Integration Of Trajectories Research Articles

Evolution of AI in Smart Home Systems: A Comprehensive Review

The evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly transformed the landscape of smart home systems into a new era of convenience, efficiency, and personalized experiences. This paper provides an insightful exploration into the historical progression and contemporary developments of AI within smart home environments. Beginning with an overview of early automation technologies, we trace the evolutionary trajectory of AI's integration into smart homes, highlighting key milestones, breakthroughs, and paradigm shifts. Moreover, this paper also highlights the applications of AI in smart home ecosystems, including home automation, energy management, security surveillance, healthcare monitoring, and personalized assistance. Through advanced sensor technologies, ubiquitous connectivity, and cloud-based computing, AI-enabled smart home platforms offer seamless integration, interoperability, and scalability, paving the way for a more interconnected and intelligent living environment. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging trends and future directions shaping the evolution of AI in smart home systems. We also address the associated challenges and considerations, including privacy concerns, data security risks, ethical implications, and regulatory frameworks, which warrant careful attention and mitigation strategies.

Dissecting the Single-Cell Diversity and Heterogeneity Underlying Cervical Precancerous Lesions and Cancer Tissues.

The underlying cellular diversity and heterogeneity from cervix precancerous lesions to cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is investigated. Four single-cell datasets including normal tissues, normal adjacent tissues, precancerous lesions, and cervical tumors were integrated to perform disease stage analysis. Single-cell compositional data analysis (scCODA) was utilized to reveal the compositional changes of each cell type. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) among cell types were annotated using BioCarta. An assay for transposase-accessible chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) analysis was performed to correlate epigenetic alterations with gene expression profiles. Lastly, a logistic regression model was used to assess the similarity between the original and new cohort data (HRA001742). After global annotation, seven distinct cell types were categorized. Eight consensus-upregulated DEGs were identified in B cells among different disease statuses, which could be utilized to predict the overall survival of CSCC patients. Inferred copy number variation (CNV) analysis of epithelial cells guided disease progression classification. Trajectory and ATAC-seq integration analysis identified 95 key transcription factors (TF) and one immunohistochemistry (IHC) testified key-node TF (YY1) involved in epithelial cells from CSCC initiation to progression. The consistency of epithelial cell subpopulation markers was revealed with single-cell sequencing, bulk sequencing, and RT-qPCR detection. KRT8 and KRT15, markers of Epi6, showed progressively higher expression with disease progression as revealed by IHC detection. The logistic regression model testified the robustness of the resemblance of clusters among the various datasets utilized in this study. Valuable insights into CSCC cellular diversity and heterogeneity provide a foundation for future targeted therapy.

Relativistic beam loading, recoil-reduction, and residual-wake acceleration with a covariant retarded-potential integrator

An algorithm is demonstrated that performs first-principles tracking of relativistic charged-particles. A covariant approach is used which relies on retarded vector potentials for trajectory integration instead of performing electromagnetic field calculations. When accounting for retardation effects, the peak vector potential and corresponding Lorentz force in the direction of travel increase asymptotically for high-β particles. This produces a very strong field distribution at small angles from the particle’s direction of travel, which can result in considerable change in momentum when approaching a conducting or charged object. We study these dynamics using protons and electrons at relativistic energies passing through apertures in conducting surfaces, where substantial energy shifts are observed for particles passing within roughly 10μm of the aperture boundary.We also simulate breaking a test particle’s line of sight with a conductor or other charged body. After this instant, the test particle continues to accelerate due to residual fields, but no longer produces an opposing force on any charged or conducting object; thus any recoil on the enclosing structure is effectively reduced. In this test, a 1% energy gain is observed for an 85MeV electron traversing its reflected wake after having conducting plate in its path screened by a dielectric object.We then incorporate a micro-scale dielectric laser acceleration (DLA) device into our simulations. Compared with a 2 mm DLA on its own, we find a factor of two increase in energy gain when adding a series of conducting-surface choppers.

Vehicle trajectory extraction and integration from multi-direction video on urban intersection

With the gradual maturity of computer vision technology, using intersection surveillance videos for vehicle trajectory extraction has become a popular method to analyze vehicle conflicts and safety in urban intersection. However, many intersection surveillance videos have blind spots, failing to fully cover the entire intersection. Vehicles may also obstruct each other, resulting in incomplete vehicle trajectories. The angle of surveillance videos can also lead to inaccurate trajectory extraction. In response to these challenges, this study proposes an vehicle trajectory extraction and integration framework using surveillance videos collected from four entrance of urban intersection. The framework first employs the improved YOLOv5s model to detect the positions of vehicles. Then, we proposed an object tracking model MS-SORT to extract the trajectories in each surveillance video. Subsequently, the trajectories of each surveillance video are mapped into the same coordinate system. Then the integration of trajectories is achieved using space–time information and re-identification (ReID) methods. The framework extracts and integrates trajectories from four intersection surveillance videos, obtaining trajectories with significantly broader temporal and spatial coverage compared to those obtained from any single direction of surveillance video. Our detection model improved mAP by 1.3 percentage points compared to the basic YOLOv5s, and our object tracking model improved MOTA and IDF1 by 2.6 and 2.1 percentage points compared to DeepSORT. The trojectory integration method achieved 94.7 % of F1-Score and RMSE of 0.51 m. The average length and number of the extracted trajectories has increased by at least 47.6 % and 24.2 % respectively compared to trajectories extracted from a single video.

Perceived loneliness: Why are Syrian refugees more lonely than other newly arrived migrants in Germany?

Migration often impacts the mental and emotional health of those needing to move from their home countries. Studies have focused on migrants’ levels of distress or well-being, and recent research looks at older migrants’ experience with loneliness. What has yet to be researched is how different migrant groups experience loneliness, and how these feelings are affected by the contexts of leaving one country and reception in another. Drawing on the theoretical framework of integration, this article asks whether newly arrived refugees in Germany differ in their perception of loneliness from other newly arrived migrants. It examines these perceptions as related to social contacts and the context—and interplay—of exit and reception. Using OLS regressions with data from the Recent Immigration Processes and Early Integration Trajectories in Germany (ENTRA) project, we find that Syrian refugees have higher levels of loneliness than migrant groups from Poland, Italy, and Turkey. The difference is largely attributable to Syrians not having local German contacts, surviving traumatic experiences at home, and migrating specifically for physical safety. We also find that discrimination and not being in the labor force are determinants of loneliness across all four groups, and that even when considering migrant origins and other effects, having local social contacts lowers levels of loneliness. Our results point to migration policies, such as those related to family reunification and labor market access, for producing inequalities in loneliness between Syrian refugees and other migrants in Germany.

The Evolution of Learning in Higher Education Polytechnic Institutions: The ACADIGIA Case-Study

This paper conducts an in-depth examination of the transformative journey in learning paradigms within higher education polytechnic institutions. Utilizing a case study approach, we trace the evolutionary trajectory of pedagogical practices and technological integration in the context of transitioning from in person to online classes. By exploring the experiences of the ACADIGIA Consortium, the driving force behind the Erasmus+ project with the same name, we aim to provide useful insights into the challenges faced and strategies employed during the evolution and implementation of the ACADIGIA transformation. The diversity of experience provided by the partners, from academia as well as from industry, and from the cultural backgrounds of Portugal, Spain, Romania, Italy, Greece, and Ireland, represents one of the strengths of this endeavor as well as one of its main challenges. The findings contribute to a broader understanding of the dynamic nature of higher education in polytechnic settings, shedding light on effective approaches to enhance the quality and relevance of learning experiences in an ever-changing educational landscape. This paper can serve as a valuable resource for educators, administrators, and policymakers seeking evidence-based guidance in navigating the evolving terrain of higher education polytechnic institutions.

Peripheral Modernisms and Parody of the Bildungsroman: A Comparative Case Study on Italo Svevo and A. H. Tanpınar

ABSTRACT This article offers a comparative reading of Italo Svevo and Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar’s mock-development novels in light of the history of economic development in Italy and Turkey and their trajectories of integration into global capitalism. These authors from the semi-peripheries of Euromodernity employ strikingly similar modernist techniques in order to unsettle the bildungsroman and its humanist ideals. This article argues that the farcical use of psychoanalysis as a thematic attack on the unity of the subject, chronopathology in both form and content, and parody in style, situation, and plot represent peripheral narrative strategies developed as a response to being always already late vis-a-vis the hegemonic core culture. The classical bildungsroman is comically distorted and creatively adapted to the peripheral condition, becoming a key vehicle for reflecting on disintegrated subject positions, temporal shifts, untimely interruptions, and discordances. The form is simultaneously subverted and creatively adapted to the peripheral condition, reflecting the inevitable encounter with the hegemonic culture and the nation-state.

Testing General Relativity with Juno at Jupiter

The Juno spacecraft has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016 July to deepen our comprehension of the solar system by studying the gas giant. The radio science experiment enables the determination of Jupiter’s gravitational field, thus shedding light on its interior structure. The experiment relies on determining the orbit of the spacecraft during its pericenter passages. Previous gravity data analyses assumed the correctness of the general theory of relativity, which was used for trajectory integration and radio signal propagation modeling. In this work, we aim to test general relativity within the unique context of a spacecraft orbiting Jupiter, by employing the parameterized post-Newtonian (PPN) formalism, an established framework for comparing various gravitational theories. Within this framework, we focus our attention toward the PPN parameters γ and β, which offer insights into the curvature of spacetime and the nonlinearity of gravitational effects, respectively. Additionally, we extend our investigation to the Lense–Thirring effect, which models the dragging of spacetime induced by a rotating mass. By measuring the relativistic frequency shift on Doppler observables caused by Jupiter during Juno’s perijove passes, we estimate γ = 1 + (1.5 ± 4.9) × 10−3, consistent with the general theory of relativity. Our estimated γ is primarily influenced by its effect on light-time computation, with a negligible contribution from spacecraft dynamics. Furthermore, we also present a modest level of accuracy for the β parameter, reflecting the minimal dynamical perturbation on Juno from general relativity. This also applies to the Lense–Thirring effect, whose signal is too small to be confidently resolved.

Leveraging Cooperative Intent and Actuator Constraints for Safe Trajectory Planning of Autonomous Vehicles in Uncertain Traffic Scenarios

This study explores the integration of dynamic vehicle trajectories, vehicle safety factors, static traffic environments, and actuator constraints to improve cooperative intent modeling for autonomous vehicles (AVs) navigating uncertain traffic scenarios. Existing models often focus solely on interactions between dynamic trajectories, limiting their ability to fully interpret the intentions of surrounding vehicles. To address this limitation, we present a more comprehensive approach using the Cooperative Intent Multi-Layer Graph Neural Network (CMGNN) model. The CMGNN analyzes not only the dynamic trajectories but also the lane position relationships, vehicle angle changes, and actuator constraints and performs group interaction analysis. This richer information allows the CMGNN to more accurately capture the cooperative intent and better understand the surrounding vehicle behavior. This study investigated the impact of the CMGNN in the Carla simulator on surrounding vehicle trajectory prediction and AV safe trajectory planning. An innovative mechanism for dynamic trajectory risk assessment is introduced, which takes into account the constraints of the actuators when evaluating trajectory planning metrics. The results show that incorporating cooperative intent and considering the actuator limitations enhanced the CMGNN’s safety and driving efficiency in uncertain scenarios, significantly reducing the probability of AVs colliding. This is achieved as the model dynamically adapts its driving strategy based on the real-time traffic conditions, the perceived intentions of the surrounding vehicles, and the physical constraints of the vehicle actuators.

Inner dusty regions of protoplanetary discs – III. The role of non-radial radiation pressure in dust dynamics

ABSTRACT We explore the dynamical behaviour of dust particles that populate the surface of inner optically thick protoplanetary discs. This is a disc region with the hottest dust and is of a great importance for planet formation and dust evolution, but we still struggle to understand all the forces that shape this environment. In our approach, we combine results from two separate numerical studies, one is the wind velocity and density distributions obtained from magnetohydrodynamical simulations of accretion discs, and the other is a high-resolution multigrain dust radiation transfer. In our previous paper in the series, we described the methodology for utilizing these results as an environmental input for the integration of dust trajectories driven by gravity, gas drag, and radiation pressure. Now we have two improvements, we incorporate time changes in the wind density and velocity, and we implement the non-radial radiation pressure force. We applied our analysis on the Herbig Ae and T Tau stars. We confirm that the radiation pressure force can lead to dust outflow, especially in the case of more luminous stars. Additionally, it opposes dust accretion at the inner disc edge and reduces dust settling. These effects are enhanced by the disc wind, especially in the zone where the stellar and the disc magnetic fields meet. Our results suggest that dust grains can stay in the hottest disc region for an extended period and then end up ejected into the outer disc regions.

Teachers’ trajectories of technology integration during participation in an online professional development program

Technology-related professional development (PD) is a crucial strategy to prepare and encourage teachers to integrate technology into their teaching in a high-quality way. During teachers’ participation in technology-related PD, change processes occur from a current to a desired status of technology-enhanced teaching (TET). A higher probability of disruption of TET can be assumed during these change processes. However, previous research on PD is mainly based on cross-sectional data that does not provide insight into such change processes (especially during PD participation). In this study, we examined teachers’ trajectories closely during their participation in a 3-month technology-related online PD (OPD). We conducted a concurrent explanatory mixed-methods approach to analyze longitudinal data from the first four weeks of the OPD, focusing on 23 teachers who completed weekly reflection diaries. Findings from a multilevel framework revealed that most of the variances in the development of teachers’ technology integration (i.e., frequency and quality) and motivation to use technology for teaching (i.e., self-efficacy and utility value) was due to contextual factors. Using linear mixed-effects models, we found a statistically significant decrease in teachers’ quality of TET over time. Analyses of reflections on TET of extreme cases allowed us to identify possible relevant contextual characteristics related to smoother TET: 1) the use of one generic technology across lessons and 2) the use of ready-to-use domain-specific technology. Implications for practice are discussed, such as attention to unintended side effects of teachers’ TET during instructional phases of technology-related OPD.

Double transition of young migrants in Luxembourg: vulnerable, resilient and empowering integration trajectories in the period of youth.

Migrant integration trajectories have become more complex, open, uncertain, and continuously changing, over time. For young migrants, their integration endeavour intersects with their process of transition to adulthood, a double transition that poses additional challenges. Recent theoretical perspectives such as "liquid integration" aim at focusing on the dynamic, processual, and temporal nature of migrant integration. The present article focuses on the dynamic interplay of obstacles and enablers that, over time, interact to construct complex, often non-linear, and open-ended integration and coming of age trajectories of young migrants (aged from 18 to 30 years) coming from outside the European Union (EU) to EU countries. Empirical results from the H2020 MIMY (Empowerment through liquid Integration of Migrant Youth in vulnerable conditions) research project in Luxembourg will be presented. In order to address the goal of the research, qualitative data were gathered by means of N = 38 interviews with young migrants with different migratory paths, characteristics and experiences, and specifically included: young migrants from non-EU Portuguese-speaking countries (N = 16), refugees living in reception centres (N = 15), migrants who since arriving in Luxembourg have become publicly visible (N = 7). Content analysis of the interviews allowed a twofold purpose: (1) capturing the unfolding of intersectional integration obstacles that over time play a decisive role in the building of conditions of vulnerability of the double transition under analysis; (2) capturing the multidimensional resources that interactively build up to give rise to resilient and empowering integration and coming of age experiences. The identification of decisive multidimensional obstacles and resources present in the integration endeavour during the process of coming of age allowed us to capture differentiated routes of vulnerability, on the one hand, and resilience/ empowerment on the other. Key ingredients of both vulnerable and more resilient and empowering integration and coming of age trajectories are identified as well as their relational dynamics, enabling to address key challenges for the resilience and empowerment of young migrants in the process of negotiating their transition to adulthood amidst their integration challenges in the Luxembourgish society.

Multi-scalar and diasporic integration: Kurdish populations in Europe between state, diaspora and geopolitics

Abstract This article challenges both methodological nationalist and decolonial approaches to ‘integration’ by drawing attention to how transnational factors—including trans-state diaspora networks and geopolitical relations between European states and Kurdish ‘homelands’—have direct impacts on the integration trajectories of newly arrived Kurdish displaced populations in Europe. Based on over 200 interviews with Kurdish immigrants, including refugees and asylum seekers across seventeen sites in rural and urban regions in six European countries, our research suggests the need to move beyond local and national-level understandings of integration to one which is also transnational, diasporic, and multi-scalar, taking account of the enduring effects of homeland politics on integration determinants. Such a model of integration does not throw out the concept, but recognizes both the protective and empowering role that local and national policies can play in enabling refugee and diaspora populations to function autonomously in a broader transnational and global context.

Does timing matter? Language course participation and language outcomes amongst new immigrants

Host country language acquisition is widely considered an important factor to prevent the social and economic exclusion of immigrants. High-income countries invest considerably in language courses for new immigrants, yet hitherto our understanding of when participation in such courses seems to stimulate language acquisition remains limited. As a result, this article addresses whether the timing of language course enrolment is related to course outcomes in terms of credentialed language proficiency. This study benefits from longitudinal population data including all new migrants entering Flanders (Belgium) in 2009–2021, to assess whether associations between language course timing and outcomes persist, for different legal categories of immigrants, when controlling for compositional factors. Findings indicate that for most immigrant categories, negative associations between course postponement and host country language attainment are explained by migration background and human capital. However, amongst family and humanitarian migrants, a negative association between course timing and outcomes persists. This persistent negative linkage suggests a stronger vulnerability to less effective (informal) learning trajectories and downward spiralling opportunities and motivation in the case of language course postponement, but also highlights the need for future research using causal estimation strategies. As such, research on language course timing and outcomes contributes to the literature highlighting that timing – e.g. regarding asylum procedures, housing, but also language programmes – matters in immigrants’ trajectories of integration in host countries.

Understanding Canada's Private Sponsorship Program: Its origins, features, and consequences

This article highlights features of Canada's private sponsorship program and ex-plains its consequences and performance. It explores which actors were involved in the private sponsorship, how domestic circumstances stimulated the application of the program, and it discusses its intended and unintended consequences. The author examines the profile of the Syrian refugees and discusses how personal characteristics may affect integration trajectories. Private sponsorship is consid-ered more effective than government-assisted sponsorship as it ensures a smooth-er, faster, and long-term integration of refugees. However, the author argues that personal profiles could play a critical role in integration process, and therefore, measuring the program's performance by only comparing it with a government-assisted program could be challenging.

Autonomous Ships: A Thematic Review

Ships connect the global economy through maritime transport. However, their susceptibility to increasing geopolitical conflicts has heightened concerns about the risks to crew safety and navigation security. This systematic literature review (SLR), utilizing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework, rigorously examines the safety and security of autonomous ships in maritime transport. The methodology employs a comprehensive search across major databases including Scopus, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, based on explicit inclusion criteria focusing on recent advancements from 2014 to 2023. By methodically analyzing 58 relevant publications screened from an initial pool of 1407, this paper highlights critical trends and gaps in the application of advanced sensor technologies, cybersecurity measures, and autonomous navigation systems. The findings provide insights into the operational challenges and technological developments shaping the future of maritime safety and security, offering valuable guidance for policymakers and industry stakeholders. This research contributes to scholarly discourse in this industry by mapping the trajectory of technological integration and its implications for maritime operations in a global context.

Evolution of EFTA in Differentiated Integration within Europe

The European Free Trade Association (EFTA), established over 60 years ago as an alternative platform for fostering cooperation, has evolved into a crucial component of the pan-European project. The organizational framework underpinning its operations, its developmental trajectory with specific focus on divergences, and the models of differentiated integration (DI) have significantly contributed to its evolution.EFTA's distinct organizational structure, coupled with its pragmatic legal framework, serves as the foundation of its operations. A detailed examination allows for a clear distinction between Switzerland and the three member states of the European Economic Area (EEA), namely Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway.Regarding the EEA, its legal framework is established through collaborative development of legal instruments with the EU. The thematic allocation is carefully structured based on existing competencies; officials of EFTA's pillar bodies within the two-pillar EEA structure maintain productive relations with the EU, while others focus on internal matters. The geographical location of these bodies plays a decisive role: Brussels and Luxembourg are aligned with a broad Eurocentric decision-making paradigm, while those within EFTA prioritize endogenous agendas.Switzerland's integration trajectory relies on a diverse array of regulatory mechanisms aimed at bridging disparate areas and fostering cooperation among participating states. A sectoral approach and bilateral agreement packages with the EU are pivotal, with several EFTA bodies operating within Swiss jurisdiction facilitating convergence with the European market. Amidst the current regional turbulence, the convergence of various factors has enabled EFTA to align with the EU's approach to differentiated integration. While earlier scholarly perspectives on the phenomenon were limited in criteria and tools, subsequent empirical developments have provided a more nuanced understanding. The DI models adopted by EFTA member states closely resemble those of the EU, highlighting their alignment. Ultimately, the Association has become an integral part of European integration, with the quartet of participating countries maintaining greater flexibility in decision-making processes.

TRANSFORMING FINANCIAL PLANNING WITH AI-DRIVEN ANALYSIS: A REVIEW AND APPLICATION INSIGHTS

In the ever-evolving tapestry of financial planning, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) emerges as a pivotal force, redefining the contours of strategic decision-making and operational efficiency. This paper delves into the historical progression, current implementations, and the multifaceted impact of AI within the financial planning sphere, aiming to unravel the complexities and transformative potential of AI technologies. Through a rigorous examination of peer-reviewed literature and empirical studies, the research meticulously maps the trajectory of AI's integration in finance, from its nascent stages to its current stature as a cornerstone of financial innovation. The study's methodology, rooted in qualitative analysis, systematically explores the enhancements AI brings to financial decision-making, the challenges it poses, including ethical considerations and regulatory compliance, and the qualitative shifts in financial strategies engendered by AI adoption. The findings illuminate AI's dual role as both a catalyst for unprecedented efficiency and a harbinger of new challenges, underscoring the need for a balanced approach to its integration. Conclusively, the paper advocates for a harmonious blend of innovation and ethical stewardship, recommending that financial institutions embrace AI's potential while rigorously addressing its challenges through continuous learning, adaptability, and ethical vigilance. The recommendations aim to guide stakeholders through the labyrinth of AI integration, ensuring that financial planning becomes more efficient and strategic and remains equitable and transparent. This study serves as a beacon for future exploration, offering insights into navigating the complexities of AI-driven financial planning.
 Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Financial Planning, Strategic Decision-Making, Ethical Considerations, Regulatory Compliance, Technological Innovation.

Advances in the production of biosurfactants as green ingredients in home and personal care products.

Home and personal care industry is currently witnessing a growing demand for sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic surfactants. This increase is fueled by concerns over the delayed degradation and environmental impact of the latter. To this, biosurfactants possess important properties such as biodegradability, low toxicity, and renewable sourcing. These qualities position them as compelling replacements of traditional synthetic surfactants. Their diverse attributes including emulsification, antimicrobial efficacy, surface tension reduction, and foaming capability, make them well-suited choices for home and personal care products. Biosurfactants can be produced through several inexpensive and renewable sources which contributes to their commercialization potential. This article discusses various microbial derived biosurfactants including rhamnolipids, sophorolipids, mannosyl-erythritol lipids, trehalolipids and lipopeptides, unraveling and comparing their distinctive roles and advantages in the home and personal care industry. It also focuses on the recent patent innovations in the production of biosurfactants which have aimed at improving their economic viability and performance attributes. Finally, the article sheds light on the challenges and future trajectories for better integration of these sustainable biosurfactants into mainstream consumer products.

Evolution of trade and productive integration in Latin America, 1995–2015: an input-output analysis

PurposeThe main goal of this paper is to examine the evolution of Latin American productive integration in terms of the regional value added incorporated in intra-regional exports of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. In addition, the study traces the trade and productive integration trajectories for each of these countries from 1995 to 2015.Design/methodology/approachBased on the use of OECD’s global ICIO input-output tables, this paper applies the methodological framework by Wang et al. (2018) for the analysis of trade flows at the bilateral level, which allows breaking down the value of gross exports of each sector-country, depending on the origin of the value added contained in exports, as well as their use.FindingsThe estimates show very low shares of value added from regional partners in the intra-regional exports of the countries studied. Conversely, the weight of the value added incorporated in these exports by countries outside the region has increased in tandem with China’s expanding involvement in Latin America. This development, along with the downward trend in domestic value added incorporated in exports, indicates a lack of a regional integration process of any depth.Originality/valueThis article addresses an economic problem of conventional importance from a global value chain perspective using a novel methodology based on the use of global input–output tables.