Traits In Different Types Research Articles

Project’s Success Factor in the Building Construction: A State of Art Review

For the growth of the economic sector and to support future development, the construction industry plays a vital part in providing employment. Completion of projects is also hence most important. Common issues faced by most projects, mainly government-subsidized, are suffering delays and budget overruns. The vital part of the project is to complete it within the expected schedule, and a budget with the expected value through effective project management. However, in reality, several traits of different types and periodically a variety of restrictions are involved, which must be managed successfully by overcoming several problems. The core objective of project management is to perform the project on schedule and enclosed within the financial plan. Cost, schedule, performance, and safety are the four inevitable objective achievement metrics that have continuously assisted as the base for project success measurement in construction. Schedule-based building project management is still a novel model and watchword in the Indian construction sector. The main factors influencing performance currently include the knowledge fields of project management. If a project is finished on time, as planned, and with stated quality, it is deemed successful. However, as success is variable and hard to agree upon, assessing project success is a challenging task. Keywords: Construction Management, Cost, Schedule, Scope, & Success Parameters.

Heterotic performance of the main yield traits in different types of Indica hybrid rice

AbstractTwo‐line hybrid rice with high efficiency and yield was successfully and widely being planted in China. HHZ is an elite inbred rice which is widely cultivated in Southern China. The latest developed engineered hybrid is promising for the future of hybrid rice breeding and production. In order to explore its heterosis performance, the main yield traits of two different groups of hybrid rice varieties and a inbred variety were investigated, specifically: (1) a large‐scale extension of high‐yield varieties of two‐line hybrid rice and their parents (restorer lines), (2) a new generation of hybrid rice created by genetic engineered with HHZ as a background genome and its parental lines, and (3) a inbred indica rice variety, HHZ. We postulate that the performance of the main yield traits of genetically engineered hybrid rice may be better than that of commercial high‐yielding hybrid rice in the same paddy field. To test our assumption, field experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of the main yield traits in the different types of hybrid rice and to compare and analyze the differences of the yield heterosis traits. The hybrid rice varieties showed obvious high‐parent heterosis for effective panicle number (EPN) per hill, grain number per panicle (GNP), seed set rate (SSR), and harvest index (HI), but high‐parent heterosis for the 1000‐grain weight (KGW) was negative. Standard heterosis for GNP and KGW was found in the hybrid rice varieties, and the standard heterosis for EPN, SSR, and HI was negative. The grain number per panicle (GNP) is the largest contributor to heterotic performance. The genetically engineered hybrid rice showed similar heterotic performance to but not greater than that of two‐line hybrid rice varieties. This study provides important insights for the breeding, cultivation, and popularization of different types of hybrid rice varieties.

Transcriptome changes underlie alterations in behavioral traits in different types of chicken.

In recent decades, artificial selection has contributed greatly to meeting the demands for animal meat, eggs, and milk. However, it has also resulted in changes in behavior, metabolic and digestive function, and alterations in tissue development, including the brain and skeleton. Our study aimed to profile the behavioral traits and transcriptome pattern of chickens (broilers, layers, and dual-purpose breeds) in response to artificial selection. Broilers spent less time gathered as a group in a novel arena (P < 0.01), suggesting reduced fearfulness in these birds. Broilers also showed a greater willingness to approach a model predator during a vigilance test but had a greater behavioral response when first exposed to the vocalization of the predator. Genes found to be upregulated and downregulated in previous work on chickens divergently selected for fear responses also showed consistent differences in expression between breeds in our study and indicated a reduction in fearfulness in broilers. Gene ACTB_G1 (actin) was differentially expressed between breeds and is a candidate gene involved with skeletal muscle growth and disease susceptibility in broilers. Furthermore, breed-specific alterations in the chicken domestic phenotype leading to differences in growth and egg production were associated with behavioral changes, which are probably underpinned by alterations in gene expression, gene ontology terms, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. The results highlight the change in behavior and gene expression of the broiler strain relative to the layer and a dual-purpose native breed.

A meta-analysis on growth, physiological, and biochemical responses of woody species to ground-level ozone highlights the role of plant functional types.

The carbon-sink strength of temperate and boreal forests at midlatitudes of the northern hemisphere is decreased by ozone pollution, but knowledge on subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests is missing. Taking the dataset from Chinese studies covering temperate and subtropical regions, effects of elevated ozone concentration ([O3 ]) on growth, biomass, and functional leaf traits of different types of woody plants were quantitatively evaluated by meta-analysis. Elevated mean [O3 ] of 116ppb reduced total biomass of woody plants by 14% compared with control (mean [O3 ] of 21ppb). Temperate species from China were more sensitive to O3 than those from Europe and North America in terms of photosynthesis and transpiration. Significant reductions in chlorophyll content, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, and ascorbate peroxidase induced significant injury to photosynthesis and growth (height and diameter). Importantly, subtropical species were significantly less sensitive to O3 than temperate ones, whereas deciduous broadleaf species were significantly more sensitive than evergreen broadleaf and needle-leaf species. These findings suggest that carbon-sink strength of Chinese forests is reduced by present and future [O3 ] relative to control (20-40ppb). Given that (sub)-tropical evergreen broadleaved species dominate in Chinese forests, estimation of the global carbon-sink constraints due to [O3 ] should be re-evaluated.

Detecting Emergence, Growth, and Senescence of Wetland Vegetation with Polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Data

Wetlands provide ecosystem goods and services vitally important to humans. Land managers and policymakers working to conserve wetlands require regularly updated information on the statuses of wetlands across the landscape. However, wetlands are challenging to map remotely with high accuracy and consistency. We investigated the use of multitemporal polarimetric synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data acquired with Canada’s Radarsat-2 system to track within-season changes in wetland vegetation and surface water. We speculated, a priori, how temporal and morphological traits of different types of wetland vegetation should respond over a growing season with respect to four energy-scattering mechanisms. We used ground-based monitoring data and other ancillary information to assess the limits and consistency of the SAR data for tracking seasonal changes in wetlands. We found the traits of different types of vertical emergent wetland vegetation were detected well with the SAR data and corresponded with our anticipated backscatter responses. We also found using data from Landsat’s optical/infrared sensors in conjunction with SAR data helped remove confusion of wetland features with upland grasslands. These results suggest SAR data can provide useful monitoring information on the statuses of wetlands over time.

Morphometry in the cytological diagnosis of cervical smears.

Morphometry of cells found in normal and abnormal smears taken from the vagina and the uterine cervix is the assessment of the size and diameter of their nuclei. The values of these quantities provide information on the origin of these cells and the degree of possible anomalies. Determining the morphometric traits of different types of cells found in the cervix and the uterus is a very important element in the diagnosis of disorders that often lead to cervical tumors. The aim of this research is to determine the morphometric characteristics of cells found in cervical smears by measuring the cell circumference, the diameter of the nucleus and the cell surface areain order to identify which clinical group the cells belong to, which facilitates diagnosis. The study material consisted of cervical smears that demonstrated the presence of cells in various phases of the clinical Bethesda classification. For each clinical classification, the values of the cell circumference, the cell surface area and the diameter of the nucleus were measured for 100 cells. The largest cells are normal cells in the surface layer. In relation to these cells, the atrophic cells from the groups containing atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) and tumor cells tend to decrease in size, with small variations. Considering the mean values of the parameters analyzed, the cells of the LSIL group are larger than those from the ASC-US group. According to the mean values, normal cells have the smallest nucleus and the HSIL cells and tumor cells have the largest. The statistical analysis shows significant differences between the morphometric traits in the different clinical groups, which indicates that morphometry can be used in cytological diagnosis.

Structural and chemical differences between shoot- and root-derived roots of three perennial grasses in a typical steppe in Inner Mongolia China

Determining the variation in roots traits within a grass root system is important for understanding the role of fine roots in carbon and nutrient cycling in grassland ecosystems, where the majority of biomass and litter accumulation occur belowground. However, few studies have been conducted in this regard. In this study, the structural and chemical traits of shoot-derived and root-derived roots were examined in three perennial grasses—Cleistogenes squarrosa, Achnatherum sibiricum and Stipa grandis—aiming to explore structural differences, responses to nitrogen and water addition in different types of roots and their correlations with aboveground plant nitrogen. Our results showed significant differences between these two root types, with root-derived roots having higher N concentration, tissue density, and specific root length, but lower C: N and diameter than shoot-derived roots. Trait relationships between root N concentration and tissue density for the two root types differed from that reported among species. These traits in different types of roots were insensitive to resource addition. Furthermore, N concentration in shoot-derived roots was more strongly linked to aboveground plant N concentration than root-derived roots. The results of this study demonstrate structural differences within the root system that may reflect functional heterogeneity in grass roots.

Structural patterns and histological behaviour of experimental sarcomas: II. Ultrastructural cytology

In continuation of our investigations on methylcholanthrene-induced rat sarcomas, in analogy to light microscopical results, various cytological differentiations could be demonstrated by the electron microscope. Some tumour cells are comparable to the cellular counterpart in normal connective tissue, whereas most of the tumour cells show various series of cytological traits of different types of normal connective tissue cells simultaneously. The vast majority of tumour cells exhibited characteristics of fibroblasts and histiocytes coincidently. However, classical fibroblasts and histiocytes were seldom present. One part of the tumour cells showed structural features as known from so-called myofibroblasts and smooth muscles cells. Furthermore, vasoformative potencies of sarcomas with imitation of endothelial and pericytic cells must be emphasized. With respect to the histogenesis of these sarcomas possible origin from the microvasculature is discussed.