Training Of Rescuers Research Articles

Practical training of rescuers in high temperature and humidity environments in the training facility

Heat is normally generated as a result of metabolic processes taking place in the body. As a result of muscle activity, when working or exercising, a considerable amount of heat is released. The amount of heat generated is proportional to the intensity of activities. Intervention and rescue activities in special conditions can be carried out exclusively by personnel trained and authorized in this regard, personnel using individual breathing protection equipment. The decisive factor in ensuring the success of an intervention and rescue operation in toxic or chemically aggressive environments resides in the optimal and efficient design of a training process of personnel, in correlation, among others, with their testing in high temperatures and humidity environments. The current paper presents the structuring of rescuers’ physical effort during training, taking into account high temperature and humidity environments, structuring that aims to make the training process of intervention and rescue personnel in toxic / explosive / flammable environments more efficient. The paper analyses a correlation between changes in the physiological parameters of intervention and rescue personnel and different values of temperature and humidity of the training environment.

Advanced methods of practical training of intervention and rescue personnel in toxic / explosive / flammable environments

In the activity of intervention and rescue, practical training has the primary role, thereby making it possible for rescuers to be permanently prepared to intervene in case of major incidents, accidents or events. In addition to classic training methods, namely training carried out in installations within production platforms, equipment endowment of the Rescue Risks Laboratory, allows different modern training scenarios to be developed using virtual reality or the mobile training ground. Virtual reality is increasingly present in training in many fields of activity, considering the fact that in the virtual environment dangers that cannot be created in reality (explosions, fires, falls from great heights) can be easily simulated and, thus, fear of such dangers can be outrun. Endowments of mobile training ground allow training scenarios to be created that emphasize the degree of physical preparation of rescuers, taking into account their physiological parameters that are monitored throughout the entire training. The paper aims to highlight the practical training of rescuers through modern training means resulting in their occupational selection and training of rescue teams that will intervene in critical situations.

Comparative analysis of rescue operations to rescue a victims at a height

A quantitative comparative assessment of the influence of the size of the rescue teams, as well as the level of preparedness of the rescuers-climbers on the time of implementation of various options for rescuing the victim by evacuation in an unsupported space, was carried out, which will contribute to solving the problem of reducing the time of rescue work at height without reducing the level of safety as a personnel rescue teams, as well as victims who require evacuation in an unsupported space. A comparative assessment of various options for height rescue operations was carried out, taking into account both the level of training of rescuers and the completeness of the rescue unit. with the help of both a spinal immobilization shield and rescue stretchers by the personnel of rescuers of the basic and initial level of training in groups of full and part-time staff in accordance with the criteria of Shapiro-Wilkie, Fisher and Student. It is shown that the time distribution of height rescue operations according to the options considered with a significance level of =0,05 can be considered normal. At the same time, the mathematical expectation of the time of height rescue work at height for the specified options differs significantly not only depending on the technical capabilities of the special equipment and safety devices used, but also on the level of preparedness of the rescuer-climber and the size of the rescue team. These properties must be taken into account when drawing up methodological recommendations for performing rescue work at height, as well as professional training of a rescuer-climber. The reliability of the obtained estimates was confirmed by comparison with the results of research conducted in 2018–2019.

Application of Simulation Technologies for Formation of Safety Related Competences

The formation of safety-related competencies is a difficult task. These specific safety competencies, unlike other competencies, are difficult to fully develop by providing safety learners and students. Simulation Technologies could be the solution to make it easier for students to develop competencies related to human safety. In this thesis, the following methods were used: analysis of scientific literature, projective methods, mathematical methods – in particular registration and ranking, theoretical methods including: analysis, synthesis, generalization, comparison, conclusions, modeling, induction, deduction. The study showed that the use of simulation technologies allows creating conditions for the formation of the necessary competencies without increased risk for applicants and others. One of the most promising technologies for the formation of safety-related competencies is the use of virtual reality. The use of simulation technologies in the educational process will intensify it and improve the quality of education. Simulation technologies should take a special place in the training of specialists whose professional activities are associated with increased risk, as well as with significant negative consequences of erroneous decisions, in particular in the training of rescuers, military specialists, police, operators of complex systems (including transport, nuclear, etc.), medical workers, in the aerospace industry, etc.

Information and technical features of the process of managing a natural emergency caused by hydrological and meteorological phenomena in a separate region of mountainous area

Emergency situations are objective (regardless of the attitude towards them) spatio-temporal processes, each of which is conventionally divided into five stages, namely: everyday accumulation of negative factors; extreme development of a negative factor; catastrophic event; elimination of the consequences of this event and their remote consequences. They occur on vehicles, man-made and natural objects, areas of the territory, water basins and in mountains, cities and administrative regions. The type of each emergency is tied to a specific catastrophic event that may occur, is happening or has already happened. The main goal of emergency management is to prevent a catastrophic event, and if it occurs, to minimize its consequences. The task of the management process is formulated by stages of the emergency.The main feature of the soils of the Carpathian Mountains is their relative looseness and water saturation. When additional volumes of the aquatic environment appear, which are set in motion by the forces of gravity, significant hydraulic gradients are created, which lead to landslides, mudflows, collapse of mountain slopes and banks of rivers and streams. Natural emergencies caused by hydrological and meteorological events in mountainous areas have five characteristics. This is the inevitability and suddenness of the onset of a catastrophic event, which can cover an extended territory, be accompanied by great destruction and changes in the terrain. Information and technical features of emergency management in a separate mountainous region include a detailed study of the area and monitoring with the local population, geoinformation modeling of disasters and early preparation of action plans, constant training of rescuers and preparation for the use of new rescue equipment – helicopters.

FORMATION INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS PROBLEM SOLVING EMERGENCY PREVENTION OF NATURAL ORIGIN, CAUSED BY HYDROLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN CERTAIN REGIONS OF THE HIGHLANDS

Roman Gudak, Serghii Iline, Alexandr Soshinskiy FORMATION INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS PROBLEM SOLVING EMERGENCY PREVENTION OF NATURAL ORIGIN, CAUSED BY HYDROLOGICAL AND METEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENA IN CERTAIN REGIONS OF THE HIGHLANDS Based on a comprehensive analysis of natural and climatic features of the Carpathian region of Ukraine, the initial and boundary conditions for solving the problem of prevention of natural emergencies caused by hydrological and meteorological phenomena in a particular region of the mountain area through the use of rescue helicopters. It is determined that the main feature of the soils of the Carpathian Mountains is their relative looseness and water saturation. With the appearance of additional volumes of aquatic environment, which under the influence of gravity, create significant hydraulic gradients that lead to landslides, mudslides, landslides and races of rivers and streams. Emergencies of a natural nature, which are caused by hydrological and meteorological phenomena, in the mountains have five characteristics. This is the inevitability and sudden onset of a catastrophic event, which can cover a long area, accompanied by great destruction and changes in terrain. Features of emergency management in a particular region of mountainous areas include detailed study of the area and monitoring of local information, geo-information modeling of disasters and early preparation of action plans, constant training of rescuers and preparation for the use of new rescue tools - helicopters. As a result, they form a system of initial and boundary conditions for solving the problem of natural disaster prevention in a particular region of the mountain area, namely: initial conditions for solving the problem - a set of conditions that ensure the fulfillment of orders for delivery to the disaster area and evacuation; boundary conditions - are determined by the maximum load of helicopters, weather conditions, flight time and length of routes, the structure of the graph of the flight task plan and the condition of mandatory return of helicopters to base points. Key words: emergency, mountainous region, helicopter, warning task, initial and boundary conditions

Theoretical aspects of professionally applied physical training of rescuers of the Ministry of Emergencies of Belarus

Purpose. Theoretical substantiation of the approaches aimed at transforming the system of professionally applied physical training in the bodies and units for emergency situations of the Republic of Belarus.
 Methods. The study was based on the contents aspects of the pedagogical process aimed at ensuring the effectiveness of the system of professionally applied physical training of rescuers. The following research methods were used: structural and functional, analysis, generalization and systematization, comparison, formalization.
 Findings. The approaches to transforming the system of professionally applied physical training in the bodies and units for emergency situations of the Republic of Belarus are presented. The principles and ways presented in scientific and scientific-methodical literature focusing on the optimization of the content of professionally applied physical training of rescuers at all stages of professional training are generalized. It has been substantiated that each stage of professional development depends on a number of general and particular characteristics. Careful consideration and keeping records of individual characteristics will ensure the effective operation of the rescuer training system.
 Application field of research. The research results can be used in the system of professionally applied physical training of rescuers of the Ministry for Emergency Situations of Belarus.

The use of digital technologies in the professional training of cadets

The modern education system should provide the society with a confident transition to the digital era. Digitalization contributes to the immediate response to any emergency. Consequently, the introduction of digital technologies plays an important role in the training of rescuers. The significance and ways of introducing digital technologies in the process of professional training of universities teaching fire-safety specialists have been analyzed in the article. It is emphasized that the system of training future specialists requires the use of innovative methods of training. The experience of leading universities is analyzed, where various training programs, electronic textbooks and simulation facilities are used. The role of pedagogical technologies based on students’ own activity, interactive communication, teamwork, group and individual reflection is growing. At the stage of the specialist’s training, the situation of possible emergency situations is simulated and the student is placed in conditions in which the personal qualities necessary for professional activity will be developed. The variety of forms for organizing educational activities in the conditions of digitalization will increase significantly, if they acquire a dynamic character (shift groups, spatially distributed training teams, various scenarios of rapid transition from group to individual activities and vice versa).

TRAINING, RE-TRAINING AND CERTIFICATION TRAINING OF RESCUERS OF UKRAINE

The article reveals the content of the concepts of professional training, professional training of ordinary and senior staff. It is noted that the professional training of ordinary and managerial staff involves obtaining professional (vocational) higher, pre-higher, postgraduate education. Professional training of newly appointed members of the rank and file and junior management may be carried out by obtaining professional (vocational) education in the relevant profession. Persons admitted to the civil defense service are sent to study in educational programs of professional (vocational) education after appointment.Training of specialists with professional higher education is carried out in institutions of professional higher education of civil defense according to accredited educational and professional programs developed on the basis of standards of professional pre-higher education.Professional training of ordinary and senior staff can be carried out by obtaining an educational degree at a certain level of higher education and the relevant specialty. Training of specialized specialists with higher education is carried out in institutions of higher education of civil defense, which provide training for accredited educational and professional (educational and scientific) programs developed on the basis of higher education standards.Postgraduate education includes obtaining a second (next) higher education, advanced training, specialization, retraining and internship.Taking into account the analysis of guiding documents and scientific literature, we found the need for conceptual justification and development of a system of professional training of rescuers, their preparation for successful activities during the service, firefighting, emergency response and their consequences.

Підвищення кваліфікації персоналу авіаційного пошуку і рятування на засадах уніфікації освітнього та сертифікаційного процесів

Аналіз результатів пошуково-рятувальних операцій, проведених у разі виникнення авіаційної події, свідчить про недостатній рівень професійної підготовки рятувальників, малоефективну взаємодію між органами управління та силами, які залучаються до авіаційного пошуку і рятування, а також підрозділами, що проводять аварійно-рятувальні роботи. Авторами запропоновані свої погляди на існуючі проблеми та можливі механізми їх розв’язання.

PRACTICAL TRAINING OF PERSONAL OF REGULAR SUBDIVISIONS OF STRUCTURAL UNITS OF OPERATIVE AND RESCUE SERVICE OF CIVIL PROTECTION OF UKRAINE


 
 
 The article describes the contents of the concepts of independent training and official training of the personnel of the units of the Operative and Rescue Service of Civil Protection of Ukraine, describes the practical component of their professional training directly in the units. It is established that the main types of occupations in the system of official training are lectures, seminars, practical classes, tactical-special trainings, control and testing classes. Types of practical training of rescuers are characterized: practical workout of training exercises (exercises and standards on special physical training), working out and correction of documents of operative response (plans, cards), operative-tactical study of service area and objects, solving tactical tasks, night test tactical tasks training, fire and emergency management, tactical training.At the same time, there is a contradiction between the increased level of requirements for the preparedness of rescuers in modern conditions and the traditional system of their professional training, which does not take into account changes in the extension and complication of professional tasks.
 
 

ПІДГОТОВКА ОСОБОВОГО СКЛАДУ ОПЕРАТИВНИХ РОЗРАХУНКІВ РЯТУВАЛЬНИХ ЧАСТИН В СТРУКТУРНИХ ПІДРОЗДІЛАХ ОПЕРАТИВНО-РЯТУВАЛЬНОЇ СЛУЖБИ ЦИВІЛЬНОГО ЗАХИСТУ УКРАЇНИ


 
 
 The article deals with the structure of vocational training and postgraduate education of the personnel of the units of the Operational and Rescue Service of Civil Protection, describes the system of departmental education of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine. On the basis of the analysis of the governing documents and empirical data in the structure of the professional training of the personnel of the guard units of the Operational and Rescue Service of Civil Protection, the author distinguished two components - primary vocational training in the departmental vocational schools and training of personnel directly in the work unit. It is established that for the development of professional knowledge, skills of rescuers, for maintaining a high level of operational readiness of duty guards, in the structural divisions of the Operational and Rescue Service of Civil Protection there is a continuous, year- round training system - independent and professional training. The modern period in the professional training of rescuers is characterized by the lack of a proactive approach, insufficient attention to innovative methods of training the personnel of operational units.
 
 

Morbid obesity impairs adequacy of thoracic compressions in a simulation-based model.

Adequate cardiopulmonary resuscitation is an important predictor of survival, however, obesity provides a significant physical barrier to thoracic compressions. This study explores the effect of morbid obesity on compression adequacy. We performed a prospective randomised controlled crossover study, assessing the adequacy of thoracic compressions on a manikin modified to emulate a morbidly obese patient. Participants recruited from critical care departments were randomised to perform continuous compressions for two minutes on each manikin. Accelerometers were used to measure thoracic wall movement. The primary endpoint was a composite measure of compression adequacy (rate, depth and recoil). Secondary endpoints were the individual components of the composite outcome and measures of perceived effectiveness, fatigue, and pain. One hundred and one participants were recruited. There was a significant difference between the obese and control groups in the composite endpoint (4% versus 30%, <i>P</i> <0.001), as well as the individual components of adequacy (<i>P</i> <0.01 for all). Quartile data showed significant deterioration in adequacy of depth and recoil in both groups, and this occurred significantly earlier in the obese group (<i>P</i> ≤0.001). Participants' perception of effectiveness was significantly lower (<i>P</i> ≤0.001) in the obese group, and levels of fatigue (<i>P</i> ≤0.001) and pain (<i>P</i> ≤0.001) significantly higher. Morbid obesity impairs the adequacy of thoracic compressions for trained rescuers in a simulation-based model. Participants were not fully aware of how ineffective compressions were. There is evidence of earlier fatigue further reducing effectiveness. These findings have significant implications for the training of rescuers in a clinically relevant population and the planning of future research.

ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF CONTEMPORARY PROFESSIONAL TRAINING OF SPECIALISTS OF THE CIVIL PROTECTION SERVICE OF UKRAINE

Authors offer the analysis of research on the issue of modern professional training of specialists of the Civil Protection Service of Ukraine. It was clarified that the professional training of rescuers is the process and the result of acquisition of knowledge, skills and abilities with respect to professional training, education and development with the appropriate educational support. Authors have identified the main approaches to organization of their training, such as the systematic, integrative, differentiated, prognostic, personal and cultural studies, providing performance and pedagogical conditions. These approaches are supplemented by the use of synergetic, managerial, structural and functional aspects in order to implement training. The stated above imposes serious obligations on organization of the educational process, its fundamental and technical support, practical and common culture of the learning environment.

Basic swimming competence of police officers of the Ministry of Interior of Serbia as a basic motor skill required in flood protection and rescue operations

In the course of May 2014 the Republic of Serbia was struck by floods. Police officers of various lines of work make one of the important subjects within the protection and rescue system when we talk about defence from floods. After the detailed analysis of experiences and lessons learned from the participation of the mentioned police officers in protection and rescue operations in May 2014, it was noted that a number of police officers lacked the adequate training required for specific tasks of protection and rescue in emergencies. Swimming represents an integral part of professional training of police officers within the Ministry of Interior of the Republic of Serbia (MoI of RS) and it is very important from the aspect of responding in floods. The research sample included 331 examinees from 21 to 52 years of age, classified into two sub-samples, general duties police officers (PON=139) and border police officers (GP=192). Basic swimming competence of police officers was assessed by swimming 50 m free style (the examinees chose swimming style on their own), and the results are shown through average swimming speed of meters per second (m/s). They were tested for swimming without jumping from the starting block. The PON police officers achieved better swimming results at 50 m than the GP police officers (0.93 vs. 0.88 m/s). The results of single factor analysis of variance ANOVA showed that there were not statistically significant differences in influence of basic swimming competence on the line of work (Sig. = 0.066). Taking everything in account, it can be concluded that the hypothesis that 'general duties police officers will have statistically significantly better results in basic swimming competence compared to border police officers' is rejected, since the general duties police officers achieved better results in basic swimming competence, but not at the level which is statistically significant. In addition to swimming competence, because of floods, there is also a need for training of rescuers at water (basic and advanced levels), in other words the courses for motor boat operators and handlers (including training in rowing), which has already been included into the system of specialist trainings of the MoI of RS.

Performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during prolonged basic life support in military medical university students: A manikin study.

The quality of chest compressions can be significantly improved after training of rescuers according to the latest national guidelines of China. However, rescuers may be unable to maintain adequate compression or ventilation throughout a response of average emergency medical services because of increased rescuer fatigue. In the present study, we evaluated the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in training of military medical university students during a prolonged basic life support (BLS). A 3-hour BLS training was given to 120 military medical university students. Six months after the training, 115 students performed single rescuer BLS on a manikin for 8 minutes. The qualities of chest compressions as well as ventilations were assessed. The average compression depth and rate were 53.7±5.3 mm and 135.1±15.7 compressions per minute respectively. The proportion of chest compressions with appropriate depth was 71.7%±28.4%. The average ventilation volume was 847.2±260.4 mL and the proportion of students with adequate ventilation was 63.5%. Compared with male students, significantly lower compression depth (46.7±4.8 vs. 54.6±4.8 mm, P<0.001) and adequate compression rate (35.5%±26.5% vs. 76.1%±25.1%, P<0.001) were observed in female students. CPR was found to be related to gender, body weight, and body mass index of students in this study. The quality of chest compressions was well maintained in male students during 8 minutes of conventional CPR but declined rapidly in female students after 2 minutes according to the latest national guidelines. Physical fitness and rescuer fatigue did not affect the quality of ventilation.

Introduction use of substitute exercises of transformative orientation in applied swimming training of rescuers

Introduction use of substitute exercises of transformative orientation in applied swimming training of rescuers

In reply: Is Airwayscope more effective than Macintosh laryngoscope?

To the Editor: We thank Dr. Xue and colleagues [1] for interest in our manuscript. They claim that the utility of the Pentax-AWS Airwayscope (AWS) in our simulation was not clinically validated, which is inaccurate for the following reasons. We performed our study in ‘in-hospital’ cardiac arrest simulation, which is apparently different from other ‘outof-hospital’ clinical trials that they cite. In fact, a previous clinical randomized trial conducted in the emergency ward ‘in-hospital’ setting demonstrated the superiority of the AWS [2]. There are several differences between ‘in-hospital’ and ‘out-of hospital’ CPR in clinical setting, resuscitation equipment, training of rescuers, and environmental factors. There are several aspects of the video laryngoscope that warrant improvements for outdoor usage such as in darkness or fog, and future simulations and clinical studies should address these problems [3]. As we describe in the manuscript, a simulation study utilizing a manikin has some limitations. Further clinical studies leading to meta-analysis may clarify the utility of video laryngoscopes in several situations during resuscitation.

Halktan ilkyardım uygulayıcısı eğitimi ve toplu yaşam alanlarında otomatik eksternal defibrilatör (OED)

Lay rescuer training and AED in public area The management applied in the first minutes of sudden life threatening situations affects and determines the survival. Treatable diseases can be managed in emergency departments by association of 112 that held the professional medical support and emergent activation system. The most important key point is the survival of the patient until administration of the professional medical support. This role belongs to the lay rescuer in public. These trainings are afforded nationwide in developed countries and have successful results. The approach and management of public lay rescuer for vital patient were investigated in this review.

Equipment of Medical Backpacks in Mountain Rescue

We conducted a survey of equipment in medical backpacks for mountain rescuers and mountain emergency physicians. The aim was to investigate whether there are standards for medical equipment in mountain rescue organizations associated with the International Commission for Mountain Emergency Medicine (ICAR MEDCOM). A questionnaire was completed by 18 member organizations from 14 countries. Backpacks for first responders are well equipped to manage trauma, but deficiencies in equipment to treat medical emergencies were found. Paramedic and physicians' backpacks were well equipped to provide advanced life support and contained suitable drugs. We recommend that medical backpacks should be equipped in accordance with national laws, the medical emergencies in a given region, and take into account the climate, geography, medical training of rescuers, and funding of the organization. Automated external defibrillator provision should be improved. The effects of temperature on the drugs and equipment should be considered. Standards for training in the use and maintenance of medical tools should be enforced. First responders and physicians should only use familiar tools and drugs.