Traffic Enforcement Research Articles

“I probably feel slightly more invincible”: The impact of technology that discloses enforcement locations on drivers’ behaviours

There is a plethora of technology currently available that have the ability to notify individuals of traffic enforcement locations while they are driving. This technology has the potential to undermine legal deterrent efforts for preventing risky driving behaviours. However, drivers’ experiences using this technology and the trajectories through which this might interfere with deterrence for road rule violations are largely unexplored areas. As such, the present study aimed to explore two research questions: 1) what type of technology is used and how is it used, and 2) how does drivers’ use of this technology influence deterrence for road rule violations. In total, 58 Queensland licenced drivers who use technology that informs them of legal enforcement while driving participated in focus groups. To consider differences in use between ages, the sessions were conducted in three different age groups: 17–25 years, 26–49 years, and 50+ years. Reflexive thematic analysis was applied to the data, resulting in eight recognised themes. The findings highlighted that for most drivers, the primary purpose of using the technology was for navigation, while being notified of enforcement locations was a secondary purpose. In addition, the use of this technology encouraged road rule compliance for some yet was used as a strategy to avoid being caught for road rule violations for others. The findings have a number of practical and theoretical implications, demonstrating the complex interplay between technology used for enforcement notifications, its role in deterring road rule violations, and the principles of responsible innovation.

Transformasi Media dan Budaya Baru : Ketidakpatuhan Lalu Lintas Pengendara terhadap Penerapan ETLE (E-Tilang) di Kota Bengkulu

Abstract: This article describes the research findings behind the implementation of ETLE in motorists’ understanding and the causes of motorists' non-compliance with the implementation of CCTV-based ETLE (Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement) in Bengkulu City. The qualitative method uses non-participant observation techniques, interviews, triangulation and secondary data in the data collection process. Informants were determined by purposive sampling. The research data were analyzed using Robert K. Merton's functional structural theory. The results showed that the application of ETLE in the understanding of motorists in Bengkulu city is that this system is less effective. They argue that ETLE tends to be a form of excessive surveillance that is inappropriate in law enforcement. Motorists are also concerned about potential technical errors in the system that could result in unfairness or confusion in the administrative process. Meanwhile, the causes of motorist non-compliance with ETLE (Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement) in Bengkulu City are the low understanding of motorists towards ETLE and the culture of neglect of motorists in ignoring this ETLE system. The importance of awareness and knowledge of the use of CCTV-based ETLE (Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement) for motorists is the main focus of this topic. In addition, policymakers and law enforcement officials can take strategic steps to increase the use of CCTV-based ETLE.

Pedestrian Movement Evaluation: Amman, Jordan

This study examines walkability in Amman’s residential areas, focusing on pedestrian safety and satisfaction. Three neighborhoods underwent surveys and focus group discussions. Statistical methods were used for data evaluation, while on-site assessments and photographic documentation complemented quantitative data. Main pedestrian issues included inadequate infrastructure and lack of traffic enforcement. Residents showed positive attitudes towards walkability but expressed concerns about safety and convenience. The findings stress the need for improved design, planning laws, and pedestrian infrastructure. These results serve as a valuable resource for policymakers and urban planners facing similar challenges.

Impact of attitude, behaviour and opinion of e-scooter and e-bike riders on collision risk in Singapore

Active Mobility Devices (AMDs) such as electric scooters (e-scooters) and electric bikes (e-bikes) are increasingly used on shared paths and Park Connector Networks (PCNs) in Singapore, leading to frequent interactions between AMD riders, pedestrians, and cyclists. To ensure safety, it is crucial to understand the factors associated with collision risk related to these AMDs. To gain insights into the riders’ perspectives on the risk-taking behaviours and attitudes towards safety and sharing paths, a survey was conducted with 369 e-bike and 133 e-scooter riders across Singapore. The collected data was analysed to identify critical features of behaviour, attitudes, and opinions of e-scooters/e-bikes riders and their impact on perceived collision risk. Logistic Regression was used to select the most important behavioural features linked to collision risk, and significance of each was quantified by using the odds ratios in the chosen model. The results reveal that e-bike riders who regularly brake hard to avoid obstacles and highly value capacity of e-bike to carry goods face an increase in collision risk by 49.1% and 43.48% respectively. Those preferring quieter AMDs face 33.31% lower collision risk. Additionally, e-bike riders advocating for more traffic enforcement or the importance of slowing down when overtaking pedestrians face 20.69% and 38.84% lower collision risk respectively. E-scooter riders who manoeuvre quickly to dodge collisions or prioritize passenger-carrying capacity encounter a 142.25% and 67.43% higher collision risk, respectively. Furthermore, e-scooter riders willing to bend rules when not causing inconvenience to others face an increase in collision risk by 123.00%. These outcomes offer significant insights for the design and regulation of active mobility to safeguard all road users in a multi-modal transport environment.

Evaluative Performance Program E-Tilang di Simpang Raya Kota Surabaya

ETLE (Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement) is a set of electronic devices that use Automatic License Plate Recognition (ANPR) technology in the form of cameras that automatically detect motorized vehicles and cars with traffic violations E-TLE system, which is part of law enforcement efforts, this system aims to reduce problems caused by traffic violations, such as congestion and accidents, and ensure order on the highway. The e-Tilang system was pioneered by the East Java Regional Police, especially the Surabaya Police, which has this innovation as a crucial role in improving safety and regularity of electronically based traffic, the implementation of ETLE tickets in Surabaya City has increased in 2022 and 2023 compared to 2021. Which in 2021 the ETLE program was intensified due to the Covid-19 pandemic in order to increase the efficiency of technology-based services. The ETLE camera system uses CCTV cameras that are monitored directly by Police Officers with a total of 22 monitoring camera points in several parts of Surabaya City. where each officer oversees 4 areas with 8 CCTVs on the monitoring screen. Although it has had a positive impact on the implementation of ticketing, there are many things that should be evaluated from the process of running E-TLE at Surabaya Police Station. Mainly in the process of implementing and providing maximum fines, as well as the limited number of employees and time in ETLE supervision. So that the Process on Performance and the Facilities used should be evaluated in the running of the ETLE system in Surabaya City. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The focus of this research is to find out the results of the Evaluation of the E-Ticket Policy Program (E-TLE) at the Surabaya City Road Intersection The theory used in the research is Gupta & Jana's Evaluative performance theory. There are 4 indicators from this theory, namely total costs and fines, quality of planning and control, quality of decision making and system characteristics. The data collection technique in this study is by conducting interviews, observation and documentation. In this research, from these 4 indicators, some are quite appropriate, but there are still many shortcomings that should be evaluated from the system and the quality of performance of the Surabaya police litas unit. The performance evaluation of the E-Tilang program in Surabaya shows success in managing total costs and fines, the quality of planning and control, and the quality of decision making. This program includes the use of 40 CCTV camera units and fiber optic networks that support the effectiveness of law enforcement, as well as the management of fair fines. Careful planning and better coordination after the evaluation ensured efficiency in recording violations using gadgets and the E-Tilang application.

A Retrospective Evaluation of Mandibular Fracture in Kabul, Afghanistan.

The mandible, a key bone in the lower face, is prone to trauma. Although mandibular fractures are widely recognized as common and costly, there is a research gap on this topic in Afghanistan. This study explores the causes of lower jaw fractures and their link to demographic factors in the Afghan population. A retrospective analysis of 535 medical records from a Kabul tertiary hospital (March 2021 to March 2022) examined lower jaw fractures, patient demographics (age, sex), and injury causes. Statistical methods, including chi-square tests and Pearson's contingency coefficient, were employed to explore correlations between mandibular fractures and demographic factors. In this study, we analyzed 579 mandibular fractures in 535 patients, with road accidents (33.08%), falls (22.61%), and interpersonal conflicts being the leading causes. Most patients were aged 21-30, with single fractures being the most common (92.3%) and parasymphyseal fractures being the most prevalent (28.5%). Although certain fracture types were significantly correlated with age, no notable association was found between age and injury cause. This study reveals that road accidents, falls, and interpersonal conflicts are the main causes of lower jaw fractures in Kabul, with the highest incidence in individuals aged 21-30. These findings highlight the necessity for targeted public health interventions, such as improved road safety campaigns and stricter traffic regulation enforcement, to lower injury rates. Incorporating these insights into clinical practice can also help healthcare providers more effectively manage lower jaw fractures in affected populations.

Silbato: Linking Female Officers to Community Traffic Rules and Regulations

The study’s primary goal is to identify the struggles faced by female traffic officers with the implementation of community rules and regulations and how they handle problems on the road. In particular, this study wanted answers to the following questions: (1) What are the challenges faced by female officers in implementing community traffic rules and regulations? (2) What are the advantages of the female gender as traffic officers? (3) What are the disadvantages of complaints as traffic officers? and (4) How female enforcers handle complaint/s (if any) by the violators of traffic law? The study will use qualitative research design in which researchers will gather data through interviews. The results show that (1) Every day, traffic enforcers face various difficulties in the enactment of their duties, but they find means to overcome them. Some of these incidents involve reckless drivers, passengers, and pedestrians who fail to adhere to traffic regulations, as well as dealing with traffic and violators in the rain; (2) Extreme tolerance can be applied when approaching drivers as a traffic enforcer. In order to resolve the matter, it is imperative that the superiors approach them with calmness, patience, and respect; (3) Female enforcers experienced harassment, opposition and intimidation by anyone who observes law and order, with some offenders claiming they have done nothing wrong; and (4) In order to minimize misunderstandings between traffic violators, it is important that traffic officers treat them with great respect, regardless of their appearance.

Recognition of car horns based on principal component analysis of MEL frequency Cepstral coefficients and support vector machine

With the rapid increase in the number of automobiles, the noise pollution caused by car horns is attracting more attention. In order to accurately identify car horn sounds in traffic noise and strengthen traffic law enforcement, research on car horn sound recognition is becoming increasingly important. In this paper, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to optimize and reduce the dimensionality of extracted Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC), feature vectors are input into four models: Support Vector Machine (SVM), Back Propagation (BP) Neural Network, Extreme Learning Machine (ELM), and Random Forest (RF). These models are utilized to classify and identify car horn sounds from traffic noise. The impact of feature dimensions and Signal-to-noise ratio(SNR) on recognition performance is analyzed. The results show that under this method, the recognition rates of the four models can be increased by increasing the number of Mel filters and feature dimensions in MFCC, which can improve recognition performance, especially when the SNR is lower. The SVM model exhibits the most significant improvement in recognition rate. They achieve the best recognition rates for measured car horn sounds of 98.66 %, 93.98 %, 89.44 %, and 95.12 %, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method has good recognition performance and can be effectively applied to the supervision of car horn usage on actual roads.

Risky Behaviors of Motorcycle Passengers: Field studies in Jakarta and Bekasi Areas

<p><strong>The behaviors of motorcycle drivers are rarely studied, while their behaviors caused considerable danger on driving safety. This study aims to identify risky behaviors of motorcycle drivers. This study was conducted in some roads in Jakarta and Bekasi by adopting the work sampling technique. The results showed that risky behaviors were mainly dominated by not wearing a helmet and by carrying more than one person. These behaviors were most commonly found in areas where it was perceived that there was no police and Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE), especially in the Bekasi area. The presence of the police is crucial in preventing risky behavior of the drivers. Therefore, it is recommended to further ensure the presence of the police in areas prone to risky behaviors, especially when ETLE is not yet installed, or when it has not been fully applied.</strong> </p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> – <em>Motorcycle, Passengers, Risky Behaviors, Work Sampling.</em></p>

Efektivitas Penerapan Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (E-TLE) dalam Penegakan Aturan Lalu Lintas di Kota Denpasar

The application of E-ticket technology has become an innovative effort in enforcing traffic laws in various cities in Indonesia, including Denpasar. This research aims to examine the effectiveness of implementing E-tickets in law enforcement in the city of Denpasar, with a focus on its effect on reducing traffic violations, increasing public compliance with traffic rules, and its impact on the effectiveness of law enforcement. The problem raised by the author is regarding obstacles or obstacles in the implementation and effectiveness of E-TLE in law enforcement in the city of Denpasar. Apart from that, this research also aims to answer the question about how effective the implementation of E-TLE is in law enforcement in the city of Denpasar. The research method used by the author is a historical approach and a comparative approach. Data was collected through surveys of the public, analysis of electronic ticket data, and interviews with related parties, such as law enforcement officers and road users. This method was chosen to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the implementation of E-TLE and its impact on traffic law enforcement in Denpasar. The results of this research include an evaluation of the effectiveness or not of the implementation of E-TLE in Denpasar City. From analysis of electronic ticket data and surveys of the public, researchers can evaluate the level of road user compliance with traffic rules after the E-TLE system is introduced, as well as identify obstacles or obstacles that may hinder the effectiveness of implementing this technology.

Law Enforcement of E-Ticket Cases at the Bantul District Prosecutor's Office

Law enforcement of E-Tilang cases has an important role in maintaining traffic order and security in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the role of the Bantul State Attorney's Office in enforcing the law of e-tickets or electronic tickets for traffic violations and the obstacles to the role of the Bantul State Attorney's Office in enforcing the law of e-tickets or electronic tickets for traffic violations. The research method used in this research is empirical legal research. The approach used in this research is a juridical-empirical approach, namely analysing the legal problems that have been formulated by combining legal materials both primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials which are secondary data with primary data obtained in the field through interviews. This research is a new contribution to the understanding of law enforcement related to the E-Ticket case at the Bantul District Attorney's Office. From a series of previous studies, various points of view have been studied in depth. This research aims to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the role and constraints of E-Ticket law enforcement, as well as highlighting innovations and best practices in the context of traffic law enforcement. This research shows that the role of the Bantul State Attorney's Office in enforcing the law of e-tickets for traffic offences is as a protector of personal data, a guarantor of legal certainty and justice, and as an executor. Obstacles in the implementation of its role include the absence of detailed legal rules governing the implementation of electronic-based law enforcement, then in the aspect of resources, still limited technological infrastructure, such as unstable internet access and inadequate computers, in terms of human resources which are still very limited, another inhibiting factor is from the community, the lack of public awareness and understanding of the importance of orderly traffic..

COVID-19 and speeding: Results of population-based survey of ontario drivers

Introduction: During COVID-19, increased speeding was observed in many jurisdictions. Yet, evidence is limited on what factors predicted increased speeding during the pandemic. This study’s purpose was to examine speeding, and person and situation factors associated with increased speeding since the start of the pandemic. Methods: An online panel survey sampled 1,595 drivers using sex, age, and region quota sampling and weighting to approximate the Ontario, Canada adult population. Measures included: (1) person factors: socio-demographics (age, sex, region); psychological trait of risk propensity (Competitive Attitudes Toward Driving Scale (CATDS)); psychological states (distress - general and COVID-19-related); and behaviors (kilometers driven, alcohol use, police stops and collisions); and (2) COVID-19-related situation factors: perceived changes in (traffic volume, police enforcement). Results: 67.2% of respondents reported speeding; 7.2% reported increased speeding since the start of the pandemic. Bivariate analyses indicated that person factors of younger age, male sex, higher CATDS, higher distress, more alcohol use, more kilometers traveled, police stops, and collisions since the start of the pandemic were associated with increased speeding. Situation factor of perceived less traffic volume since the start of the pandemic was associated with increased speeding. Logistic regression analysis identified odds of reported increased speeding during the pandemic was significantly higher for drivers with higher scores on the CATDS, higher kilometers traveled, and more alcohol use during the pandemic. Conclusions: These findings suggest that higher risk propensity as well as the more kilometers driven and increased alcohol consumption were risk factors for increased speeding. Practical Applications: COVID-19-related factors of lower traffic volume and enforcement are less predictive of increased speeding than driver personality and pandemic-related behaviors of more driving and drinking. Interventions to reduce speeding still need to focus on these person factors through education, enforcement, and strong sanctions for speeding.

Keabsahan Dan Kekuatan Hukum Alat Bukti Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) Dalam Pemberlakuan Tilang Elektronik

The application of an electronic ticket or Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) by the police is considered to have many problems and challenges for the police in the future, with reference to closed circuit television (CCTV) evidence that causes the gap in the use of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) evidence in the criminal justice process, the first is the legal factor itself where the use of CCTV is not included in legal evidence in the Criminal Procedure Code, the two different perspectives which will result in different thoughts that will be accepted by someone, the three norms which becomes legalistic positivistic is not clear in certain cases. Legal basis for prosecution of traffic violations. According to Law Nomor 2 of 2009 concerning Traffic And Road Transportation, article 260 and article 262 who are authorized to take action against traffic violations using CCTV can carry out law enforcement such as investigations and investigations of criminal acts of LLAJ or other crimes, acts of handling of accidents, violations, and traffic jams by the Police and the pursuit, ambush, arrest, and prosecution of perpetrators and/or vehicles involved in crimes or traffic violations. The formulation of the legal problem contains points regarding the juridical review and application of the validity of ETLE as evidence in the trial. This research is a legal research with a normative juridical approach with a statutory and case approach, especially the decision of ticketing for traffic violations. The results of the research and discussion conclude that the use of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) evidence can be used as evidence in the criminal justice process and the application of the e-Tilang system can reduce the number of traffic accidents.

Restorative Justice Approach in Traffic Crime Law Enforcement

Restorative Justice Approach in Traffic Crime Law Enforcement

Policy Implementation of The Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement in The Greater Jakarta Metro Area Police Jurisdiction

The aim of this study is to investigate the implementation of the ETLE policy in the Greater Jakarta Metro Area Police Jurisdiction. Data has shown that there have been fluctuations in the trend of traffic violations in the Greater Jakarta Metro Area Police Jurisdiction from 2018-2023. This research examines further the implementation of the Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE) policy to realize an orderly traffic area in the Greater Jakarta Metro Area Police Jurisdiction. Researchers use Grindle's policy implementation model to look at policy implementation. The researchers used a post-positivist approach by conducting data analysis techniques using illustrative methods on primary data in the form of in-depth interviews. In-depth interviews were conducted with several crucial policymakers, including the Traffic Director at the Greater Jakarta Metro Area Police, who led the ETLE policy in its jurisdiction. The results showed that implementation of the ETLE policy in the Greater Jakarta Metro Area Police jurisdiction has not run optimally in establish an orderly traffic area. Although there is progress in implementation, there are several critical notes that must be addressed to achieve policy objectives.

Egyptian car plate recognition based on YOLOv8, Easy-OCR, and CNN

This research presents an innovative approach to Egyptian car plate recognition using YOLOv8 and optical character recognition (OCR) technologies. Leveraging the powerful object detection capabilities of YOLOv8, the system efficiently detects car plates within images, videos, or real-time. Subsequently, OCR algorithms are applied to extract alphanumeric characters from the identified plates, facilitating accurate license plate recognition. The integration of YOLOv8 and OCR enhances the system's robustness in varying conditions, contributing to improved performance in real-world scenarios. This study advances the field of automatic license plate recognition, showcasing the potential for practical applications in traffic management, law enforcement, and security systems. A public dataset of Egyptian car plates is used for training and testing the model. Two OCR approaches are used and tested which proved their performance, while CNN-based approach reaches 99.4% accuracy.

Blockchain-enabled transparent traffic enforcement for sustainable road safety in cities

With the progress of the times, cars have become an important means of transportation in our lives. However, with new cars of all kinds, road safety issues still cannot be effectively improved. While countries have responded by enforcing traffic laws and using electronic technology to enhance enforcement, challenges still need to be addressed, including blurred images and misjudgments by police agencies, and even exploiting loopholes in traffic enforcement frameworks to evade consequences through bribery or connections. exacerbating an accident and leaving victims and families in the lurch of the aftermath. To solve this problem, we proposed a data traceability law enforcement system based on blockchain and InterPlanetary File System (IPFS). The system ensures rapid traceability and protects law enforcement data from external attacks. The goal of leveraging blockchain’s decentralized nature and smart contracts is to instill accountability and fairness in road safety measures, mitigate the effects of corruption, and pave the way for a safer and more just transportation environment. Our experimental results show that under our stress test of 50 transactions per second, the throughput can be as high as 300 and the maximum delay can reach 2.01s, which is enough to experimentally prove that our system is feasible. Our approach is designed to solve the data corruption problem caused by the centralized server being paralyzed. It applies to all technology enforcement, with high flexibility and scalability for all participants to join or set privileges. we also provide an automated traffic law enforcement system in a smart city. To make the data storage more secure and fair, and not easily damaged by malicious people or tampered with by intentional attackers. This brings a breakthrough to the country’s program security.

Analysis of The Effectiveness of Electronic Ticketing Lodaya In Enforcing Traffic Violations

Rampant traffic violations have spurred the development of information system-based technology by the Indonesian National Police equipped with a network or website as its software or Electronic Traffic Law Enforcement (ETLE). Through ETLE Lodaya, people ticketed for traffic violations will be sent a letter. This electronic system is very different from the street's manual ticketing mechanism. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of the ETLE Lodaya system through the mechanism of the Electronic Ticket Lodaya system in the jurisdiction of the Cirebon City Police. The research method used in this writing is qualitative. The data collection technique was conducted by interviewing police members regarding traffic violations at the Cirebon City Police. The results of this study show that the use of Electronic Ticket Lodaya in the Cirebon City Police area has not been effective because of inhibiting factors that affect the effectiveness of the Electronic Ticket system, including the ETLE mechanism, which requires a long process, community disobedience to the rules.

Vehicle Licence Number Plate Recognition Using Convolution Neural Network for Traffic Violators in Indonesia

In the context of rising traffic violations and the need for efficient traffic management, this study explores the application of CNN in the recognition of licence plates to identify traffic violators in Indonesia. Traditional traffic enforcement methods are labour-intensive and prone to human error, necessitating a more automated and reliable approach. This research aims to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of license plate recognition (LPR) systems. The proposed system involves capturing vehicle images from the Roboflow Universe collected in the Malang area for use. We also use a CNN model to recognize and extract the alphanumeric characters from the plates. The CNN architecture is designed and trained on a comprehensive dataset of Indonesian licence plates, taking into account the unique characteristics and variations in plate designs specific to the region. The research we are doing is detecting number plates to reduce traffic violations. The method used for detection is the CNN method. The datasets used are primary and secondary. The precision, recall, and F1 score metrics further validate the system's reliability and robustness in real-world traffic scenarios. The implementation of this CNN-based LPR system promises a substantial improvement in monitoring and penalizing traffic violators, contributing to better traffic law enforcement and road safety in Indonesia. The accuracy for CRR is 82, and the accuracy for LPR is 85,33. The accuracy for CCR is 76.55 for precisions, 78.51 for recall, and 81.72 for F1 score. The accuracy for LPR is 81.20 for precision, 87.37 for recall, and 83.56 for F1 score.

Versatile Lamellar Wrap-Structured PVDF/PZT/CNTs Piezoelectric Sensor for Road Traffic Information Sensing, Monitoring, and Energy Harvesting

Active monitoring and accurate sensing of road traffic information provide crucial data for road managers and traffic law enforcement. However, current sensors and monitoring systems struggle to capture comprehensive vehicle information simultaneously. In the study, a novel piezoelectric sensor using PVDF/PZT/CNTs composites was developed for actively monitoring road traffic information and explored for energy harvesting suitability. Piezoelectric composites with a lamellar wrapped structure and excellent localized conductive networks were prepared through solution blending, non-solvent-induced phase separation, and layered hot pressing. The results revealed that this structural design improves the proportions, crystallinity, and content of the β-phase crystals in the composites, while significantly enhancing their piezoelectric properties, dielectric properties, and electronegativity. When the content of CNTs was 3.0 wt%, the proportion and content of β-phase crystals in the composites reached the highest values (91.36 % and 62.34 %), respectively. Additionally, the open-circuit voltage (Voc) and the short-circuit current (Isc) were 3.36 and 6.16 times higher, respectively, than those of the undoped CNTs composites. The developed piezoelectric sensor shows a wide pressure monitoring range (0.1 MPa–2.1 MPa), excellent sensitivity (6.94 MPa−1 at (<0.6 MPa) and 12.35 MPa−1 at (0.6–2.1 MPa)). As a vehicle non-stop weighing sensor, it presents extremely fast response (15 ms) and recovery (16 ms) speeds with long-term stability of 500,000 cycles. The most important feature of the developed piezoelectric sensor is its dual function as both a sensor and an energy harvester. Furthermore, the developed piezoelectric sensor can actively monitor vehicle axle weight, speed, and wheelbase while capturing energy from vehicle movement. This work opens up innovative solutions for road traffic monitoring and vehicle movement energy harvesting, with promising applications in intelligent transportation.