchange–correlation functional. Also, three possible adsorption sites, which are hollow (H), bridge (B) and top (T) as well as two orientations, i.e., vertical and tilted, of the molecules on the Rh surface have been considered. We found that of the three isomers, the CNO molecule adsorbed at the hollow site of the Rh surface via its C atom end is the most stable for both methods. However, the inclusion of U parameter to GGA leads to the reduction in energies and slight changes in the relaxed adsorption geometries. Also, with the aid of nudged elastic band calculation (NEB), we study the minimum energy pathway (MEP) for dissociation of the CNO molecule into CN and O fragments. We obtain an activation barrier to the dissociation, Ea, of 0.97 eV with an enthalpy change ΔH = −1.25 eV. This dissociation process is found to be exothermic. Furthermore, the projected density of states (PDOS) calculations performed using the atomic structures corresponding to initial (IS), transition (TS), and the final states (FS) of the CNO dissociation process MEP show significant reduction and shifting of N-2p and O-2p states toward higher energies, as well as vanishing N-2p states. This reduction and vanishing of orbital states evidence the weakening and eventual breaking of NO bond of CNO, which eventually led to the dissociation of the CNO molecule. This is further underscored by the total electronic density plot which shows a gradual decrease and eventual vanishing of charge density between the CN and O species as the dissociation process progresses.

Probing the spin-phonon coupling through Raman spectroscopy in Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 – Pb(Co1/3Nb2/3)O3 ceramics

We report on the spin-phonon coupling in (1-x)Pb(Fe1/2Nb1/2)O3 – (x)Pb(Co1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PFCN, x = 0.1–0.5) ceramics by noticing changes in the phonon modes around the magnetic phase transition (TN) in the temperature-dependent Raman spectroscopy. A huge bifurcation was found between MZFC and MFC curves, revealing the existence of strong magnetic anisotropy in all the ceramics. Variations in TN are due to the coexistence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic interactions through Fe–O–Fe, Co–O–Co, Fe–O–Co canted magnetic moments. The Tg is due to the superexchange interaction among Fe/Co–O–Nb–O–Co/Fe paths formed by the local short-range chemical ordering of Fe, Co, and Nb ions. The Raman spectra, recorded over a wide range of temperatures, reveal some anomalies in B–O–B bending and O–B–O stretching modes in the vicinity of TN, corresponding to the spin-phonon coupling in all the ceramics. This evidences the existence of magnetoelectric coupling in all the PFCN ceramics. Room temperature Mössbauer spectra of x = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 revealed the paramagnetic nature. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra showed the existence of antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic orderings in all the ceramics.

159 Effect of dry or Temper Rolling of High or low Protein Wheat and its Impact on Rumen Parameters, Liver Abscesses, and Growth Performance of Feedlot Cattle

Abstract The objective of this study was to assess the impact of low (13%, LP) or high protein (18%, HP) wheat grain subjected to dry (DR) vs temper rolling (TR) on growth performance, rumen parameters, and liver abscesses of feedlot steers. A backgrounding (BG) to finishing (FN) feedlot trial was performed using 160 302 ± 34 kg; 24 ruminally cannulated) Angus steers blocked by weight and randomly assigned to 16 pens. Cannulated steers (3 per pen) were housed within 8 pens equipped with a feed intake monitoring system. BG diets contained 35% wheat grain, 60% barley silage, and 5% supplement on a DM basis. Transition (TN) diets included sequential increases to the proportion of wheat grain in the total mixed ration to achieve a FN diet comprised of 85% wheat grain, 10% barley silage, and 5% supplement. Rumen pHs were measured with an indwelling logger and rumen samples were collected in each phase. Steers fed the HP-DR and LP-TR diets had lower (P≤0.03) ruminal pH than HP-TR during the TN phase. Tempering HP wheat reduced (P<0.001) the generation of fine particles during rolling. During BG and TN, steers fed diets containing HP wheat had higher (P<0.001) ruminal NH3 concentrations than the LP treatments. NH3 measurements during the FN phase were higher (P=0.01) for the LP-DR treatment compared to the LP-TR treatment. Greater (P≤0.01) C2:C3 ratios were noted for HP wheat diets during the BG and FN phases whereas the C2:C3 ratio was reduced (P<0.001) with TR wheat during the FN phase. Greater (P= 0.01) NEgs were assessed for FN steers fed LP wheat. Steers fed HP wheat had more severe (P<0.001) abscesses. Results suggest that HP wheat may limit the growth performance of FN cattle and increase the severity of liver abscesses.

Effect of Holmium substitution on magnetic, dielectric, and magnetodielectric properties of polycrystalline KBiFe2O5

Dielectric, structural, magnetic, and magnetodielectric (MD) properties of polycrystalline KBi1-xHoxFe2O5 (x=0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.15) prepared by solid-state reaction route is investigated. The magnetization of Ho-substituted KBi0.85Ho0.15Fe2O5 shows a maximum enhancement in its magnetic properties. The remanent magnetization (MR) is increased by ∼8 × 103 times. Moreover, the saturation magnetization (MS) is increased by ∼300 times, whereas a 90% drop in the coercive field (HC) is detected. Temperature-dependent dielectric and magnetic study of KBiFe2O5 (KBFO) exhibit two transitions. The ferroelectric transition (TC) at ∼ 508 °C and antiferromagnetic transition (TN) at ∼ 280 °C. TC is reported to shift to ∼500 °C for the highest Ho doped KBFO. Magnetic field-dependent switchable MD hysteresis of KBi0.95Ho0.05Fe2O5 shows a maximum MD coupling of -0.25%. It resembles field-dependent grain capacitance with a maximum value of -2.4% magnetic grain capacitance. The Ho substitution facilitates the conduction process with large-polaron hopping induced by translation motion. In conclusion, the rare earth (Ho) substituted KBFO plays a vital role in showing anomalous MD coupling with enhanced magnetization and reduced transition temperatures (TN and TC).

Transition From Parenteral to Enteral Nutrition and Postnatal Growth in Very Preterm Infants During Their First 28 Days of Life.

BackgroundNutrition practices for preterm infants during the first few weeks of life can be divided into three phases: the parenteral nutrition (PN), enteral nutrition (EN), and transition (TN) phases; the TN phase includes both PN and EN. Our purpose was to analyze nutrition practices for very preterm infants during the TN phase and their association with the infants' growth during the first 28 days of life.MethodsData from 268 very preterm infants <32 weeks old from six neonatal intensive care units were analyzed retrospectively. The TN phase was defined as enteral feedings of 30-120 ml/kg/d. Postnatal growth failure (PGF) was defined as a 28-day growth velocity <15 g/kg/d. Differences in protein and energy intake between the PGF and non-PGF groups during the TN phase were calculated, and risk factors for PGF were identified using multivariate regression analysis.ResultsThe total protein (parenteral + enteral) intake during the TN was 3.16 (2.89, 3.47) g/kg/d, which gradually decreased as the enteral feeding volume increased in the TN phase. The total energy (parenteral + enteral) intake during the TN phase was 115.72 (106.98, 122.60) kcal/kg/d. The PGF group had a lower total protein intake (parenteral + enteral) than the non-PGF group had [3.09 (2.85, 3.38) g/kg/d vs. 3.27 (3.06, 3.57) g/kg/d, P = 0.007, respectively]. No significant difference was found in energy intake during the TN phase. The variables associated with PGF included a lower total protein (parenteral + enteral) intake, a smaller day of age at the end of the TN phase, and a higher birth weight z-score.ConclusionIncreasing the total protein intake (parenteral + enteral) during the TN could reduce the incidence of PGF.

CFD study of binary mixture mixing/segregation of supercritical carbon dioxide fluidized bed

Mixing of binary mixture with small-sized particles component (SC) and large-sized particles component (LC) is simulated using unequal granular temperature-based kinetic theory (UGT-KT) in supercritical carbon dioxide fluid (S-CO2) fluidized bed. Synergy angle is applied to identify the tendency of mixing/segregation of SC and LC binary mixture according to the axial distribution of component volume fractions along bed height of S-CO2 fluidized bed. Three different regions, including segregation (SE) near the bed bottom, transition (TR) near the bed top and dense (DE) between the SE and TR regions along bed height, are discriminated. Large synergy angle reveals the tendency for the SC and LC particles to segregate. Small synergy angles occur with fluidizing velocity and temperature. Defluidization occurred at certain pressure ratio p/pcr of 1.22–1.62, leading to a large synergy angle in S-CO2 fluidized bed.

Frontispiece: Accessing C2‐Functionalized 1,3‐(Benz)azoles through Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C−H Activation

Frontispiece: Accessing C2‐Functionalized 1,3‐(Benz)azoles through Transition Metal‐Catalyzed C−H Activation

The emergency blues…

In this month's Student Column, Jolyon Price reflects on his choice to transition from acting to paramedicine, as well as everything he gave up, and everything he has gained

Transition of Trading Companies, Part 5: Prosperity, Decline, and Transformation of Textile Wholesalers

Transition of Trading Companies, Part 5: Prosperity, Decline, and Transformation of Textile Wholesalers

Transition Discourse, Food, and Computing within Limits

Transition Discourse, Food, and Computing within Limits

A View into a Transition in Progress

A View into a Transition in Progress

El “momento transicional” de la educación chilena: La Comisión Nacional para la Modernización de la Educación (1994-1995)

El texto estudia el proceso institucional de generación de políticas educacionales más importante de la transición a la democracia en Chile a fines del siglo XX: la Comisión Nacional para la Modernización de la Educación. Esta iniciativa gubernamental tuvo como objetivo generar una plataforma política e ideológica compartida por la “comunidad nacional” que allanase la reforma educacional. La Comisión fue hegemonizada por el gobierno y la oposición de derecha, en un contexto en el que tenían alto control sobre una debilitada sociedad civil, y existían tenues deslindes entre los campos político y experto. Ideológicamente predominaron los idearios del capital humano y del conservadurismo católico. Las políticas recomendadas tuvieron por norte fortalecer el mercado educacional, con un Estado promotor y evaluador de tal. El texto concibe a la educación como un campo de disputa política e ideológica. Se analizan los modos de articulación política e ideológica a partir de la revisión extensa de fuentes primarias escritas, especialmente prensa, los informes de la instancia y decretos gubernamentales.

Imaging Plate, Its Glory and Transition

Imaging Plate, Its Glory and Transition

Sandstone-concrete interface transition zone (ITZ) damage and debonding micromechanisms under freeze-thaw

Sandstone-concrete interface transition zone (ITZ) damage and debonding micromechanisms under freeze-thaw

Effect of Deformation Rate on the Elastic-Plastic Deformation Behavior of GH3625 Alloy

GH3625 alloy is a typical polycrystalline material. The mechanical properties of a crystal within the alloy depend on the single crystal properties, lattice orientation, and orientations of neighboring crystals. However, accurate determination of single crystal properties is critical in developing a quantitative understanding of the micromechanical behavior of GH3625. In this study, the effect of deformation rate on the elastoplastic deformation behavior of GH3625 was investigated using in situ neutron diffraction room-temperature compression experiments, EBSD, and TEM. The results showed that the microscopic stress–strain curve included elastic deformation (applied stress, σ ≤ 300 MPa), elastoplastic transition (300 MPa 350 MPa) stages, which agreed with the mesoscopic lattice strain behavior. Meanwhile, the deformation rate was closely related to the crystal elastic and plastic anisotropy. The results of the lattice strain, peak width, and intensity reflected by the specific hkl showed that the deformation rate had little effect on the elastic anisotropy of the crystal, but had a significant effect on the plastic anisotropy of the crystal. With the increase in the deformation rate, the high angle grain boundaries gradually changed to the low angle grain boundaries, and the proportion of twin boundaries gradually reduced. Also, the grains transformed from uniform deformation to nonuniform deformation. Moreover, with the increase in deformation rate, the total dislocation density (ρ) of the alloy first decreased and then increased, whereas the geometrically necessary dislocation density (ρGND) monotonically increased, and the statistically stored dislocation (SSD) density (ρSSD) monotonically decreased. Meanwhile, the abnormal work hardening behavior of the sample at a deformation rate of 0.2 mm/min was mainly related to the SSD generated by uniform deformation. Additionally, the contribution of dislocation strengthening and TEM observation confirmed that the dominant deformation of GH3625 was dislocation slip, and its work hardening mechanism was dislocation strengthening.