Traffic Safety Behavior Research Articles

Heart Zone as a measure to influence traffic safety culture: which factors influence culture change?

Measures to influence traffic safety culture in designated areas (e.g. schools) exist in several different countries across the world. The Norwegian traffic safety scheme Heart Zone is a measure that aims to influence the traffic culture within a specific geographical area. The study examines whether four Norwegian schools have managed to establish a Heart Zone traffic safety culture, factors facilitating and impeding the implementation of Heart Zone traffic safety culture and subsequent changes in parents' traffic safety behavior. The study is based on survey data from four Norwegian schools (n = 220) and qualitative interviews (n = 19). Although the level of implementation varies, results from the interviews and the survey suggest that the schools have established Heart Zone cultures, where large proportions of the parents drop the children off at the recommended drop-off zone, when driving, are attentive to students who come walking/cycling within the Heart Zone and walk or cycle when transporting children within the Heart Zone. The Heart Zone culture is related to changes in parents' traffic safety behaviors and reductions in dangerous traffic situations. The study identifies specific factors facilitating and impeding traffic culture change, related to enclosed geographical areas like the Heart Zone, developing an analytical model that researchers and future traffic culture measures like this can learn from.

Lifestyle of health workers from pediatric units during the pandemic: A cross-sectional study

This study aimed to assess the lifestyle of health workers in pediatric units of Bahia, Brazil, by comparing the total and domain scores of the Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire (FLQ) according to sex, age group, and employment profile. This cross-sectional study included 407 health workers from four pediatric health units in Bahia. The FLQ and a sociodemographic questionnaire were answered via Google Forms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Men scored significantly lower than women in the ‘tobacco and toxics’ (p = 0.046) and ‘alcohol’ (p < 0.001) domains but higher in the ‘sleep, seat belt, stress, and safe sex’ domain (p = 0.01). Younger health workers (18 to 34 years old) scored significantly higher than older workers (35 to 64 years old) in the ‘tobacco and toxics’ domain (p = 0.03). Direct healthcare workers (e.g., nurses and doctors) scored significantly higher than indirect healthcare workers (e.g., administrators) in the ‘tobacco and toxics’ domain (p = 0.04). Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, the lifestyle of most workers was classified as very good (56.02%). Our findings indicate changes in the lifestyle of health workers, especially concerning the use of tobacco, alcohol, and conditions related to sleep, stress, safe sex, and traffic safety behaviors. Future studies are recommended to understand better the determinants and conditioning factors of tobacco use by health workers and design targeted public health initiatives.

Assessing the effectiveness of speed limit reduction in Edmonton: A case study analysis

This study evaluates the impact of reducing the default speed limit from 50 km/h to 40 km/h on traffic safety and drivers' behavior in Edmonton, Canada. The research comprehensively examines collision and speed data to assess the outcomes of the new speed limit. Collision data was analyzed across three distinct periods: pre-COVID (2017–2019), the COVID period (2019–2021), and the after-implementation period (August 2021 to July 2022). Speed surveys were conducted on 219 road segments before and after the implementation of the speed limit change. The study utilized a before-and-after with a comparison group approach to evaluate the impact on collisions, using 50 km/h roads that maintained their speed limit throughout as the comparison group. The impact of the reduced speed limit on road safety was assessed by analyzing collision data for two periods, pre-COVID (2017–2019) and COVID (2019–2021), compared to the period after setting the new speed limit (2021–2022). Two-sample t-tests were employed to examine the change in speeds. The analysis revealed statistically significant reductions in the overall number of collisions and injuries and fatalities resulting from collisions, by 25% and 31%, respectively. The study also categorized neighborhoods and roads to demonstrate the areas that experienced the greatest benefits. Speed data showed statistically significant reductions in the average and 85th percentile speeds, with drivers lowering their speeds at 115 locations, accounting for 53% of the surveyed locations. Moreover, higher speed reductions were observed on local roads compared to collector roads, and narrower roads compared to wider roads.. Overall, the study demonstrates that reducing the speed limit can lead to lower speeds and fewer collisions on the roads, creating a safer road environment for drivers, pedestrians, and cyclists. Additionally, it provides a detailed framework for municipalities to evaluate the effectiveness of their speed limit reduction programs.

Comparing the bad media-fuelled reputation of e-scooters with real-life user and non-user perceptions: Evidence from Sweden

E-scooters, one of the most rapidly growing forms of micromobility globally, entered our cities as an innovative first and last-mile travel mode looking to complement public transit and reduce short car trips. However, there are many voices openly suggesting that e-scooters, despite representing still a very low modal share, have instead been the source of traffic accidents, transport system disruption and public space anarchy. Despite a wealth of e-scooter research appearing lately, knowledge gaps about e-scooters’ current reputation and how this matches actual user and non-user perceptions do exist. Our two-phase mixed method approach means to fill in these gaps by examining the intriguing context of Sweden, a country hosting more than 30 million e-scooter trips on an annual basis but recently enforcing new stricter rules for their regulation. This paper contributes to the state of the art by contextualising the current reputation of e-scooters in Sweden through a discourse analysis of local press items and by analysing an attitudinal survey that ran in Stockholm and Gothenburg with almost equal numbers of e-scooter users and non-users. First our news item analysis identifies six reputation-defining themes: cityscape fit; traffic safety and irresponsible user behaviour; rules, regulations and exploits; business; sustainability; and convenience and concludes that e-scooters’ portrayal in Sweden is very negative. There are approximately five negative comments in the press for every positive one. Our survey offers statistical evidence that there are significant differences in the evaluations of users and non-users when it comes to seven perceived e-scooter qualities (safety; speed; eco-friendliness; cost; convenience; fun; health and wellbeing) and two policy practicalities (regulations clarity; and parking provision). Users’ perceptions are always more positive from those of non-users, but they do agree with them that safety, eco-friendliness, cost, health and wellbeing are areas of concern for e-scooters. Both groups see value in enhanced regulation clarity and better parking provision. Non-users however, to some degree, do recognise that e-scooters offer fast, convenient and pleasant mobility services making this the tripole where image change and positive rebranding could start from.

Vaccine hesitancy was not shown to be associated with traffic safety or driver behavior.

Vaccine hesitancy was not shown to be associated with traffic safety or driver behavior.

Increased bicycle helmet use in the absence of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation: Prevalence and trends from longitudinal observational studies on the use of bicycle helmets among cyclists in Denmark 2004–2022

Introduction: Using a bicycle helmet reduces the risk of serious head injuries among cyclists substantially. This makes it highly relevant to increase the use of helmets and to measure the prevalence of bicycle helmet use over time and across different groups. Method: Since 2004, the use of bicycle helmets in Denmark has been measured observationally in two nationwide time series: one among cyclists in city traffic across all age groups, and one among cycling school children (aged 6–16) around schools. The observations have been conducted on a regular basis in different parts of the country following the same methodology over the years. Results: Bicycle helmet use among cyclists in city traffic in Denmark has increased from 6% in 2004 to 50% in 2022. Among cycling school children, helmet use has increased from 33% in 2004 to 79% in 2022. Throughout the years, helmet wearing rates have been highest among young children and lowest among young adults. Since 2015, female cyclists in city traffic have had a slightly higher helmet use than male cyclists. Discussion: Several factors might have affected bicycle helmet use in Denmark. One possible factor is a nationwide focus on traffic safety education and behavior change campaigns to encourage helmet wearing. Furthermore, among stakeholders on cycling safety there has been consensus on recommending bicycle helmet use and supporting the promotion of helmets while not recommending or promoting helmet legislation. Finally, more safety-oriented behavior in road traffic in general, and self-reinforcing effects of increased helmet use have plausibly been important factors. Practical Applications: Increasing bicycle helmet use in a country where cycling is popular is possible in the absence of mandatory bicycle helmet legislation. Persistent behavior change campaigning and education, stakeholder consensus, higher levels of road safety-oriented behaviors, and self-reinforcing processes could potentially be important factors.

Public support of street projects to improve traffic safety in unincorporated Los Angeles County: Developing an action plan to eliminate traffic-related fatalities

ObjectiveTo better understand the roadway needs of unincorporated Los Angeles County (LAC), the present study examined public support for and potential barriers to implementing Vision Zero (VZ) in the region. MethodsAn 18-question survey on traffic safety and VZ planning was administered to 736 participants recruited at community meetings and events held in unincorporated LAC. ResultsThe survey response rate was 92% among those who were approached. The average age of the participants was 49 years, with more than two-thirds (69%; n = 506) identifying as female, 58% as Hispanic/Latino, 19% as White, 7% as Black, and 7% as Asian. The top three reported traffic safety concerns were: (1) speeding (85%), (2) people ignoring traffic laws while driving (63%), and (3) distracted driving (61%). Almost three-quarters (74%) believed people who needed traffic safety education the most are those who drive regularly, as compared to those who walk, bike, or ride a motorcycle. Most participants (92%) reported they would support efforts to implement VZ street projects, with 87% willing to increase their commute time (one-way). ConclusionsStudy findings on traffic safety attitudes and behaviors among residents of unincorporated LAC who attended a community meeting provided insights into ways in which the County of Los Angeles can more efficiently plan and implement VZ street projects. Practical applicationsPublic support and trade-offs in commute time by residents are often required to make VZ implementation a success. Local jurisdictions should be mindful of these government-public support dynamics and invest in community engagement to better prepare residents of unincorporated/rural areas for these VZ street projects and related roadway interventions.

EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MARKETING ON ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR RELATED TO ROAD TRAFFIC IN HANOI CITY

Dangerous and risky actions while traveling on traffic routes that threaten the health, spirit and life of vehicle drivers and others. However, to raise community awareness, make them care about traffic safety behavior takes time and influence attitudes to create behavior change in a sustainable way. Research based on Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior [1, 2] and the theory of social marketing was conducted to identify the factors influencing the road traffic attitudes and behaviors of people in Hanoi and the degrees of their influence. The results show that road traffic attitudes are affected, in descending order, by partnership, resources, distribution, promotion, price, product, and public. The road traffic behavior of people is determined, in descending order, by age, moderator variables (the law and the validity of the law and weather), attitude, and education level. Based on the results, several recommendations to government officials and policymakers have been made.

Variation in drivers’ seat belt use by indicators of community-level vulnerability

Introduction: Examining crash reports with linked community-level indicators may optimize efforts aimed at improving traffic safety behaviors, like seat belt use. To examine this, quasi-induced exposure (QIE) methods and linked data were used to (a) estimate trip-level seat belt non-use of New Jersey (NJ) drivers and (b) determine the degree to which seat belt non-use is associated with community-level indicators of vulnerability. Method: Driver-specific characteristics were identified from crash reports (age, sex, number of passengers, vehicle type) and licensing data (license status at the time of the crash). Geocoded residential addresses were leveraged within the NJ Safety and Health Outcomes warehouse to create quintiles of community-level vulnerability. QIE methods were applied to estimate trip-level prevalence of seat belt non-use in non-responsible, crash-involved drivers between 2010–2017 (n = 986,837). Generalized linear mixed models were then conducted to calculate adjusted prevalence ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for being unbelted for driver-specific variables and community-level indicators of vulnerability. Results: Drivers were unbelted during 1.2 % of trips. Males, those with suspended licenses, and those without passengers had higher rates of being unbelted than their counterparts. An increase was observed in traveling unbelted with increasing quintiles of vulnerability, such that drivers in the most vulnerable communities were 121 % more likely to be unbelted than those in the least vulnerable communities. Conclusions: Prevalence of driver seat belt non-use may be lower than previously estimated. Additionally, communities with the highest amount of the population living with three or more indicators of vulnerability have higher rates of seat belt non-use; this may be a particularly useful metric to inform future translational efforts improving seat belt use. Practical Applications: As evidenced by the findings that risk of being unbelted increased as drivers’ community vulnerability increased, novel communication efforts tailored to drivers from vulnerable neighborhoods may optimize efforts.

Road safety education for schools with ZoSS facilities in Bandung City, Jawa Barat

West Java is the province in Indonesia with the third greatest number of accidents. Accidents are caused by dangerous traffic behavior. In order to save Indonesia's productive generation, changing traffic behavior is a top concern. Several schools in accident-prone areas have been designated as Safe School Zones (ZoSS) by the government. However, it is vital to teach students and their support systems how to drive safely. This program seeks to promote road safety knowledge and behavior, support changes in traffic safety behavior, and increase traffic safety knowledge and behavior among students, teachers, and the public. On December 22, 2021, the activity was held in 5 elementary schools (SD) and 5 junior high schools (SMP), with theoretical and practical road safety training. The activities resulted in the development of young fighters' capacity, the formation of Road Safety Ambassadors and Safety Awareness Community Groups (KMSK), and the emergence of a sustainable program by advocating to the government and designating the Bandung City Transportation Office as the Adopting Father of Ambassadors and KMSK.

Safety Culture Measurement Among Chinese Undergraduates at a Private University: Development and Validation.

Relatively low level of safety culture among undergraduates and the imperfection of safety management system for students in university result in numerous safety problems. Researches on the safety culture of undergraduates in public universities are much more than those in private universities. Aiming to find out the potential and specific factors that affect the safety culture in the former are different from those in the latter, an anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 4,531 students in a private university in Shaanxi province, China. Gender, education background, grade, hometown, one-child policy, major, community, and driver's license on their safety beliefs and behaviors are treated as potential factors in the survey. According to the average score of each item, the investigated private university students are lack of safety knowledge, but perform well in traffic safety behavior. The results show that female students show better safety beliefs and safety behaviors than male students whilst the safety beliefs and safety behaviors of the student majoring in medicine is better than those of students in other majors. The students who live in more developed cities, who are from one-child family and who have driving license, show better safety beliefs and safety behaviors than others. The effective community system of mixed majors is conducive to the formation of good safety beliefs and safety behaviors of college students. The results highlighted that universities should formulate the corresponding intervention strategies to prevent safety problems of the college students according to the specific proportion of gender, major distribution and other actual situation.

FAKTOR PENYEBAB KECELAKAAN LALU LINTAS DAN PERILAKU BERKENDARA PADA SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS DI PASIR PENGARAIAN RIAU

Traffic accidents at a young age often occur because of the low perception of the risk of danger on the highway. Teenagers were a group of motorcycle users who often ignore traffic rules. The purpose of this study was to provide an overview of the causes of traffic accidents and traffic safety behavior while driving to senior high school students in Pasir Pengaraian. This research was aquantitative research with a cross-sectional design. The research was conducted in 3 senior high schools in Pasir Pengaraian. The number of respondents as many as 368 students were taken using purposive sampling. The respondents of this study were students who rode motorbikes to school. Data was collected through questionnaires sent via google form to each individual. Data analysis usedunivariate and bivariate analysis using chi square with 0.05%. The results showed that the accident rate was 27.4%, the reason for using motorbikes to go to school was because there was no one to drive 21.5%, 44.8% distance from school and 94.8% of respondents did not have a driver's license. As for the relationship between the incidence of accidents and behavior while driving, there was arelationship between the incidence of accidents and the behavior of violating the yellow light p = 0.017, calling hp p = 0.007, sending sms p = 0.002, driving at high speed p = 0.01 and driving more than 2 people p=0.019, driving while listening to music on cellphone p=0.011 and driving without wearing a helmet p=0.016. Other driving behaviors such as smoking while driving, violating road markings and violating traffic signs have no relationship with the incidence of accidents.

Impact of connected vehicle environment on driving performance: A case of an extra‐long tunnel scenario

In view of the benefits and a promising prospect of the emerging connected vehicles (CV), more and more vehicles will be equipped with the in-vehicle human-machine interface (HMI). This study aims to assess the comprehensive impacts of HMIs on individual driving performance, traffic safety, and eco-driving behaviour based on a driving simulator. In order to explore how a driver responds to warnings when approaching a tunnel, this study divided the experimental road into five zones according to warning positions. A comparative analysis was conducted to examine the changes in driving comfort, speeding behaviour, the standard deviation of speed, time headway (THW), fuel consumption, and emissions. Results showed that the HMI could be beneficial to speed adjustment before entering a tunnel. Meanwhile, HMI may affect the THW of vehicles. Drivers were usually more cautious when the HMI was on. However, no significant effects of the HMI for driving comfort and eco-driving behaviour can be observed. It is expected that more efficient technology and different warning strategies can be developed to enhance eco-safe driving for different zones because they have different effects. The findings of this study are also helpful for active safety management and for evaluating the effectiveness of CV systems.

Benchmarking model for culture of urban traffic-safety management in India: interpretive structural modeling framework

PurposeResearchers have studied processes of improving road traffic-safety culture by explicitly evaluating the socio-psychological phenomenon of traffic-risk. The implicit traffic-system cues play an important role in explaining urban traffic-culture. This paper aims to ascertain an interpretive framework of the alternative processes of road traffic safety culture is antecedent to promote traffic-safety behaviour in Indian urban context. Subsequently, the authors discussed the reasons for those relationships exists.Design/methodology/approachFour experts of the urban traffic-safety domain participated in total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) study by completing an interpretive consensus-driven questionnaire. The drafted interpretive model was evaluated for road users proactive action orientation about the traffic-safety decision.FindingsThe evolved directed graph (digraph) of the culture of urban traffic-safety management was a serial three-mediator model. The model argued: In the presence of traffic-risk cues, people may become apprised to safety goals that initiate traffic-safety action. Consequently, expectancy-value evaluation motivates the continuation of traffic-safety intention that may lead to the implementation of adaptation plan (volitional control), thus habituating road users to traffic-safety management choice.Practical implicationsThe modellers of traffic psychology may empirically estimate and test for the quality criteria to ascertain the applicability of the proposed mechanism of urban traffic-safety culture. The decision-makers should note the importance of arousal of emotions regarding traffic-risk, reduce the impact of maladaptive motivations and recursively improve control over safety actions for promoting safety interventions.Originality/valueThe authors attempted to induce an interpretive model of urban traffic-safety culture that might augment extant discussion regarding how and why people behave in an urban traffic system.

Exploring the influencing factors of public traffic safety awareness in China

This research aims to develop a public traffic safety awareness questionnaire and explore the factors influencing public traffic safety awareness in China. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 5200 people in Jiaozuo, China, to assess their public traffic safety awareness. Based on 5029 effective samples, the developed public traffic safety awareness scale passed the reliability and validity tests and identified three factors: traffic safety behaviour, traffic safety attitude and traffic accident cognition. The Chinese version of the Traffic Climate Scale (three factors: external affective demand, internal requirements and functionality) and the Ten-Item Personality Inventory in China (five factors: extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability and openness) were also used in the questionnaire. The results of correlation analysis, difference analysis and multiple linear regression analysis show that in terms of individual factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to age, education level, number of children and personality traits, and there are significant differences between genders and across occupations. In terms of environmental factors, public traffic safety awareness is significantly related to traffic safety education, traffic violation records, approval of traffic violations and traffic climate. Internal requirements, external emotional demands, conscientiousness and agreeableness can effectively explain and predict public traffic safety awareness. The research results provide a strong reference to help road traffic safety management departments formulate policies and play a positive role in preventing and reducing traffic accidents and ensuring public safety.

Examining the roles of multidimensional fatalism on traffic safety attitudes and pedestrian behaviour

This paper examines the roles of fatalistic beliefs on attitudes towards traffic safety and pedestrian behaviour using the data from a questionnaire survey with a sample of 835 road users in Vietnam. A multidimensional fatalism scale was used to measure distinct facets of fatalistic beliefs. The data showed that fatalism could be represented by four factors including divine control (a belief in divine influence over one’s life), luck, internality (or locus of control), and general fatalism. Results from a structural equation model indicated that several of these fatalistic belief facets, namely internality, divine control, and luck significantly associated with traffic safety attitudes above demographic variables. In addition, internality was found to be significantly related to pedestrian behaviour after controlling for demographic variables and attitudes towards traffic safety. The findings are discussed with respect to practical implications for traffic safety interventions.

Using Walk-Along Interviews to Identify Environmental Factors Influencing Older Adults' Out-of-Home Behaviors in a High-Rise, High-Density Neighborhood.

Older adults’ out-of-home behaviors (OOHBs) are critical for maintaining health and quality of life. Taking Singapore’s Yuhua East as a case, this study applied a qualitative approach to explore what neighborhood environmental factors influence older adults’ OOHBs. Twelve older adults were recruited for walk-along interviews through the use of purposeful convenience sampling. A content analysis was conducted using NVivo 11 via an inductive approach. Research results revealed 12 categories of environmental factors that affected older adults’ OOHBs: access to facilities (shops and services, public transit, and connectivity), pedestrian infrastructure (sidewalk quality, sheltered walkways, universal design, crossings, benches, and public toilets), aesthetics (natural elements, buildings, noise, and cleanliness), traffic safety (behavior of other road users and road width), safety from crime, wayfinding, familiarity (long-term residency and routine activities), weather, social contact, high-rise, high-density (lifts, population density, flat size, and privacy), affordability (shops and services, as well as transportation), and maintenance and upgrading. This analysis concluded that access to facilities and pedestrian infrastructure are important for older adults’ OOHBs. Considering Singapore’s weather, sheltered walkways, the proximity of facilities and connectivity should be given serious emphasis. In addition to physical factors, social contacts and the affordability of shops and services are also important.

ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION FOR CHILDREN: RESULTS OF CHILDREN'S BEHAVIOR ON TRAFFIC PLAYGROUND AND SIMULATED TRAFFIC SITUATIONS

Child pedestrians are highly represented in fatal and severe road crashes and differ in their crossing behavior from adults. Child pedestrians are disproportionately vulnerable to road traffic injuries, but it is unclear which aspects of pedestrian safety behaviors develop at what age. To create effective intervention programs, research on which pedestrian safety risks occur among which age group and urban/rural areas, is needed. For these reasons, an experiment was conducted to examine the behavior of children on traffic playground and simulated traffic situations (STS). The key results this study showed children have a higher percentage of accurate responses to the STS environment, than on traffic playground. Thereby, it is important to take those findings in account when aiming to train children for road safety. The experiment represents a basis for the creation of individualized educational interventions to help children adapt to the basic traffic safety behavior rules.

Human behaviour with automated driving systems: a quantitative framework for meaningful human control

Automated driving systems (ADS) with partial automation are currently available for the consumer. They are potentially beneficial to traffic flow, fuel consumption, and safety, but human behaviour whilst driving with ADS is poorly understood. Human behaviour is currently expected to lead to dangerous circumstances as ADS could place human drivers ‘out-of-the-loop’ or cause other types of adverse behavioural adaptation. This article introduces the concept of ‘meaningful human control’ to better address the challenges raised by ADS, and presents a new framework of human control over ADS by means of literature-based categorisation. Using standards set by European authorities for driver skills and road rules, this framework offers a unique, quantified perspective into the effects of ADS on human behaviour. One main result is a rapid and inconsistent decrease in required skill- and rule-based behaviour mismatching with the increasing amount of required knowledge-based behaviour. Furthermore, the development of higher levels of automation currently requires different human behaviour than feasible, as a mismatch between supply and demand in terms of behaviour arises. Implications, discrepancies and emerging mismatches this framework elicits are discussed, and recommendations towards future design strategies and research opportunities are made to provide a meaningful transition of human control over ADS.

Distraction behaviors of pedestrians in the city of Tabriz

Background: Traffic accidents represent the greatest economic burden across the world. Pedestrian behaviors are very important due to the higher risk of road injuries among them, the purpose of this study was to investigate of the Traffic Safety behavior of Pedestrians in Tabriz city. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study to data were collected by observation and checklist. In this study, the statistical population was all pedestrians in Tabriz 2nd district to 557 pedestrian through census method and filming on a daily basis for six days and certain hours for 15 minutes of filming from any intersections were studied. After filming, the information was extracted from the checklist and analyzed using soft spss22. Results: In this study, most people were in the age group of approximately 18-34 years (61.6%) And male pedestrians were more than women (55.1%). According to the findings of this study, 24.3 percent of pedestrians crossed the street, regardless of traffic signs and 20.6% when crossing the intersection and the street had at least one type of distraction (mobile, hand-held, etc.) The most common cause of distraction was talking with a friend (11.3%) and then using mobile (3.6%). And overall 13.5 percent of pedestrians had unsafe traffic behavior during the crossing of the street that 8.1% of them were accompanied by a type of distraction. Also, according to the findings of this study, there was a significant relationship between distraction and unsafe behavior and age group with pedestrian distraction (p <.05). Conclusion: By identifying the factors associated with unsafe traffic behaviors and the role of distraction factors in the unsafe behaviors of pedestrians, Behavioral and educational interventions should be used to promote safe pedestrian behavior and to change the pedestrian -related rules.