Traits In Common Carp Research Articles

Different quantities of manganese oxide nanoparticles incorporated feed on the growth and haematological traits of common carp Cyprinus carpio var. communis

In recent times, nanoparticles have been used as raw ingredients for biofertilizers, mineral supplements in animal feed, and pharmaceuticals. Manganese plays a vital role in enhancing fish's growth and biological function. The present research work aimed to analyze the various quantities of manganese oxide nanoparticles on common carp growth and its haematological traits. Synthesized manganese oxide (Mn3O4) nanoparticles were illustrated using UV-visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X–Ray Spectroscopy (EDAX), X–Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Six different feeds were prepared by incorporating different quantities of manganese oxide nanoparticles (Feed I (control-0mg), Feed II(3mg/100g), Feed III(6mg/100g), Feed IV(9mg/100g), Feed V(12mg/100g), and Feed VI(15mg/100g)) with common ingredients such as groundnut oil cake, fish meal, tapioca flour, and wheat flour. On the completion of 21 days, feed utilization and haematological characteristics of Common carp were assessed. The UV-Vis showed that manganese oxide nanoparticles exhibit strong adsorption peaks at 220nm. SEM image observed at the wavelength range from 9.22 nm to 9.35 nm. The size of the particles was in the 45-55 nm range. The EDAX spectrum recorded two peaks between 0.40 and 6 kev. The XRD graph shows that the diffraction peaks are indexed as 103, 004, 213, 204, 303, and 215. FT-IR spectrum measured at the wavelength range from 500-4000cm-1. Most of the growth parameters and haematological parameters were higher in feed III, containing 6mg of Manganese oxide nanoparticles. Therefore, results show that manganese oxide incorporated feed enhances the growth and haematological traits in common carp compared to control feed.

Elite allele mining for growth rate traits in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) by association analysis

Growth is one of the important economic traits to be improved in the breeding of common carp, yet the genetic basis in it remains unclear. In this study, a GoldenGate assay containing 1,536 SNP was used to genotype a full-sib panel of 68 individuals of mirror carp Cyprinus carpio. Association studies were carried out between SNP and growth rate for three consecutive months of the panel. 15 loci significantly associated with growth rate were identified using the general linear model and the mixed linear model, which located in eight chromosomes (chr6, 8, 9, 11, 20, 28, 32 and 35) and four scaffolds (scaffold902, 28835, 29008 and 29015). The phenotypic variance of these associated loci ranged from 6.4% to 19.2%. The elite alleles were mined based on the average phenotypic allele effect (AAE) of each allele. 15 elite alleles were screened out with 6.60% higher than the average phenotypic allele and 16.88% higher than the non-elite ones among the four traits. Meanwhile, 15 candidate genes were scanned and annotated. The loci and elite alleles of growth rate identified may facilitate marker-based breeding for rapid growth in common carp.

RELATIONSHIP OF GROWTH HORMONE GENE WITH SOME OF PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF COMMON CARP Cyprinus carpio.L

This study was carried out at Al-Radhwaniyah fish Reservoir (Baghdad) to investigate the polymorphism of GH gene and relationship with some of productive characteristics (total weight gain (T.W.G), daily growth rate (D.G.R), relative growth rate (R.G.R) and specific growth rate (S.G.R) in common carp. single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) in GH gene was analyzed by direct sequencing. Two SNP were identified in the third intron of GH1, the first SNP at site A1132T was negative correlated with growth traits, AA Genotype (wild) was significant(p<0.05) correlated with growth traits. The second SNP was happened at site of G1217T, any genotype significantly does not correlated with growth traits. the study summarized that identification of SNPs associated with growth performance can be candidate as genetics markers in marker-assisted selection (MAS) programs for improving growth traits in common carp.

Genetic Mapping of Head Size Related Traits in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio)

Head size is important economic trait for many aquaculture fish which is directly linked to their carcass yield. The genetic basis of head size trait remains unclear in many widely cultured fish species. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is one of the most widely studied fish due to its importance on both economic and environmental aspects. In this study, we performed genome-wide association study using 433 Yellow River carp individuals from multiple families to identify loci and genes potentially associated with head size related traits including head length (HL), head length/body length ratio (HBR), eye diameter (ED), and eye cross (EC). QTL mapping was utilized to filter the effects of population stratification and improve power for the candidates identification in the largest surveyed family with a published genetic linkage map. Twelve SNPs showed significant for head size traits in GWAS and 18 QTLs were identified in QTL mapping. Our study combining both GWAS and QTL mapping could compensate the deficiency from each other and advance our understanding of head size traits in common carp. To acquire a better understanding of the correlation between head size and body growth, we also performed comparisons between QTLs of head size traits and growth-related traits. Candidate genes underlying head size traits were identified surrounding the significant SNPs, including parvalbumin, srpk2, fsrp5, igf1, igf3, grb10, igf1r, notch2, sfrp2. Many of these genes have been identified with potential functions on bone formation and growth. Igf1 was a putative gene associated with both head size and body growth in Yellow River carp. The teleost-specific igf3 was a candidate head size related gene, related to both HL and HBR. Our study also indicated the importance of Igf signaling pathway for both growth and head size determination in common carp, which could be potentially used in future selective breeding in common carp as well as other species.

Polymorphisms of the candidate genes associated with the growth traits in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Polymorphisms of the candidate genes associated with the growth traits in Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Significant associations of polymorphisms in the growth hormone gene with growth traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)

The growth hormone (GH) gene is considered to play an important role in the growth of fish. In this study, the common carp GH gene was characterized to detect gene variation at these loci in relation to economic traits in common carp. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in GH gene, while they were all missense mutations. Statistical analysis indicated that the GH polymorphism was significantly associated with the body length, body weight, AGR and SGR in common carp.

QTL mapping for economically important traits of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) were analyzed for three economically important traits, i.e., body weight (BW), body length (BL), and body thickness (BT), in an F1 family of common carp holding the 190 progeny. A genetic linkage map spanning 3,301 cM in 50 linkage groups with 627 markers and an average distance of 5.6 cM was utilized for QTL mapping. Sixteen QTLs associated with all three growth-related traits were scattered across ten linkage groups, LG6, LG10, LG17, LG19, LG25, LG27, LG28, LG29, LG30, and LG39. Six QTLs for BW and five each for BL and BT explained phenotypic variance in the range 17.0-32.1%. All the nearest markers of QTLs were found to be significantly (p ≤ 0.05) related with the trait. Among these QTLs, a total of four, two (qBW30 and qBW39) related with BW, one (qBL39) associated with BL, and one (qBT29) related to BT, were found to be the major QTLs with a phenotypic variance of >20%. qBW30 and qBW39 with the nearest markers HLJ1691 and HLJ1843, respectively, show significant values of 0.0038 and 0.0031, correspondingly. QTLs qBL39 and qBT29 were found to have significant values of 0.0047 and 0.0015, respectively. Three QTLs (qBW27, qBW30, qBW39) of BW, two for BL (qBL19, qBL39), and two for BT (qBT6, qBT25) found in this study were similar to populations with different genetic backgrounds. In this study, the genomic region controlling economically important traits were located. These genomic regions will be the major sources for the discovery of important genes and pathways associated with growth-related traits in common carp.

A novel 79-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in 3′-flanking region ofIGF-Igene is associated with growth-related traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpioL.)

Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) participates in the modulation of the cellular development, differentiation and proliferation in various vertebrate tissues. Therefore, variations in IGF-I gene are good candidates as growth regulators. In this study, a novel 79-bp insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism was identified in 3′-flanking region of IGF-I gene by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing approaches in common carp Cyprinus carpio. To gain insight into the association of the 79-bp I/D polymorphism with growth-related traits, a total of 747 individuals from Heilongjiang carp Cyprinus cario haematopterus (YL) (n = 263), selective line of German mirror carp Cyprinus carpio L. mirror (JL) (n = 229), and cold-resistance line of Hebao red carp Cyprinus carpio var. wuyuanensis (HL) (n = 255) were genotyped. The DD genotype of the polymorphism was significantly associated with higher body length (135), body weight (325, 385, and 445 days), net weight (445 days) and lower overwintering body loss rate in JL. In addition, in pooled population (YL+JL+HL), fish with DD genotype also showed significantly higher body weight (445 days) and net weight (445 days) than those with II genotype. Taken together, these results suggest that the novel polymorphism in IGF-I gene could be considered as a potential genetic marker for selection of growth performance in common carp.

Genetic map construction and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis on growth-related traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) is one of the most widely distributed freshwater species in the world with important values in aquaculture, however, its quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated to growth-related traits have been rarely identified. In this study, using F2 populations derived from a cross between Purse red common carp (C. carpio var. wuyuanensis) and Xingguo red common carp (C. carpio var.singuonensis), a genetic linkage map of common carp based on amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and microsatellite (SSR) markers was constructed, meanwhile QTL analysis were conducted for growth-related traits. A total of 347 AFLP and 22 SSR markers were assembled on the map, which comprised 50 linkage groups and covered 5608.1cM Kosambi. A total of 25 QTLs were identified for growth-related traits, including four QTLs for body weight, one QTL for total length, four QTLs for standard length, six QTLs for body height, eight QTLs for caudal peduncle length and two QTLs for caudal peduncle height, which explained 0.05 to 61.40% of phenotypic variation. Meanwhile, comparison of linkage maps between common carp and zebrafish was also conducted, providing a new insight into the genetic base of the QTL affecting the growth-related traits. This study will be useful for conducting marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding programs in common carp. Key words: Cyprinus carpio, F2 populations, amplified fragment length polymorphisms, microsatellite, quantitative traits locus.

A comparison of communal and separate rearing of families in selective breeding of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio): Estimation of genetic parameters

The objective of this study was to investigate ways of improving the selective breeding program for growth related traits in common carp in Vietnam. A base population was established from six carp stocks following a single pair mating scheme. In the next two selected generations (G 1 and G 2) a total of 135 full-sib families were produced in G 1 (107 selection families, produced by 58 sires and 58 dams using a partial factorial mating scheme; and 28 control families, using a single pair mating scheme) and 93 full-sib families produced in G 2 (77 selection families, produced by 33 sires and 40 dams using a partial factorial mating scheme; and 16 control families, using a single pair mating scheme). Each family in G 1 and G 2 was split and reared using communal early rearing (CER) or separate early rearing (SER) methods. Seven microsatellite loci were used for parentage assignment in the CER groups: 96.8% of the offspring (1284 individuals) and 96.2% offspring (1342 individuals) were unambiguously assigned to 113 families in the G 1 and 92 families in the G 2 generations, respectively. Restricted maximum likelihood was used to estimate genetic parameters. The estimated heritability values were 0.25 for both weight and length at final harvest using CER. Higher heritability estimates were obtained in the SER groups, ranging from 0.29 for length to 0.32 for weight at final measurement. The maternal and common environmental effects were consistently close to zero in CER, whereas they ranged from 0.11 to 0.30 in SER. Note that CER conditions are more similar to typical farming practice than SER. The high genetic correlations of growth related traits between the third (one year old, mature) and second (seven months old) measurements could allow selection to be based on the earlier assessment, reducing handling stress close to spawning.

Genetic effects and genotype × environment interactions for growth-related traits in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

A diallel cross was conducted with three variants of red common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis, C. carpio var. wuyuanensis and C. carpio var. color, raised in two separate experimental stations. Additive effects, dominance effects, additive×environment (A×E) and dominance×environment (D×E) interactions of growth-related traits of 8-month-old fish were estimated by using a mixed genetic model. It was found that the traits of body weight (BW), standard length (SL) and pre-dorsal height (PDH) were mainly controlled by dominance effects, whereas they were very weakly controlled by the additive, genotype×environment (A×E and D×E) interaction effects. For the trait of pre-dorsal width (PDW), additive effects were the predominant effects, while dominance and genotype×environment interaction effects were less important. Also, significant D×E interaction effects in BW, and significant A×E interaction effects in PDH and PDW were detected. In all the studied traits, the prediction of genetic merit (breeding values) for the three variants indicated that C. carpio var. color was the best one for genetic improvement through direct selection in different environmental conditions, and the cross combination of C. carpio var. color and C. carpio var. singuonensis was the best for heterosis utilization by hybridization, while C. carpio var. wuyuanensis was the best for improving the body height in red common carp.

Heritability estimates for processing and quality traits in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) using a molecular pedigree

Heritability estimates with a microsatellite parentage assignment based pedigree are of special interest in common carp cultured under traditional pond conditions. This method reduces common environment effects as all families can be grown immediately after hatching mixed in the same pond. We applied this method to study genetics of growth and processing traits in common carp at market size (1.5 kg and more). The experimental progeny was established by crossing 147 two-year old males and 8 females (six to eight-year old) of Hungarian synthetic mirror carp population. The fish grew up through three vegetation seasons and at the end a sample of 331 fish was examined for biometrical traits (standard length, body weight, relative head length, relative body height, relative body width), percent fat and processing traits (% processed body, % fillets with skin, % fillets without skin). It was shown that sex had a significant effect on most traits: females were larger and fatter than males, and they had both higher percent processed body and percent fillet with skin. Standard length, body weight, percent fat and relative head length had a high heritability (> 0.5), while relative body height, relative body width, percent processed body and fillet yields had a medium heritability (0.2–0.5). We found relatively high positive genetic correlations between body size (standard length and body weight) and percent fat (0.71 and 0.59, respectively), favourable genetic correlations between body size and percent processed body (0.69 for standard length and 0.74 for body weight) and between body size and fillet yields (0.50–0.77). Genetic correlations between body size and body shape (relative head length, relative body height and relative body width) were weak to moderate, thus selection for better growth should have little impact towards more rotund shape. Relative head length had strong negative correlation (− 0.7 to − 0.9) with percent fat, percent processed body and percent fillet yields. This means that indirect selection for reduced relative head length should be effective in improving of fillet yield.

Heritability estimates for growth and dress out traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using a molecular pedigree

Heritability estimates for growth and dress out traits in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) using a molecular pedigree

Additive, dominance genetic effects for growth-related traits in common carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Additive, dominance genetic effects were analysed for body weight (BW) and seven morphometric traits from three variants of red common carp, Cyprinus carpio var. singuonensis, C. carpio var. wuyuanensis and C. carpio var. color, based on a diallel cross-mating design by using the additive–dominance genetic model. The results indicated that at 8 months of age (juvenile stage), the traits of pre-dorsal height (PDH), pre-dorsal width (PDW) and caudal peduncle height (CPH) were mainly controlled by additive effects; the traits of BW, total length (TL), standard length (SL), head length (HL) and caudal peduncle length (CPL) were mainly controlled by dominance effects. The narrow-sense heritabilities of all traits ranged from 0.000 to 0.556; however, the broad-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.453 to 0.775. At 20 months of age (adult stage), the traits of TL, SL, PDH and CPL were mainly controlled by additive effects, whereas the traits of BW, PDW, HL and CPH were mainly controlled by dominance effects. The narrow-sense heritabilities of all traits ranged from 0.000 to 0.710; the broad-sense heritabilities ranged from 0.629 to 0.934. Through the genetic merit prediction from three parents, it was found that the additive and dominance effects of C. carpio var. color could increase the BW and body length in their progeny, but these two genetic effects of C. carpio var. singuonensis and C. carpio var. wuyuanensis could decrease BW in their progeny. The genetic effects of C. carpio var. wuyuanensis could reduce total length, SL and caudal peduncle length, but increase body height in their progeny.

A genetic linkage map of common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.) And mapping of a locus associated with cold tolerance

A genetic linkage map has been constructed for the common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). The segregation of 272 markers, including 105 gene markers, 110 microsatellites, and 57 RAPD markers was studied in a panel with 46 haploid embryos derived from a single hybrid female. The hybrid was produced by crossing a common carp ( C. carpio L.) and a Boshi carp ( Cyprinus pellegrini pellegrini Tchang). A genetic linkage map was constructed using the panel and 268 markers. The map spans 4111 cm over 50 linkage groups covering the 50 chromosomes of this species. A locus associated with the cold tolerance trait of common carp was mapped on linkage group 5. This map is a starting point for further mapping quantitative traits loci (QTL) linked to important economic traits in common carp.