Child Trafficking Research Articles

Identifying the Challenges in the Detection and Protection of Child Victims of Human Trafficking in Spain: A Case Study of the Southern European Border

Despite the improvements in enhanced child protection, there is an increasing concern about the vulnerability and cases of child trafficking in Spain, the southern gateway to Europe from the African continent. Analyzing 23 interviews with professionals in the field, this article identifies the factors that contribute to high levels of child trafficking in Spain. This study identifies three primary results: (1) The dangers of residential childcare as places of recruitment; (2) The southern European and Spanish border as a place of elevated risk for the recruitment of children; (3) The stereotypes regarding child trafficking make invisible male victims, other types of trafficking for non-sexual purposes, domestic trafficking, and individual trafficking. Therefore, it remains imperative to advance a set of policies that: (i) invest in specific residential childcare resources for child victims either alone or with family members; (ii) invest in smaller residential childcare to prevent abuse; (iii) invest in mentoring programs for children previously under state guardianship; (iv) improve the working conditions and the training of residential childcare staff; (v) increase the visibility and diversity of child trafficking while avoiding stereotypes; (vi) improve the regional coordination; (vii) invest in campaigns to inform children about the dangers involved in running away, exploitation and abuse.

Covid-19 and child trafficking in India: mapping the crisis through media coverage

Covid-19 and child trafficking in India: mapping the crisis through media coverage

Legal aspects of children’s privacy on the Internet: balance between protection and freedom

The article is devoted to the study of legal aspects of protection of personal data of minors in the digital environment. In today’s world, the development of information technologies and the widespread use of the Internet create new challenges for the legal system, in particular with regard to the protection of personal data of children and adolescents. The article analyzes national and international legislation regulating the protection of personal data of minors, in particular the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and Ukrainian legal acts. Different approaches to giving consent to the processing of personal data by minors are highlighted, in particular, the role of parents or legal representatives in this process. Existing methods of ensuring consent, such as double opt-in, as well as challenges associated with the practical implementation of these methods are considered. The article also outlines the risks children face online, including illegal data collection, including cyberbullying, phishing, child trafficking and other threats. The need to implement effective legal mechanisms for the protection of children on the Internet, which ensure both safety and freedom of information activity, is emphasized. Ensuring the security of personal data of minors in the digital environment should become one of the priority tasks of modern legal regulation, which requires a comprehensive approach and integration of the best international practices. The author concludes that the effective protection of children’s personal data requires a balanced approach that would combine a high level of security with respect for the rights and freedoms of the child in the digital environment. Increasing the level of digital literacy among children and their parents, as well as creating an appropriate legal infrastructure, are important factors that will contribute to reducing risks in the digital environment. The integration of such approaches into the national legal system should become a priority to ensure the sustainable development of the information society. Successful implementation of these initiatives will not only reduce potential threats to children, but also contribute to the formation of a safe and responsible information space for future generations.

Exploitation of Children in England and Wales: Barriers to understanding child-centred support service outcomes using two sources of administrative data

Across the UK, the National Referral Mechanism (NRM) is the framework by which those affected, or those at risk of, modern slavery, are referred by ‘first-responders’ (such as the police) to other support services. For children, a key support mechanism is the Independent Child Trafficking Guardianship (ICTG) service, run by Barnardo’s for the Home Office. Administrative data from the NRM and ICTG were utilised in a novel mixed-method study to evaluate child-centred outcomes for children receiving ICTG support. We utilised publicly available NRM data to look at the nature of reported modern slavery between 2017 and 2022. We also negotiated access to Home Office held ICTG service data for the same period. Whilst our findings reveal patterns in the extent of reported exploitation and the nature of service support, examination of the two data sets revealed a number of issues related to categorisation of children, exploitation experiences, and geographical representation that hinder a comprehensive understanding of outcomes for child exploitation and trafficking. Qualitative ICTG data, however, revealed a ‘pyramid’ of support areas that were crucial to supporting positive outcomes, whilst participatory research methods revealed significant positive outcomes for children. The research identified a failure of administrative data to directly collect information relevant to positive child-centred outcomes. The recommendations, detailed within the final report, suggest that there is further work that could be done to improve administrative data collection, and highlight the potential of linked administrative data sources to understand related outcomes, such as health, education and crime/justice.

Prevención de la trata de personas y la explotación sexual comercial infantil en hoteles de cinco estrellas. El caso Bahía de Tangolunda, Oaxaca

Tourism activity can lead to social problems that affect the most vulnerable members of our society; that is the reason there are a series of national and international instruments that protect children and teenagers from human trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. In Mexico, tourism service providers (especially those dedicated to lodging) can follow the guidelines of the National Code of Conduct for the Protection of Girls, Boys and Teenagers in the Travel and Tourism Sector adapted by the Ministry of Tourism (SECTUR), to avoid putting children and adolescents at risk. This qualitative research with a descriptive scope analyzed the processes of five hotels registered in the RNT (National Tourism Registry) as five-star lodging establishments in Tangolunda Bay, Oaxaca. It was found that the five hotels studied followed the six established guidelines, and reached the objectives of this implementation through different means, all of them approved by SECTUR; this institution reported that very few tourist service providers nationwide have established the code for the prevention of trafficking of children and teenagers and the commercial sexual exploitation of children.

Nepali Media in Fulfilling Social Responsibility for Child Rights

News stories on child protection, including child trafficking, prepared by a group of reporters who participated in training on the same theme, resulted in 141 articles in 62 media outlets, both in print and online versions. The study reveals that among the total published news stories, 30.5 percent are related to child sex abuse, follow ed by orientations and awareness programs on child protection issues at 24.8 percent, and trafficking in persons at 10.6 percent (7.1 percent child trafficking, 3.5 percent adult trafficking). One of the issues concerning child protection that has been widely reported, even by reporters who did not participate in the above-mentioned training, is orphanage trafficking. The analysis of selected content from the media outlets, focus group discussions with the reporters who wrote the news, and key informant interviews with their editors reveal that they are willing to collaborate with CSOs and child rights organizations. They consider expert sources and fellowships or grants for story cultivation to be acceptable. However, they stress the need for transparency and the absence of personal interests on both sides during the collaboration. The study also found that there is a practice of providing editorial instructions on reporting issues of child protection. However, almost all media outlets lack written editorial guidelines in this regard.

A Narrative Review of Sex Tourism in India: a Danger that Needs Addressal

Kolkata holds the title for possessing Asia’s largest red light area. Therefore, India is one of the largest booming industries for commercial sex tourism and a transnational crime .Through the review it was analysed that human trafficking and sex slavery is in increased numbers. Various reports/case studies state that missing numbers of women and children are vast in number and included in dark figures of crime. It was also studied that some victims were voluntarily involved in the sex work while mostly children were exploited into the business. This paper explores the dark side of sex tourism in India. This paper is a discussion paper that reviews about sex tourism , activities that run under its shade such as human trafficking and slavery, reasons for this tourism developing in the country and at last recommends key points to deter illegal Sex tourism. Hence this paper highlights the situation of human trafficking of children and women into Sex tourism and gives attention to curb this criminality from the society.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak Jalanan sebagai Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Fisik dalam Hukum Positif dan Hukum Pidana Islam

This study aims to examine the legal protections afforded to children on the streets who have been victims of haram actions from both an Islamic and a positive law viewpoint. Patient samples were collected from residents of Percut Sei Tuan District for this analysis. A variety of institutions and members of the community were interviewed and observed in order to gather data using qualitative methodologies. Law 35 of 2014 provides legal protection for victims of unlawful actions who are minors living on the streets, according to study results. Also included in this statute are measures that govern the proper penalty for offenders. Islamic law, on the other hand, provides a holistic view of the problem of child trafficking by highlighting the significance of human values and fairness in providing protection for these children. The investigation's results shed light on the many legislative safeguards put in place to keep homeless and victimised children safe. In light of this, it is clear that this endeavour is crucial with respect to positive law and Islamic law.

Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic analysis of human values in the film sound of freedom

This research focuses on semiotic analysis of the film Sound of Freedom. This semiotic analysis aims to determine the interpretation and meaning related to the life values of the film. In this research the author uses elements from Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic analysis method, with the limit of semiotic studies to the semantic level. This research is based on the understanding that film is not only a work of art that aims to entertain but can also be a communication medium that indirectly conveys human values. This film is an adaptation of a true story that tells the story of a United States government agent, Timothy Ballard (Jim Caviezel), who uncovers a child trafficking network in Colombia. The research method used by researchers is a qualitative research method using data originating from the results of document analysis and observations of texts. Technical data analysis was carried out using Charles Sander Peirce's semiotic theory. Researchers took Peirce's formula regarding objects which are classified into three, in the form of icons, indexes and symbols which are applied to each scene of the film Sound of Freedom. The results of this research show the human values contained in the film Sound of Freedom semantically. The results of this research show that the film Sound of Freedom contains human values. These human values include Respect for Human Dignity, solidarity, and sucriface for humanity.

The Role of Clientelism in Facilitating Orphanage Trafficking

ABSTRACT Orphanage trafficking involves the recruitment and/or transfer of a child into a residential care facility for a purpose of exploitation, including labor, sexual exploitation and servitude, or child institutionalization for profit. Orphanage trafficking has been recognized as a form of child trafficking under international law and has been increasingly reported in a range of countries, including Cambodia and Myanmar. Despite the growing academic focus on this subject, the specifics of how children are targeted, recruited, and transferred into these unregulated orphanages for exploitation remain largely unclear, as do the precise social mechanisms employed. Drawing on qualitative research, this article delves into the significant role that patron-client relationships play in the recruitment, transfer, exploitation, and concealment of child exploitation within unregulated residential care facilities established for exploitative or profit motives in Cambodia and Myanmar. It reveals how orphanage directors exploit clientelism to circumvent regulations, manipulate and undermine bureaucratic systems meant to protect vulnerable groups, and legitimize illegal activities through a process of formalization. The article explores the implications of the use of clientelism in orphanage trafficking for prevention efforts, child protection governance reforms, and rehabilitation of children whose perception of exploitation and victimization has been shaped by their socialization to clientelism norms.

Raising Awareness about Sex Trafficking among School Personnel.

We aimed to (1) understand the level of knowledge about sex trafficking of minors among school personnel and the determinants of such knowledge and (2) test the efficacy of short educational videos in increasing knowledge (awareness level) about sex trafficking of minors among school personnel. We employed an online survey to gather responses from 741 school personnel living in the US. The McNemar test was used to test for differences in knowledge before and after exposure to the videos. Logistic regression was used to identify predictors of knowledge based on the respondents' characteristics. Predictors of knowledge about sex trafficking were years of experience in working with youth, level of education, and being a female. Exposure to the educational videos improved school personnel's basic knowledge about this crime and interest in seeking additional educational material. School personnel have a high level of awareness of risk factors for sex trafficking but less awareness of the definition of sex trafficking in children. Exposure to short educational videos can increase awareness in the short term. There is a need to develop more comprehensive training initiatives for school personnel on sex trafficking. However, training alone is not sufficient, and there is also a need for developing school protocols and programs to provide adequate support to victims of this crime.

The Challenges of Re-Integrating Survivors of Child Trafficking in Ghana

The Challenges of Re-Integrating Survivors of Child Trafficking in Ghana

The Socioeconomic Factors of Female Child Trafficking and Prostitution: An Empirical Study in the Capital City of Bangladesh

The Socioeconomic Factors of Female Child Trafficking and Prostitution: An Empirical Study in the Capital City of Bangladesh

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK YANG KEHILANGAN ORANG TUA AKIBAT PANDEMI COVID-19

This article discusses one of the impacts of a serious problem that has hit the world, namely the Covid-19 pandemic, the impact of which is extraordinary, hundreds of thousands of people have lost their lives as a result of this terrible pandemic. Indonesia is one of the countries that has suffered enormous losses from the loss of human life and the collapse of the Indonesian economy. Apart from the loss of human life, other sectors such as the domestic and global economy have experienced destruction due to the impact of restrictions on social activities which have brought several economic sectors to a halt. The impact of this pandemic has forced many children in various parts of the world to lose their parents, they experience suffering and sorrow because they have lost the people they took refuge in. They are forced to live a life without their loved ones, they are forced to work to survive, and live a new life with all kinds of risks that they have to face, such as the potential for vulnerability, to experience various forms of violence from people around them who don't care about them. child's condition. The loss of the main guardian, namely parents or grandparents, puts children's future at risk. Without the presence of a guardian, children will have difficulty meeting their needs for clothing, food and shelter independently. Not only that, they are also threatened with losing the opportunity to continue the education they are currently receiving. Children's mental development is disrupted because they lose someone who always gives them attention and affection. Apart from that, they will also be vulnerable to child marriage, child trafficking and other acts of violence and crime. This research is normative legal research with an analytical descriptive approach

Prostitusi Daring: Antara Kemajuan Teknologi dan Dampak Sosial

Digital prostitution is an activity that involves the use of the internet to direct someone to prostitution or digital prostitutes. Because of the very easy and free access, and the existence of websites or forums that specifically focus on the world of online prostitution. Society needs to be aware of the normalization and glamorization of digital prostitution in online culture that can undermine healthy views and values regarding sexuality and relationships. Our research method uses the System Literature Review (SLR) research method. It is important for the government and society to work together to create effective regulations and adequate protection for sex workers. Education and awareness about the risks and social impacts of digital prostitution also need to be improved. It is important to change perceptions and values relating for human integrity and dignity. It has negative impacts on the individuals involved, such as damaging their physical and emotional health, spreading sexuality transmitted diseases, and hindering educational and career opportunities. There are social impacts including the objectification of women and a decline in moral values. The demand for illegal sexual services can also contribute to human trafficking and sexual exploitation of children.

Trafficking in Persons in Situations of Conflict Accountability, Prevention and Protection Gaps

Accountability for trafficking in persons remains limited. The consequences of such continued impunity include limited access to justice and effective remedies for trafficked persons and continuing failures of prevention and protection. UN Security Council Resolution 2331 (2016) recognises that 'trafficking in persons entails the violation or abuse of human rights, and underscoring that certain acts or offences associated with trafficking in persons in the context of armed conflict may constitute war crimes'. Further, it recognises that '[...] trafficking in persons in areas affected by armed conflict and post-conflict situations can be for the purpose of various forms of exploitation'. Despite this recognition, limited progress has been made in promoting accountability and access to justice for victims of trafficking in situations of conflict. This article deals with trafficking in persons in conflict and the failures of protection and accountability; the application of international criminal law to trafficking in persons; child trafficking and the continuing invisibility of child victims; the principle of non-punishment of victims of trafficking; and the gender dimension of trafficking: moving beyond stereotypes.

FREQUENCY OF CHILD TRAFFICKING AND FORCED LABOUR: INVESTIGATING THE PREDISPOSING FACTOR IN CHILDREN’S EDUCATION

The study determined the frequency at which children trafficking and child forced labour activities are being practiced in Osun State, and examined the vulnerability of children trafficked and exposed to forced labour in the study area. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Primary data (quantitative and qualitative) involving the use of questionnaire and in-depth interview guide are sourced. In-depth interview was held with 10 senior members of the Ministry of Women Affairs and Child Development (MWACD), Director General, Deputy/Assistant Director General and Confidential Secretary of National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Person (NAPTIP) and One Divisional Police Officer (DPO). For the quantitative data, 240 copies of semi-structured questionnaire were administered to respondents selected through convenience sampling, from 12 locations in the three senatorial districts. Three instruments were used for the study; namely Forced labour Activities Checklist (CLAC) Osun State Child Trafficking and Labour Control Regulation Questionnaire (CLCRQ) for vulnerability indicators and Detection Strata Interview Guide (DS-IG). The data collected were analysed using appropriate inferential and descriptive analysis. Findings on the frequency at which child trafficking and child forced labour activities are being practiced in Osun State revealed that The Child Acts Law has a stake in ensuring that the menace is reduced. Also, the Osun State government is making effort to bring about a drastic reduction to the issues such as awareness and time-to-time sensitization. Results on the factors predisposing children into vulnerability Osun State revealed that factors such as poverty (x ̅ =1.30), poor parenting (x ̅ =1.32), ignorance / illiteracy (x ̅ =1.35), and parental economic benefits from the act (x ̅ =1.59) frequently predispose children into vulnerability of child trafficking and forced labour in Osun State. The study concluded that child trafficking and forced labour are prevalent and frequent practices in Osun State.Keywords: Child; Trafficking; Forced Labour; Predisposing; Pre-School

Begging for Knowledge in Senegal: Conflicting Understandings and Interests of the Dominant Anti-Trafficking Approach and Quranic Education

Diverse actors, including foreign and national states, international agencies, donors, non-governmental organisations (NGOs), and private ventures, demand, fund, and implement anti-trafficking activities worldwide. Bissau-Guinean Quran schoolboys begging in Senegalese cities are defined as victims of child trafficking, and their teachers as traffickers. This article aims to explore the Quran teachers’ understanding of begging and their response to being accused of child trafficking. It rests on data collected during anthropological fieldwork in Guinea-Bissau and Senegal since 2009, including interviews and participation in religious events. The Quran teachers, some of whom admit colleagues might exploit their students, highlight four aspects of begging: allowing poor populations economically to study the Quran; contributing to humbleness, humility, and empathy with underprivileged groups; redistributing resources across generations; and allowing the acquisition of knowledge, liberation, and power. They maintain that the NGOs are profiting from funds provided to “rescue” the students and act as real traffickers, and together with funders, they aim to eliminate Islam. Embedded in layers of coloniality, the Quran teachers keep their position as community leaders. Banning begging is bound to fail if the anti-trafficking NGOs ignore their understanding of meaningful suffering and begging, including the economic and religious aspects of alms-seeking and its reciprocal nature.

Empowering School Nurses: Enhancing Child Trafficking Awareness and Preparedness in American Public Schools.

Child trafficking poses a momentous public health threat to students in public schools. Although school nurses are exceptionally positioned to identify and respond to trafficking, most lack training and resources in this critical area. This project aimed to evaluate the impact of a multifaceted intervention on school nurse preparedness and practices related to child trafficking in an Oklahoma public school district. The project involved Unbound Now's nationally accredited training program for school nurses, implementation of the Fuentes et al.'s Toolkit for Building a Human Trafficking School Safety Protocol (HTSSP) funded by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, and facilitation of a roundtable discussion to initiate community collaboration. The results of the pretraining Fraley and Aronowitz School Nurses' Awareness and Perceptions Survey (SNAPS) illuminated variations in school nurses' knowledge and awareness of child trafficking, demonstrating the need for continued training. Post-training evaluations exhibited highly positive feedback, suggesting its effectiveness in meeting the training's objectives. Following the community stakeholder roundtable, the lead school nurse employed the HTSSP toolkit and directed efforts in successfully constructing and implementing a district-wide policy of procedures to respond to suspected cases of human trafficking. However, the project's limitations include a small sample and a single-school district focus. Despite these limitations, this project delivers valuable insights into the challenges and opportunities for enhancing school nurse preparedness in addressing trafficking. This project serves as a foundation for future initiatives to improve students' safety and wellbeing in public schools.

Sexual Exploitation in Child Trafficking (Case Study Decision Number 29/Pid.Sus/2019/PN.Tim and 311/Pid.Sus/2021/PN.Pol)

The purpose of writing this article is to explain the judge's considerations in deciding the practice of sexual exploitation in the crime of child trafficking based on court decision number 29/Pid.sus/2019/PN.Tim and Decision Number 311/Pid.sus/ 2021/PN.Pol. This decision provides a clear picture of the continued practice of trafficking children for sexual exploitation in Indonesia. The practice of trafficking children for sexual exploitation occurs because the victims are still minors so their minds are not yet perfect in making decisions and following up on what they have experienced. This is what exploiters take advantage of. The facts revealed at trial are of course the basis for judges in examining and deciding exploitation cases. Writing this article uses a normative juridical approach with a descriptive type where the author will explain the legal basis relating to sexual exploitation and the judge's considerations in Decision Number 29/Pid.Sus/2019/PN. Team and Decision Number 311/Pid.Sus/2021/PN. Pol. In the results and discussion, it is known that the government has issued several regulations that can be used to provide repressive legal protection for children, including Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection. Decision Number 29/Pid.Sus/2019/PN. Team and Decision Number 311/Pid.Sus/2021/PN. The police also use the Child Protection Law to examine and decide cases of sexual exploitation in child trafficking