Training Series Research Articles

Significance, gaps, and prospects of foresight – lessons from Indonesia

Purpose This study aims to explore some significance, gaps and prospects of foresight both for and as policy in planning and decision-making, as well as an instrument for enhancing the capacity of planners and decision makers in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This study deploys a case study method deriving from the authors’ experience in conducting a series of foresight workshops and trainings in Indonesia. The workshops, which involved government officials from the Ministry of National Development Planning (Bappenas) and the Coordinating Ministry of Investment and Maritime Affairs (KemenkoMarves), were designed with two agendas. First, to apply foresight in the actual process of policy cascading for the formulation of the national long and mid-term development plan (Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Nasional (RPJPN) and Rencana embangunan Jangka Menengah Nasional (RPJMN)). Second, from the process itself, to improve the capacity of government officials in decision-making by using a more explorative method of planning. Findings The result shows that foresight proves to be a useful method that enables a more systematic exploration of events, trends and eventually drivers with which plausible future scenarios could be explored, thus leading to more adaptive policies. With regard to the prospect, foresight is seen as a more inclusive and participatory-based approach, which embraces a robust democratised process of policy construction. However, the practice is also challenging in its nature. Government officials have been prolongedly familiar with positivistic methods, hence considering the application of foresight as an endeavour of a new academic culture of planning, which requires them more time, resources and pondering. Research limitations/implications Considering the methodological prospect and the intrinsic uncertainty of the future, this paper argues the need to nurture planners and decision makers to have the capacity to design more adaptive policies as offered by explorative methods like foresight. Consequently, this is also a call for the Indonesian Government to recognise the significance of the method and to provide relevant institutional support for wider practice, or exploration at the least. However, as a note of limitation, the workshops were conducted only with government officials, thus the result should only represent the point of view of the public sector. Originality/value This paper contributes to the progress of foresight studies by presenting an original case study of the practice in Indonesia. The foresight workshops were facilitated by the authors, thus the insights brought in this paper derive from the first-hand experience of the authors. Moreover, as foresight is considered as a new endeavour in Indonesia, this paper helps provide a key novelty unfolding the reliability and prospect of foresight as an instrument for planning and decision-making.

Diseminasi dan Akselerasi Percepatan Produksi Jamur Tiram Melalui Studi Kasus Mesin Press Baglog Otomatis di UD Zaida Jamur Tiram

The program for implementing this activity aims to accelerate the production of oyster mushrooms at UD Zaida Oyster Mushrooms through dissemination and implementation of an automatic baglog press machine. This activity was carried out in collaboration between a team from the university and UD Zaida, integrating modern technology into traditional production processes. Through a series of training and workshops, implementation partners can operate machines effectively and understand optimal production management. The results of this activity show a significant increase in production capacity, where UD Zaida was able to increase oyster mushroom production output and reduce production waste. This program has also succeeded in increasing the skills and knowledge of workers, while providing a positive impact on the local economy through increasing income and employment opportunities. The dissemination of automatic baglog press machines has proven to be a sustainable solution that drives efficiency and productivity in the mushroom farming sector. This implementation activity recommends expanding the use of this technology to other regions as an effort to support the growth of the oyster mushroom industry at the national level.

Development Of Student Entrepreneurship Skills Through The Independent Entrepreneurship Program At Gadjah Mada University 2023

Entrepreneurship plays an important role in driving economic growth and creating new jobs. Therefore, the development of entrepreneurial skills among students is very important. This study aims to analyze the development of student entrepreneurship skills through the Wirausaha Merdeka program at Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) in 2023. The Wirausaha Merdeka program is a national program that aims to create resilient and financially independent young entrepreneurs. This research uses a qualitative approach method. Data were collected through observation and in-depth interviews with students participating in the Wirausaha Merdeka program at UGM. The results showed that this program has successfully developed various entrepreneurial skills of students, such as managerial, marketing, financial, leadership, and communication skills. Through a series of training, mentoring, and hands-on practice in building a business, students can apply the knowledge gained in real terms. The positive impact of this program can be seen from the increase in students' interest and motivation for entrepreneurship, as well as the emergence of new innovative business ideas. However, there are also challenges such as lack of initial capital and difficulties in reaching a wider market. This research contributes to providing insight into the role of the Wirausaha Merdeka program in developing students' entrepreneurial skills and provides recommendations for future program improvements.

Learning from Practice to Teach for Practice: Reflections from a Novel Training Series for International Climate Negotiators Presentation at PON’s 40th Anniversary Symposium, December 9, 2023

Abstract Early career climate negotiators face tough challenges—with little formal authority they must exert influence in a highly formalized negotiation process that produces bad bargaining dynamics. The authors describe the process of devising a training series for such climate negotiators from underrepresented and underresourced countries. They highlight challenges they faced, and distill lessons learned. Specifically, the article explores how negotiation theory can be made useful for people who are granted little authority to negotiate creatively, how to leverage insights from senior practitioners effectively, and how to train and engage an audience online that is scattered around the world, underpaid, overworked, and dials in with bad WiFi.

Combined immunohistochemical profile CD10/LMO2/MYC is a useful tool to screen MYC rearrangements in aggressive large B-cell lymphomas.

Aggressive large B-cell lymphomas (LBCL) are a heterogeneous group of lymphomas with variable biological characteristics, for which the identification of MYC rearrangements (MYCr) is a defining and prognostic feature. Both the International Consensus Classification and the 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Hematolymphoid Tumors recommend performing cytogenetic studies in all aggressive LBCL to detect MYCr. Since MYCr incidence is low, cost-effective screening tools are necessary. We asked whether the immunohistochemical combined profile of CD10, LMO2, and MYC could be a useful tool to screen for MYCr. For this purpose, we used two strategies: first, a scoring system assigning 0 points each for CD10 - , LMO2 + , and MYC - and 1 point for CD10 + , LMO2 - , and MYC + , adding the results, and second, an algorithm that selected tumors with CD10 + /LMO2 - profile and/or MYC overexpression. All analyses were performed in a training series including 482 cases from a single center and a validation series of 124 patients from two centers. The resulting system classified cases in scores from 0 to 3. Scores 0 and 1 had low MYCr (0/92 and 7/224, 3%, respectively), being higher for scores 2 (40/98, 41%) and 3 (61/68, 90%) (P < 0.001) in the training cohort. The incidence of MYCr in the validation series was as follows: score 0, 0/29 cases; score 1, 3/64 (5%); score 2, 10/23 (43.5%); score 3, 8/8 (P < 0.001). Sensitivity and negative predictive values were respectively 93.5% and 97.8% for the training and 85.7% and 96.8% for the validation cohorts. The algorithm rescued 2 and 1 MYCr cases included in score 1 from both series. In conclusion, we suggest that both approaches combining the interpretation of CD10/LMO2/MYC by immunohistochemistry are useful to screen for MYCr.

Training Community Health Workers to Respond to Public Health Demands

ABSTRACT Background Community health workers (CHWs) connect individuals to community resources and build individual competence in an effort to improve overall community/public health. There is a need for more research on how community health nurse (CHN)-led training programs are needed to help train and support CHWs. Purpose The purpose was to describe the development and evaluation of a series of CHN-led CHW trainings on CHW role, boundaries, and motivational interviewing; diabetes; mental health and long COVID; sexually transmitted infections; and lead poisoning prevention and treatment. Design This study utilized a one-group pretest-posttest design in which quantitative and qualitative data were collected. Methods The sample consisted of CHWs representing White/Caucasian, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latinx, and Asian American populations who for each topic, completed a pretest one week prior to the training, the training, and a posttest one week after the training. The quantitative and qualitative data collected during winter and spring/summer 2023 underwent statistical and thematic analysis, respectively. Findings The results suggest that the CHW trainings were effective overall at increasing participants’ knowledge and confidence in their knowledge levels, as well as comfort with educating community members on various public health topics. Information learned and found most helpful, and application and utilization plans for this knowledge in their work were revealed. Conclusions CHWs are important for disseminating health communication and education among members of their communities, and play a key role in reducing health disparities among at-risk populations. Clinical Evidence CHN-led educational intervention is a strategy to improve CHWs’ knowledge, confidence, and comfort.

Acceptability of dried blood spot collection by primary caregivers of Filipino patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) and phenylketonuria (PKU).

MSUD and PKU require lifetime management hence, regular monitoring of amino acid levels is needed to achieve good metabolic control. Ideally, plasma amino acid analysis (PLAA) is used to monitor concentrations but is expensive and not widely available in local laboratories. The newborn screening program in the Philippines uses dried blood spot (DBS) analysis as an alternative where only trained healthcare providers are allowed to perform the collection at selected facilities. With the increasing number of patients, DBS monitoring has been noted to be delayed due to multiple factors. This issue became even more evident during the COVID-19 pandemic where high-risk patients need to travel outside for blood collection. The study used a cross-sectional study design to determine the primary caregivers' perspective on DBS self-sampling for patients with MSUD and PKU and the acceptability of the samples collected. This was done through a series of collection training, pre-/post- surveys, and 10-item questionnaire, and an in-depth 1-on-1 interview for thematic analysis. The acceptability of samples was processed and evaluated by the newborn screening laboratory. At-home DBS collection by primary caregivers was found to be acceptable. The provision of knowledge and routine collection training by the medical team aids in the increase of sample acceptability as well as a source of empowerment in being equipped to take care of their child. It is highly recommended that DBS samples collected by caregivers be considered acceptable for more time and cost-saving monitoring of the patients' metabolites. This practice also promotes timely and appropriate management which can lead to better patient health outcomes.

The National Counterterrorism Agency's Efforts to Improve Intelligence Institution Collaboration in Countering Terrorism in Indonesia

Lack of intelligence collaboration is considered to be one of the fundamental problems in tackling terrorism in Indonesia. However, amidst the negative attention, there are efforts by BNPT (National Counterterrorism Agency) to improve collaboration between intelligence agencies. By using Weiss's theory to analyze various statements from public officials and state institutions regarding the issue of intelligence agency cooperation in Indonesia, this paper finds two important conclusions. First, efforts to encourage the formation of intelligence collaboration have actually been carried out by BNPT by equalizing perceptions among various intelligence agencies in viewing the problems and issues of terrorism. This is evidenced by a series of training conducted by BNPT in the period 2020-2023 which aims to encourage synergy between intelligence agencies related to terrorism issues. Second, still in line with what Weiss revealed, BNPT's steps with this series of training are inseparable from the external pressure sourced from public opinion in encouraging the formation of cooperation. In this case, the strong public demand for the importance of intelligence collaboration in dealing with the problem of terrorism is inseparable from the intensity of terrorism attacks that occurred from 2016 to 2021. The bomb attacks that occurred during this period led to polemics over the function of intelligence, which in turn shows the importance of intelligence collaboration as an important component of counterterrorism.

Educators’ experiences of using mobile learning as a professional development and knowledge retention tool during the Covid-19 pandemic

This qualitative study intentionally gathered insights from 12 educators of varying seniority across three schools in the Nkangala Education District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, regarding their experiences with mobile learning (facilitated through Microsoft Teams and WhatsApp Messenger) as a professional development and knowledge retention tool during the Covid-19 pandemic. The findings, derived from semi-structured interviews and document analysis, indicated that young educators positively embraced the implementation of Microsoft Teams and WhatsApp Messenger. Senior educators deemed WhatsApp Messenger less intimidating than Microsoft Teams, thereby endorsing it as the preferred medium for professional growth and knowledge retention. This led to a lack of incentive among senior educators to participate in the professional learning events facilitated by Microsoft Teams. Thus, they depended on the supplemental learning information disseminated via WhatsApp Messenger as the principal method for professional development and knowledge retention activities. The research identified multiple obstacles to utilising mobile learning for professional development and knowledge retention, specifically: insufficient ICT skills among senior educators, ineffective content facilitation by subject advisors, and inadequate communication and scheduling of professional development programs. The study advocated for a systematic coordination of: 1) a series of ICT skills training for underqualified educators; 2) peer teaching among novice, mid-career, and senior educators to address internal skills deficiencies; 3) effective communication among the district, circuits, and schools; and 4) skills audits for subject advisors to enhance competency in areas of deficiency. By presenting these recommendations, the report alerts schools, circuits, and districts to the likelihood that the Covid-19-induced adoption of hybrid professional development will become the standard practice.

Photon number adaptive single-photon detection with time-walk passive compensation.

In long-distance laser time transfer, such as satellite-to-satellite and satellite-to-ground, the accuracy of flight time measurement for photon pulses is significantly compromised by the time walk phenomenon, stemming from variations of the incident photon numbers. In this paper, we propose a single-photon detection method, which is adaptive to the photon number, and passively compensates for the time walk effect. This method utilizes a fiber ring to divide an incident photon pulse into a series of photon pulse trains, with each pulse in the train separated by equal time intervals and subject to equal attenuation. The last detected photon pulse in the pulse train can always be attenuated to a single-photon level sufficient to render the time walk effect negligible. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively mitigates the time walk effect across a range of average photon numbers, spanning from 1 to 100. It provides high-precision single-photon detection for laser time transfer in complex and variable environments.

Pembentukan Sanggar Tani Muda Aksatani untuk Mendukung Regenerasi Petani Muda di Desa Sukowiryo, Kecamatan Jelbuk, Kabupaten Jember

Data from BPS (2023) shows that the number of farmers aged 19-39 years is 6,183,009 people or 21.39% of the total number of farmers in Indonesia. Sukowiryo Village is one of the villages that lacks farmer regeneration, which can threaten the sustainability of the agricultural sector. The PPK ORMAWA HIMASETA team held youth community service activities in Sukowiryo Village, Jelbuk District, Jember Regency, from March to August 2024. The community service activity aims to empower the interest and capacity of young farmers in Sukowiryo Village through the formation of a young farmer studio, 'AKSATANI'. The community service activity of the young farmer studio not only aims to be a forum for village youths to learn together but also plays a role in facilitating the development of more productive and sustainable agricultural businesses. The community service method used is the extension method. The AKSATANI program consists of a series of trainings, which include organisational management training, environmentally friendly cultivation, superior commodity processing, and digital marketing. Through the institution of the AKSATANI young farmer studio, the youth of Sukowiryo Village are given guidance in managing businesses, including the application of precision agriculture technology and smart farming. The results of the community service showed that the activities of the young farmer studio succeeded in increasing the knowledge and soft skills of young farmers in running farms.

Abstract C177: Increasing cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV (WLWH) in Jamaica

Abstract Background: Cervical cancer (CCA) is the third most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths among women in Jamaica. Although human papilloma virus (HPV), the primary risk factor for CCA, has a prevalence of 54% among sexually active Jamaican women, HPV vaccination uptake is low, and CCA is often diagnosed at advanced stages due to inadequate screening. Women comprise 50% of persons living with HIV in Jamaica and are about six times more likely to develop cervical cancer than women without HIV. However, despite national guidelines requiring annual screenings, a national audit found that fewer than one-third of eligible WLWH underwent a Pap smear in the past year. Objective: We aimed to address gaps in CCA screening among WLWH attending four large HIV treatment sites in Jamaica through programmatic and operational support integrated into HIV care. Method: Working through the UCSF Jamaica Country Programme, funded by PEPFAR, clinical advisors completed site reviews to identify gaps in the CCA screening process. Critical gaps identified at the four sites included insufficient supplies (speculums, slides, cytology brushes, fixative, Pap smear jackets, and bed rolls), limited provider knowledge, delays in sample processing, and the delayed return of results from the national public health lab. From January 2023 to May 2024, our team provided technical assistance and resources for sample collection, private laboratory testing, delivery of samples, and collection and review of results. Results: Cervical cancer modules were integrated into an ongoing clinical management training series that reached 33 clinicians across multiple sessions. With supportive supervision, the sites strengthened patient notification and sample transportation, that facilitated appointment adherence, timely sample delivery, and prompt collection of results. Clinical advisors further supported site teams to identify abnormal results and ensure timely and appropriate follow-up diagnostic tests and treatment referrals. This intervention supported 656 eligible WLWH to complete Pap smears, with 614 timely results returned to the sites by May 2024. Conclusion: Targeted programmatic interventions can increase CCA screening by improving the availability of Pap supplies, clinic workflow, and operational efficiency within HIV care clinics thereby reaching a population at high risk for CCA. Technical and financial support from donors can be expanded to explore clinic-based models for improving and integrating HPV screening and vaccine uptake among vulnerable WLWH. The impact of these interventions can be tested through quality improvement and implementation science frameworks. Citation Format: Sharlene T Beckford Jarrett, Sasha-Kaye Blackwood, Kimlin Tam Ashing, Kamelia Bryan, Tyrone O Ellis, Jeffrey Edwards, Willi McFarland, Nicola Skyers. Increasing cervical cancer screening among women living with HIV (WLWH) in Jamaica [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 17th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2024 Sep 21-24; Los Angeles, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2024;33(9 Suppl):Abstract nr C177.

4-H Volunteer Training Series: The ABCs of 4-H: A Primer for 4-H Volunteers

This information sheet is the introduction to the 4-H Volunteer Training Series (VTS). The series contains a wealth of information, from how to start a club, to planning field trips, to how to work with youth. This part was originally published in July 2014 and then revised in July 2018. It was updated in the summer of 2023 and is now revised in September 2024.

Analysis of Velocity, Power and Skin Temperature in Paralympic Powerlifting Athletes with Fixed and Variable Resistance.

To analyze the use of currents (VRT) and the traditional method (TRAD) on speed, power and temperature in a training session. Fourteen paralympic powerlifting (PP) athletes took part over three weeks. In week 1, familiarization and 1RM tests took place, and, in weeks 2 and 3, pre- and post-training took place, where the propulsive mean velocity and power and temperatures were assessed before and after, at 24 h and 48 h. There was a difference in the sternal pectoral temperatures before and after VRT (p = 0.040) and at 48 h for TRAD and VRT (p = 0.018); in the clavicular pectoralis before and after VRT and TRAD (p = 0.003); in the anterior deltoid after and at 48 h for TRAD and VRT (p = 0.026 and p = 0.017); and in the triceps after and at 24 h and 48 h between TRAD and VRT (p = 0.005). In the training series, the MPV was significant in TRAD between Set1 and Set5 (p = 0.003), in training (VRT) between Set1 and Set5 (p = 0.001) and in Set5 between the methods (p = 0.047). For power, there was a difference between Set1 and 5 in TRAD (p = 0.016) and VRT (p = 0.002). We conclude that training with currents (VRT) promoted greater muscle fatigue when compared to traditional training.

Experiences in providing a community educational resource for the All of Us Researcher Workbench.

Educational offerings to fill the bioinformatics knowledge gap are a key component to enhancing access and use of health data from the All of Us Research Program. We developed a Train the Trainer-based, innovative training series including project-based learning, modular on-demand demonstrations, and unstructured tutorial time as a model for educational engagement in the All of Us community. We highlight our training modules and content, with training survey data informing cycles of development in the creation of a 6-module training series with modular demonstrations. We have conducted 2 public iterations of the Train the Trainer (Tx3) Series based on survey feedback while training over 300 registered researchers to access and analyze data on the All of Us Researcher Workbench. Future directions of the Tx3 Series include enhanced focus on project-based learning and learner requests for modularity and asynchronous materials access.

Teachers’ Perceptions and Practices in Using ICT for ELT at the Secondary Level

Information and Communication Technology is a daily used material across the globe nowadays which has been recognized to be included in Education field. The study aims at teachers’ perceptions and practices in using ICTs. This study employed a quantitative research design for Data collection among 40 ELT teachers from 9 different rural/municipalities in Sindhuli. The experiences of using different ICT gadgets and digital tools in the ELT were collected using a questionnaire. The findings of the study are that the students seemed eager to learn from the ICT gadgets and digital tools while integrating it into the teaching pedagogies. I report that the ELT teachers have positive experience on using the ICTs. The study further says that 62% teachers are positive towards ICTs usage in the ELT classroom. This study helps the concerned authorities to think about the use of ICT gadgets and digital tools in the ELT classroom. The study recommends that there is a need of a series of training on how to integrate ICTs into the teaching pedagogies.

Designing and delivering climate training for natural resource managers: Increasing climate literacy and action through education and engagement

AbstractResponding to climate impacts and expanding adaptation efforts necessitates getting the right knowledge and tools in the hands of land managers and decision‐makers. In 2022–2023, several regional US Geological Survey Climate Adaptation Science Centers partnered with the US Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) Science Applications Program on the first targeted climate training series designed for the FWS Grassland Ecosystem Team. This training spanned multiple months and formats with self‐paced virtual lessons, webinars, and an in‐person workshop. As the FWS Grassland Ecosystem Team is tasked with conservation planning for grassland birds and other species, the focus of the workshop was an interactive collaborative activity incorporating species adaptive capacity assessments, future climate projections, and adaptation menus into the decision‐making process. Herein, we describe the methods used to design and deliver the training series, as well as lessons learned for future climate literacy programs aimed at natural resource managers.

FP6.9 - Improving Compliance &amp; Implementation of the STAR Score at a tertiary level hospital in India: A continuous process

Abstract Aim To perform an audit to check the Quality and compliance of Surgical documentation using STAR Score at a tertiary hospital in India. Method A total of 90 case files were studied and assessed in detail from all surgical departments. The “STAR: Surgical tool for auditing records” tool was used to collect data accordingly. The results were compared with standard guidelines and further analyzed. A series of departmental training and implementation meetings were carried out. Three cycles were carried out and a re-audit was performed at the end of every cycle. Result The overall compliance score of the hospital was found to be 74%. While the departments of General surgery and orthopaedics showed a higher rate of compliance, each constituting 82%, Neurosurgery showed the least compliance at 62%. It was also seen that the maximum percentage of missing information constituted anaesthetic records and subsequent entries. At the end of 3 cycles, a considerable improvement was observed, with the compliance rate improving to 98% in all departments. Conclusion We believe that compliance and implementation of the STAR Score is mandatory, as it can significantly improve the quality of documentation and can be implemented universally.

Enhancing hypertension education of community health extension workers in Nigeria’s federal capital territory: the impact of the extension for community healthcare outcomes model on primary care, a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundHealthcare workers (HCWs) including community health extension workers (CHEWs) in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria participated in a hypertension training series following the Extension for Community Healthcare Outcomes (ECHO) model which leverages technology and a practical peer-to-peer learning framework to virtually train healthcare practitioners. We sought to evaluate the patient-level effects of the hypertension ECHO series.MethodsHCWs from 12 of 33 eligible primary healthcare centers (PHCs) in the Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria Program (NCT04158154) were selected to participate in a seven-part hypertension ECHO series from August 2022 to April 2023. Concurrent Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria Program patient data were used to evaluate changes in hypertension treatment and control rates, and adherence to Nigeria’s hypertension treatment protocol. Outcomes were compared between the 12 PHCs in the ECHO program and the 21 which were not.ResultsBetween July 2022 and June 2023, 16,691 PHC visits were documented among 4340 individuals (ECHO: n = 1428 [33%], non-ECHO: n = 2912 [67%]). Patients were on average (SD) 51.5 (12.0) years old, and one-third were male (n = 1372, 32%) with no differences between cohorts in either characteristic (p ≥ 0.05 for both). Blood pressures at enrollment were higher in the ECHO cohort compared to the non-ECHO cohort (systolic p < 0.0001 and diastolic p = 0.0001), and patients were less likely to be treated with multiple medications (p < 0.0001). Treatment rates were similar at baseline (ECHO: 94.0% and Non-ECHO: 94.7%) and increased at a higher rate (interaction p = 0.045) in the ECHO cohort over time. After adjustment for baseline and within site variation, the difference was attenuated (interaction p = 0.37). Over time, control rates increased and medication protocol adherence decreased, with no differences between cohorts. Staffing levels, adult patient visits, and rates of hypertension screening and empanelment were similar between ECHO and non-ECHO cohorts (p ≥ 0.05 for all).ConclusionsThe ECHO series was associated with moderately increased hypertension treatment rates and did not adversely affect staffing or clinical capacity among PHCs in the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. These results may be used to inform strategies to support scaling hypertension education among frontline HCWs throughout Nigeria, and use of the ECHO model for CHEWs.Trial RegistrationThe Hypertension Treatment in Nigeria Program was prospectively registered on November 8, 2019 at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04158154; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04158154).

4-H Volunteer Training Series: How to Start a 4-H Club (for Youth Ages 5-18)

This is one part of the 4-H Volunteer Training series. It was originally written in 2005, adapted in 2014, and updated in 2023.