Trait Forgiveness Scale Research Articles

Attachment Patterns, Dispositional Forgiveness, and Perceived Social-Support among Emerging Adults

The present study examined the relationship among attachment patterns, dispositional forgiveness, and perceived social support of emerging adults and probed into whether there existed any difference, in terms of gender or relationship status, in their attachment patterns. The participants (N=201) aged 18-25 years, were recruited on-line and completed the Revised Adult Attachment Scale: close relationship version (RAAS), Trait Forgiveness Scale (TFS), and the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support Scale (MSPSS). Data analyses using non-parametric tests revealed significant positive relationship among attachment patterns barring anxious attachment, to dispositional forgiveness and perceived social support of young adults. Anxious attachment was negatively correlated with perceived social support and had no relationship to dispositional forgiveness. No significant gender difference or relationship status difference in adult attachment patterns were observed. The intricacies in attachment patterns, dispositional forgiveness, and perceived social support and how it affects the interpersonal interactions of young adults are highlighted.

The interaction between forgiveness and resentment on mental health outcomes: two sides of the same coin?

ABSTRACT Forgiveness is a foundational tenet across all religions that has consistently been shown to be related to positive health outcomes. Although specific theoretical dimensions of “forgiveness” have been proposed (e.g., decisional, emotional, dispositional), there is limited evidence to suggest that they are statistically distinct constructs. However, a recent factor analysis (Yoon et al., 2022) indicated that a frequently used measure of forgiveness (i.e., Trait Forgiveness Scale) is composed of statistically distinct behavioral (i.e., willingness to forgive) and affective dimensions (i.e., resentment). Given this finding, the current study determined how these empirically distinct constructs interact to influence health. Based on 322 primarily Christian undergraduate students the results indicated: 1) willingness to forgive and resentment are significantly negatively correlated but distinct constructs; 2) religiosity is related to forgiveness but not resentment; 3) forgiveness, resentment, and their interaction are all significantly related to mental (but not physical) health; and 4) resentment partially negates the positive effects of willingness to forgive on mental health. Overall, the results suggest the need to differentiate behavioral and affective dimensions of forgiveness, that religious beliefs may promote forgiveness but not reduce resentment, and that both willingness to forgive and reducing resentment are important in promoting positive health.

Effects of Emotionally Focused Therapy on Sexual Assertiveness, Marital Forgiveness, and Marital Harmony in Maladjusted Couples

Background: Marital maladjustment can have negative consequences for couples’ health and relationships. The present study aims to determine the effect of emotionally focused couple therapy (EFT) on sexual assertiveness, marital forgiveness, and marital harmony in maladjusted couples. Methods: This was an experimental study based on a pretest-posttest design with control and experimental groups. The statistical population consisted of all maladjusted couples visiting the counseling centers of Behbahan City, Iran in 2020. A total of 30 couples were selected from this population as the sample through convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 couples in each group). The participants in the experimental group received eight 120-minute sessions of Greenberg’s EFT. The research instruments included the sexual assertiveness questionnaire, trait forgiveness scale, and marital harmony scale. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way and multivariate analyses of variance via the SPSS software, version 25. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the experimental and the control group in terms of sexual assertiveness, marital forgiveness, and marital harmony (P<0.001). EFT significantly increased the sexual assertiveness, marital forgiveness, and marital harmony of couples in the experimental group. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated the positive effects of EFT on sexual assertiveness, marital forgiveness, and marital harmony of maladjusted couples. Therefore, the EFT can be recommended as an effective intervention to improve sexual assertiveness, marital forgiveness, and marital harmony in couples with marital conflict.

The Evaluation of Forgivingness, Patience, Positivity and Mental Well-Being in Fibromyalgia Patients.

A versatile and comprehensive approach is required for the treatment of Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), which is characterized by multiple physical and psychological symptoms. Highlighting the psychopathology of FMS, might enable us choosing more suitable treatments. From these perspective, we planned to search the cha-racter strength and somepersonality traitsas Forgivingness, Patience, Positivity and Mental Well-Being, which are not searched before in FMS patients. Female patients with widespread musculoskeletal pain meeting the ACR 2010 Fibromyalgia criteria and age- and sex-matched control group were included to the study. All participants were asked to complete a semistructured sociodemographic and clinical data form. The Revised Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire (FIQR) was filled. Trait Forgivingness Scale (TFS), 3-Factor Patience scale, Positivity scale and Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (WEMWBS) were performed. A total of 50 female patients with FMS and 36 age- and sex-matched healthy controls were evaluated. The scores of WEMWBSand Positivity Scale were significantly low in FMSgroup (p<001, p<0.001). There were no statistically significant difference in TFSand 3-FPSscores (p=0.751,p=0.364, respectively) (Table 2). There were no statistically significant correlation between parameters in FMS group. The study provides useful insights into the domains of some personality traits of FMS patients. Altough positivity and mental well being were found significantly low, there were no difference in patience and forgivingness.

Comparing effectiveness of the religion-based forgiveness training and the fairness-based contextual therapy on improvement of anger and forgiveness of cheated women in Ahvaz

Aim: The current research aimed to compare the effectiveness of the religion-based forgiveness training and the fairness-based contextual therapy on improvement of anger and forgiveness of cheated women in Ahvaz. Method: The research design was experimental with pre- and post-tests and control group. The statistical population of the research included all cheated married women in Ahvaz city among whom 45 were recruited using available sampling method and equally, randomly assigned to either the religion-based forgiveness training (experiment 1), the fairness-based contextual therapy (experiment 2), or control group. The subjects answered the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) and the Trait Forgivingness Scale (Berry, et al., 2005). Each experiment group received he related sessions according to their manuals meanwhile the control group received no intervention at all. The data were analyzed using univariate, multivariate analysis of covariance, Bonferroni post-hoc, and SPSS-26. Results: The MANCOVA results showed statistically significant differences between the posttests. The results of Bonferroni test showed that the religion-based forgiveness training AND the fairness-based contextual therapy decreased the betrayed women’s anger (p &lt; .001) and increased their forgiveness (p &lt; .001). However, there were no significant differences between the two methods in terms of anger (p = .417) and forgiveness (p = .405). Conclusion: According to the results, therapists can use either religion-based forgiveness training or fairness-based contextual therapy to help betrayed women’s anger and forgiveness toward their husbands successfully.

Self-Compassion and Forgiveness among Senior High School Students: A Correlational and Comparative Study

The problem of low self-compassion and forgiveness in schools causes students to often feel stress and depression, blame themselves, and label themselves to do self-harm. The inability to accept oneself leads to the rejection of unpleasant experiences, failure, and imperfection. This study aims to examine the relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness among students at three Senior High Schools located in the City of Semarang, Indonesia. There were 178 students who were involved in this study with the age range from 14 to 17 years old. The authors used the self-compassion scale, which has 26 items by measuring six sub-aspects including self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification. The author used 10 items of the trait forgiveness scale (TFS). The results showed that there is a positive relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness and showed no differences between self-compassion and forgiveness when viewed by gender.

Gender differences in the mediating effects of emotion-regulation strategies: Forgiveness and depression among adolescents

We explored whether emotion-regulation strategies play a mediating role between trait forgiveness and depression, and whether there are gender differences in the mediating effects of distinct emotion-regulation strategies. Senior high-school students (N = 1127) completed the Trait Forgivingness Scale (TFS), the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale (ZSDS). Multiple mediation effect analyses showed that cognitive reappraisal and expression suppression partially atemporal mediated the association between trait forgiveness and depression. Additionally, the mediating effect of cognitive reappraisal in girls was significantly greater than that in boys. Our findings clarify the underlying emotion-regulation process between trait forgiveness and depression in adolescents.

MEDIATION EFFECT OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR ON THE CONNECTION BETWEEN TRAIT FORGIVENESS AND INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIP

Interest in forgiveness has explored in recent years as researchers and clinicians beg a n to recognize its value for maintaining emotional well-being, physical health, and healthy intimate relationships. Individuals who tend to adopt forgiving rather than revengeful strategies generally have less aggressive behaviours and better interpersonal relationships with others. We hypothesized that an individual’s interpersonal relationship could be predicted by his/her trait forgiveness and aggressive behaviour. We tested this hypothesis using a survey, in which five hundred and thirty-eight college students (195 males and 343 females) from five universities in China were investigated with Trait Forgiveness Scale (TFS), Interpersonal Disturbance Scale (IDS), Social-support Scale (SS) and Aggression Questionnaire (AQ). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were adopted to analyse the data of survey in SPSS 21. Results indicated that (a) significant gender differences existed in trait forgiveness, that is, trait forgiveness of female students was significantly higher than that of male students ( t = -2.252, p < 0.05); (b) trait forgiveness positively correlated with social support (r = 0.27 ， p< 0.001), and negatively correlated with interpersonal disturbance ( r = -0.35 ， p < 0.001) and aggressive behaviours ( r = -0.40 ， p < 0.001); (c) trait forgiveness was the best predictor of interpersonal relationship; (d) aggressive behaviour served as a partial mediator variable between trait forgiveness and interpersonal relationship. These results imply that although trait forgiveness and aggressive behaviour both affect an individual’s interpersonal relationship, the affecting paths were different. Trait forgiveness may directly affect interpersonal relationship, or indirectly through aggressive behaviour.

THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN TRAIT FORGIVENESS AND MENTAL HEALTH: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF RUMINATION

Trait forgiveness is a tendency to forgive others across a wide range of interpersonal circumstances. Though there is growing evidence to suggest that failure to forgive is closely related to indicators of poor mental health as depression, anxiety and anger, less attention has been paid to the relationship between trait forgiveness and mental health. In order to study the mechanism of the relationship of these two variables, we introduce rumination as a third variable, which has been proved to correlate negatively with state forgiveness and positively with mental health problems. We hypothesized that an individual’s mental health could be predicted by his/her trait forgiveness and rumination. We tested this hypothesis using a survey, in which five hundred and thirty-seven college students (175 males and 362 females) from five universities in China were investigated with Trait Forgiveness Scale (TFS), Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), Centre for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Trait Anger Scale (TAS). Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were adopted to analyse the data of survey with SPSS 21. Results indicate that (a) significant gender difference exists in trait forgiveness, that is, trait forgiveness of female students is significantly higher than that of male students ( t = -2.06, p < 0.05); (b) students in Low Forgiveness Group (the Lower 27%) have higher scores of depression, anxiety and anger than those in High Forgiveness Group (the Upper 27%)( t = -5.86, -6.07 and -7.48 ， respectively, ps < 0.001); (c) trait forgiveness negatively correlates with rumination ( r = -0.21, p < 0.001), depression ( r = -0.30, p < 0.001), anxiety ( r = -0.31, p < 0.001) and anger ( r = -0.34, p < 0.001), while rumination positively correlates with depression ( r = 0.61, p < 0.001), anxiety ( r = 0.55, p < 0.001) and anger ( r = 0.36, p < 0.001); (d) among the predictive variables, trait forgiveness is the best one, which accounts for 8.7% ， 9.5% and 11.6% of the variation in depression, anxiety and anger; (e) rumination serves as a partial mediator variable between trait forgiveness and mental health. These results imply that although trait forgiveness and rumination both affect mental health, the affecting paths were different. Trait forgiveness may affect mental health directly, or indirectly through rumination.

Trauma and well-being in colombian disaster contexts: effects of religious coping, forgivingness, and hope

ABSTRACT These two cross-sectional studies examined whether trauma impacts disaster survivors’ psychological well-being through its influence on positive and negative religious coping and on dispositional forgivingness and hope. Colombia was selected because it is a highly religious country that has endured a protracted armed conflict (1964-present) and recent, devastating natural disaster (2017 Mocoa landslide). Study 1 focused on 272 conflict survivors in Monteria; Study 2 focused on 1,651 landslide survivors. All participants completed Spanish versions of the PTSD CheckList-5, Kessler-10, Brief RCOPE, Trait Forgivingness Scale, Herth Hope Index, and Positive Psychotherapy Inventory. In Study 1, survivors’ trauma contributed to greater negative religious coping, then to lower dispositional forgivingness and hope, and ultimately to lower well-being. Study 2 results replicated this finding and also revealed evidence that survivors’ trauma contributed to higher positive religious coping, then greater dispositional forgivingness and hope, and ultimately better well-being. Implications for disaster research and practice are discussed.

Development of the Collectivist-Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale.

Mounting evidence suggests that experiences of forgiveness vary across cultures. However, culturally sensitive conceptualizations of forgiveness lack empirical support, in part because psychometrically sound instruments designed to capture unique aspects of forgiveness in non-Western cultures are rare. For this reason, we developed the Collectivist-Sensitive Trait Forgivingness Scale (TFS-CS), which is designed to measure trait forgivingness within societies characterized by a blend of individualistic and collectivistic worldviews. In Study 1 (N=597), exploratory factor analysis revealed a 16-item three-factor structure of third-party forgiveness, collectivistic forgiveness, and interpersonal resentment among South Africans. In Study 2 (N=897), the three-factor model replicated in an independent South African sample. Findings also offered preliminary evidence supporting the construct validity of the TFS-CS. Overall, these studies support a conceptualization of trait forgivingness with similarities and differences relative to Western models and highlight the importance of appreciating the influence of culture when measuring forgiveness.

Measuring forgiveness among Iranian adolescents: Evaluation of psychometric properties of Persian version of transgression-related interpersonal motivations inventory

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations Inventory-18 among an Iranian sample. The instrument has been used and studied mainly on adult samples in different cultures. The current study seeks to expand the application of this questionnaire to include Iranian adolescents. A total of 412 students within from 13-to-18-year-old age range participated in this study. Transgression-Related Interpersonal Motivations, Anger Rumination Scale, Trait Forgiveness Scale, and Batson Empathy Adjectives were the data collection instruments used in this study. CFA and EFA were conducted for testing the factorial structure and its psychometric properties and reliability were examined. EFA revealed three factors and confirmatory factor analysis supported the model. The TRIM showed good internal consistency, with Cronbach’s alphas for the subscales ranged from .78 to .84 and .90 for the total. The convergent and divergent validity of the scale was indicated by significant relationships between its underlying dimensions with empathy, anger rumination, and trait forgiveness. The findings of this study showed that TRIM-18 is a valid and reliable instrument for measuring forgiveness in adolescents, and Iranian researchers and clinicians can use this instrument for therapeutic and research purposes.

The Relationships between Positivity, Forgiveness, Happiness, and Revenge

Vengeance is negative structure for interpersonal relationship and personality. Therefore, alternative models should be developed for lessening it. The basic purpose of this study was to examine the probable relationships between forgiveness, positivity, happiness, vengeance in university students. Participants were 330 (167 females, 163 males) university students in Turkey who volunteered to take part in this study. All of the participants were either 22 or 39 years old, with a mean age of 28.65 years. For gathering data, Oxford Happiness Questionnaire-Short Form, Positivity Scale, Trait Forgiveness Scale and Vengeance Scale were used. While analyzing the data, Independent sample t test, Pearson correlation analysis, and Multiple Regression analysis were used. According to the findings, there were statistical significant relationships between forgiveness, positivity, happiness, and vengeance. In other words, vengeance had negative links with forgiveness, positivity, happiness. Findings of multiple regression analysis indicated that the increase of forgiveness, positivity, and happiness lead to reduction of vengeance.

Bullying, Forgiveness and Submissive Behaviors in Gifted Students

The study aimed to add new evidence to the research base by comparing gender, bullying, victimization, submissive behavior, and forgiveness between gifted and non-gifted students. Data were obtained from 284 (142 gifted, 142 non-gifted) middle school students in Turkey. The Submissive Acts Scale, Peer Bullying Scale-Child Form, and Trait Forgiveness Scale were administered for data collection. For the data analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation analysis, MANOVA, and regression analysis were used. Research findings showed that there was a statistical difference between gifted and non-gifted student’s peer bullying, victimization, submissive behavior, and forgiveness levels. Gifted males had more peer bullying levels, but gifted females had more peer victim levels than gifted males. Bullying was negatively correlated with victimization, forgiveness, and submissive behaviors. However, submissive behaviors were positively related to the peer victim and forgiveness in gifted students. Victimization, submissive behaviors, and forgiveness were predictors of bullying in gifted students.

Resentment or Forgiveness? The Assessment of Forgivingness Among Italian Adolescents

Forgivingness, or the dispositional tendency to forgive, is an enduring tendency to forgive transgressions across situations and over time. It can be distinguished from state-forgiveness, which refers to the experience of forgiveness in specific situations. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Trait-Forgivingness Scale (TFS) in Italian adolescents. Participants were 921 middle and high school students (58% females), ranging from 12 to 19 years of age (M = 15.9, SD = 2.04). The results of Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) supported the one-factorial structure of the scale, and showed an acceptable measurement invariance across gender and a partial invariance of the scales across age. Correlations supported the scales’ construct and discriminant validity. The correlation between the TFS and other indicators of forgiveness ranged from strong to moderate supporting its convergent validity. The Italian version of the TFS presents good psychometric properties and therefore can be considered a reliable and valid instrument.

Relation Between Lack of Forgiveness and Depression: The Moderating Effect of Self-Compassion.

Although an association between lack of forgiveness and poor mental health is known, prior studies have reported mixed findings of the relationship between lack of forgiveness and depressive symptoms. In an attempt to explain the strength differences between lack of forgiveness and depressive symptoms, this study examined the moderating effect of self-compassion. A total of 311 Korean teachers (89 men, 222 women; M age = 39.3 year, SD = 9.1) were asked to complete self-report questionnaires, including the Korean versions of the Trait Forgivingness Scale, the Self-Compassion Scale, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Moderated multiple regression was used for analysis, and a buffering interaction of self-compassion was discovered. Specifically, self-compassion moderated the relationship between lack of forgiveness and depression; the relationship was stronger for those low on self-compassion.

Investigating the Mediator role of Social Safeness on the Relationship between Forgiveness and Life Satisfaction

&lt;p&gt;The aim of the present study is to examine the mediating effect of social safeness on the relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction. Participants were 311 university students who completed a questionnaire package that included the Trait Forgiveness Scale, the Social Safeness and Pleasure Scale, and the Life Satisfaction Scale. According to the results, social safeness and life satisfaction were predicted positively by forgiveness. On the other hand, life satisfaction was predicted positively by social safeness. In addition, social safeness mediated on the relationship between forgiveness and life satisfaction. The results were discussed in the light of the related literature and dependent recommendations to the area were given.&lt;/p&gt;

Development of Japanese measures of reconciliatory tendencies: The Japanese trait forgivingness scale and the Japanese proclivity to apologize measure

Development of Japanese measures of reconciliatory tendencies: The Japanese trait forgivingness scale and the Japanese proclivity to apologize measure

Predictive Effects of Subjective Happiness, Forgiveness, and Rumination on Life Satisfaction

I evaluated the predictive effects of subjective happiness, forgiveness, and ruminative thought style on life satisfaction with a sample of 380 Turkish university students aged between 18 and 25 years. Participants completed the Satisfaction with Life Scale, the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Trait Forgiveness Scale, and the Ruminative Thought Style Scale. Results of correlation and multiple regression analyses revealed that forgiveness and subjective happiness were positively correlated with life satisfaction, and rumination was negatively correlated with life satisfaction. The multiple regression analyses also showed that subjective happiness and forgiveness positively predicted life satisfaction, and rumination negatively predicted life satisfaction. Results are discussed in light of the related literature.

Self-compassion and forgiveness: The protective approach against rejection sensitivity

The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between self-compassion, forgiveness and rejection sensitivity. Participants were 496 university students who completed the Self-compassion Scale, the Trait Forgiveness Scale and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire. The obtained data were analyzed with Pearson Moments Correlation Analysis and Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA). In correlation analysis, forgiveness and self-compassion were negatively related to rejection sensitivity, and forgiveness was also associated with self-compassion. According Multiple Regression Analysis results, rejection sensitivity was predicted negatively by forgiveness and self-compassion, and also self-compassion is the best predictor for rejection sensitivity. The findings were discussed in light of the related literature.