Traditional Wooden Architecture Research Articles

В. В. Верещагин и «изобретение» Севера в литературе и публицистике конца XIX–начала XX века (часть вторая)

The paper, based on the book “On the Northern Dvina. Through wooden churches”, considers the artist V.V. Vereshchagin’s perception of the North. It is shown that it is based on his professional and artistic interest in the monuments of traditional wooden architecture of the XVI-XVII centuries. The artist views the latter as a kind of classic – the pinnacle of Russian art, the personification of its tradition, destroyed or distorted by later stylistic experiments. Moreover, he even places them in a global cultural context, using very tendentious analogies based on his personal experience of acquaintance with the East. On the other hand, Vereshchagin is fully aware of and carefully records the ethnographic features of the Dvina area. Without dividing the North into regions or territories, perceiving it as a single nationally significant space, the artist resorts to subjective-emotional gradation as a means of differentiation: his assessment of the “quality” of a particular monument, settlement, or area is sometimes speculative, litereally depends on the mood. At the same time, the Vereshchagin text reveals key themes and motifs of the northern discourse of the 1890s-1910s, but otherwise articulated. Thus, the thesis that the North passed the peak of its development in the late Middle Ages is revealed through the interpretation of European and other borrowings in Russian architecture. The “remoteness” and “abandonment” of the region are shown as, on the one hand, the problem of “undermanagement”, inattention to the needs of the region, and on the other hand, a consequence of the weak infrastructure development of the northern provinces.

MATERIAL AND ARCHITECTURAL FORM: MODERN POSSIBILITIES OF RELATIONSHIP

The reliance of architectural designs on the possibilities of material support is one of the challenges of construction. The expansion of these relationships contributes to the development of modern technologies and the search for new materials. The goal is to highlight the relationship between building materials and architectural form and to study the prospects of the influence of modern building materials on the architectural image of a building object in the future. If, until the beginning of the last century, statics dominated the architectural form, then the development of science contributed to the emergence of building materials resistant to bending and stretching and dynamic architectural structures. In general, all building materials have undergone an evolution from classic to innovative with the inclusion of additional components and even nanostructures in their composition. Stone and clay are the oldest natural building materials. Stone has long been used for the construction of foundations, walls, stairs, and corridors. At the same time, modern stone architectural forms were transformed into pixelated facades, landscape elements, coatings, and exterior and interior zoning. Clay with various additives is used for the production of clay concrete, fibre concrete, and a clay-stone mixture reinforced with barbed wire. If traditional wooden architecture is characterized by a simple geometry of forms with right angles, then at the modern stage, plastic outlines are created thanks to digital design and the introduction of hydrophobic nanoparticles. Artificial building materials require a lot of energy during production and have a large carbon footprint. At the same time, reinforcing concrete with various types of fibres increases compressive and tensile strength and improves wear and impact resistance. Modified brick with additives has increased moisture resistance, frost resistance and wear resistance. Modern architecture uses the natural properties of brickwork to create a "pixel" surface effect. The modern form of traditional glass - foam glass, is an effective heat-insulating, sound-insulating and structural material. Metal structural, fencing and finishing elements. At the same time, the modern use of metal on facades (foam metals, metal polymers) more effectively emphasizes the texture and peculiarity of the forms. A type of tile with photo modules allows you to produce electricity. Connection of material and architectural forms has deep historical roots. The creation of new materials contributes to the improvement of forms. Modern architectural forms are implemented not only with the use of natural materials, but also innovative ones, including the use of nanotechnology. This makes it possible to endow natural materials with the properties required by the modern construction industry.

Reception of the Zagreb Traditional Wooden House in the Brick Residential Architecture of Zagreb’s Opatovina and Upper Town in the 18th, 19th and 20th Centuries

During the foundation period of Zagreb’s Gradec and Opatovina, a specific architectural type of wooden single-storey residential house emerged, the so-called purgerska hiža, based on the traditional wooden architecture of the wider Zagreb area, which has been defined, for the first time in this paper, as the Zagreb traditional wooden house. Features of this house type can be recognised in brick residential houses from the 18th century onwards, both in Opatovina and Gradec, and they became a staple piece of architecture commissioned by the economically less powerful and less educated. This paper describes the prominent features of this architectural type, as well as the specificities of a more elaborate type of two-storey house that developed therefrom. Here it is shown that this type continued in the brick form long into the 19th century, and that certain features occasionally cropped up even in the 20th century. All Upper Town and Opatovina houses that can be subsumed under this type have been identified in this paper, as well as houses derived from that type, which can be considered its modifications, and they have been analysed in order to determine where the influences on this type of architecture had come from, adopting a new thesis on Zagreb as a border zone that was influenced by two ethnographic regions: Turopolje and Hrvatsko Zagorje.

Tensile Performance of Traditional and Modern Corner Joints in Wooden Structures

Corner joints are critical points of wooden structures not only in furniture construction but also in traditional wooden architecture, especially in constructions without nails. This study was performed to determine the effects of particular factors such as the axis of assembly, types of material, and adhesive on the tensile performance of various modern and traditional types of wooden corner joints. For this purpose, various corner joint specimens were prepared with three different wooden materials: Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris Lipsky) wood, Lombardy poplar (Populus nigra Lipsky) wood, and Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF) using two different adhesives: polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) and polyurethane (Desmodur-VTKA) glues; and five different wooden joint types: dowel, tongue-and-groove, half-blind dovetail, screw, and eccentric screw joints. Tensile performance tests, vertical and parallel to the axis of assembly, were carried out according to ASTM D 1037 guidelines. Experiments indicated that, while the tensile performance of MDF specimen connected with a screw and PVAc adhesive was the highest under loading parallel to the axis of assembly (4592 N); it was the lowest under loading parallel to the axis of assembly in MDF specimen connected with tongue-and-groove joint and PVAc adhesive (260 N), respectively. As a result, it may be advantageous to apply screwed joints in corners for high tensile strength in parallel to the axis of the assembly.

Application of the building cohesion method in spatial planning to shape patterns of the development in a suburban historical landscape of a 'village within Kraków'

This paper focuses on the impact of urban and suburban spread on the preservation of the cultural heritage and landscape of suburban villages with historical cores. It is a case study of a once village of Bronowice Małe the rural structure of which has been listed as a protected heritage site by the municipality. The area is under a severe development pressure because of its attractive location within Kraków’s city limits. Extensive historical studies determined the archetypical Bronowice-style house, which is a modern continuum of traditional wooden architecture in the area, referred to as the Bronowice-style cottage. With the typical features of the archetype defined, the authors developed an original method, a combination of field survey and numeric taxonomy to assess the percentage consistency of new housing buildings with traditional building standards in Bronowice Małe. The results show that despite legal protection with local acts of law and listing of the area as a heritage site, the development pressure in the area is extreme. Housing estates are constructed illegally and at variance with the character of buildings that make up the historical core of the village. The field research identified dynamic growth in multi-family buildings even though the local spatial development plan provides for single-family housing only. The results have demonstrated that the proposed method for assessing development consistency with the traditional standard is universal. It significantly streamlines work with cultural heritage and with developing local spatial development plans. It further builds awareness among residents, planners, and administration officers regarding improved protection of cultural heritage

HBIM for the Characteristics of Korean Traditional Wooden Architecture: Bracket Set Modelling Based on 3D Scanning

Historic building information modelling (HBIM) is a technology that documents and analyses 3D model information for reverse engineering using laser scan and image survey data of buildings having heritage value. In the case of traditional Korean wooden architectures, especially the bracket-sets of buildings, there is a limit to accuracy, owing to non-visible seams. Thus, in this study, mesh modelling is conducted using point-cloud data of the entire Seoikheon building of Jeonju Pungpajigwan, which is a national cultural property of Korea. After dismantling the building, scanning the members and cross-checking the cloud data, it was possible to create a realistic Rhino 3D model that includes joints of the bracket set. Hence, it is possible to implement a 3D model in Revit that reflects the unique shapes and characteristics of traditional wooden architectures. The resultant model not only provides a platform of various historic building information, but it can also be used as a digital twin to understand deformation and damage to wooden joints.

Народное деревянное зодчество ольхонского побережья озера Байкал

The purpose of the work is to study the features and typology of monuments of traditional folk wooden architecture in settlements on the shores of Lake Baikal, located in the western part of the lake on Olkhon Island. The study of the folk wooden architectural heritage in the coastal settlements was carried out in preparation for the development of the “Standard for the planning and development of the Baikal settlements”. Based on collected historical descriptions and materials of two historical and architectural surveys by specialists of the Irkutsk State Technical University at the end of the 20th century, an overview of the main characteristics and features of the traditional dwellings of Russian peasants and Buryat families who led a semi-nomadic lifestyle has been made. As a result of the work, the most ancient space-planning types of Russian folk dwellings in settlements on the Olkhon coast of Lake Baikal were identified. The descriptions of the three most common types of traditional Russian dwellings in this area were made –klet houses, link-up houses, and five-walled houses. Information about the rapid change in the traditional Buryat dwelling is presented: the transition from felt yurts to wooden yurts, and then to a winter Buryat dwelling of the Russian type. The importance of summer migrations and, accordingly, summer settlements –letniks– in the organization of pasture cattle breeding, land use, and preservation of the semi-nomadic way of life of the Buryats was revealed. It is concluded that the main types of folk dwellings in the settlements of the Olkhon coast changed during the 18th-19th centuries. The development of the forms of the Buryat folk dwelling proceeded most intensively. The evolution of the forms of traditional dwelling of both Russian peasants and Buryat families in the settlements of the Olkhonsky coast of Lake Baikal was part of the general process of the development of traditional folk dwellings throughout the Upper Angara region, including the Balagan steppe and the traditional settlements of the Upper Lena.

A masterpiece of the avant-garde era in Russia - melnikov's house

Examining the content of the article, the article provides information about the original architectural and artistic image of the masterpiece of the twentieth century while Russian architecture achieved significant success in the 1920s and 1930s the leading figure of Russian (Soviet) constructivism-the Melnikov House, who before moved on to designing very topical buildings of a new, partly revolutionary type and purpose-workers' clubs began with the construction of Russian pavilions at International Exhibitions in the style of traditional wooden architecture, thanks to which he gained international fame. Six out of ten projects of workers' clubs implemented in Moscow and the region belong to Melnikov.

Mõnda valdkonna teadusajakirjadest / On scholarly journals in craft research

This article offers a brief survey of international scholarly journals on craft research and related fields (heritage protection and management, vernacular architecture, textile heritage, etc.).
 In Estonian language, studies of material culture are chiefly published in the yearbooks of memory institutions, such as museums. Internationally, special publications focused on craft research were only established in the 21st century. In the Scandinavian countries, the notion of ‘sloyd’ is central to this type of research. In the European context, craft research is often categorised under ‘design history’, whereas in America it can be found under the label ‘material culture’. If one wishes to find studies on traditional wooden architecture, the keyword ‘vernacular’ comes in handy. One important search term is ‘practice-led’ research, as it is the closest one to the approach employed in the teaching and research activities of the Native craft department in University of Tartu Viljandi Culture Academy. What can be learnt from international publications is their skill in placing case studies within a wider global cultural, historical and economic background.
 Heritage studies are relevant to craft research as craft and its outcomes are often connected with material and immaterial cultural heritage. Interest in sustainable materials and resource use has risen notably during recent decades, and this is also reflected in scholarly publications.
 Some journals stand out with their experimental approach to contributions. For example, video publications could be very useful not only for lab practitioners, but also for craft researchers. The array of publications on craft research is relatively wide, and we should not hesitate to make good use of all the wonderful resources available.

Zoning for world heritage sites: dual dilemmas in development and demographics

Since listing as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (WHS) in 1999, Hoi An Ancient Town in Vietnam has been transformed by tourism development with visitor numbers increasing more than sixteen-fold. Beyond positive economic impacts, tourism has generated considerable funds for conservation, with revenue assisting authentic restoration of the town’s historic center. However, tourism impacts have provoked criticism linked to social sustainability, examined in this paper using the core-and-buffer-zone principle - a neo-normative spatial planning framework. Our longitudinal, mixed-method analysis from development and demographic perspectives combines interviews and census data with spatial planning guidelines and maps. Findings show that architectural renovations, accompanied by stricter regulations and hierarchical World Heritage Site zoning, legitimized rapid development of Hoi An’s buffer zone in tandem with ‘museumification’ of the core, epitomized by the central clustering of traditional wooden architecture renovation projects. By 2010, population in the core had declined by 20% as ‘adaptive re-use’ of heritage buildings paved the way for conversion of private residences into shops or other services and the core transformed from living heritage into a tourism stage. Demographic and development trends reinforced the dual hierarchy, although attempts to mitigate museumification, including a series of craft villages around the perimeter, provided impetus for revitalization of the newly-expanded buffer zone. Our findings highlight certain implications of spatial zoning for social sustainability, pointing the way for better integration with adaptive re-use policies. Our study contributes to further the debate on social sustainability at a living heritage site by investigating the bipolarity between museumification of the core and concurrent development of the buffer zones. The implications of our study extend beyond the current context of developing Southeast Asia, as this paper draws parallels and expounds opportunities for more site-specific planning and management of World Heritage Sites.

Analysis of the Differences between Chinese and Japanese Traditional Wooden Architecture

Buddhism has been the link between China and Japan for more than 1,500 years in terms of architectural technology. With the introduction of Buddhism, Japan has been absorbing and transforming traditional Chinese wooden construction technology into a part of its own culture. The history of Japanese architecture is mostly the process of ingesting and assimilating Chinese architectural culture. The study of Chinese and Japanese wooden architecture is an important supplement to the history of east Asian architecture. This paper starts from the origin of Chinese and Japanese traditional wooden architecture, compares the differences between Chinese and Japanese traditional wooden architecture technology, and analyses the reasons for the differences between Chinese and Japanese traditional wooden architecture from the perspective of natural environment and construction technology.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ФРАНЦУЗСКОЙ САДОВОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ НА ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИЕ ГОРОДОВ ВЬЕТНАМА

The article analyzes the role of the French protectorate in the development of the greening system of major cities in Vietnam. The article presents political, economic and religious facts that influenced domestic policy in the field of urban planning and landscape architecture in the period from 1858 to 1954. The French protectorate period was an important milestone in the history of Vietnamese architecture. The French made significant changes to the construction art of Vietnam with its traditional wooden architecture. They built homes using new technologies such as mansard roofs, terraces, and balconies, and also used new materials for Vietnam - cement, steel, concrete, ceramic tiles, and slate. It is shown that in the initial period of French rule in Vietnam, only European traditions were used in architecture and Park construction, and after the 1st world war, with the acquisition of a certain negative experience, they began to take into account the traditions of local construction art and the climatic conditions of the region. A significant contribution of French specialists was made in the first attempts to select types of woody plants for urban gardening that meet the requirements of safety and street hygiene. French influence in the garden culture of Vietnam shifted the vector of development of this area of activity towards Europeanization. This is especially evident in the structure of urban squares and the ways in which plants were formed according to the laws of European topiary art, which required regular planning.

Analysis of acoustic insulation in traditional wooden architecture hotel building

This paper presents evaluation of vibroacoustical requirements in the context of impact and airborne sound insulation in hotel building. This building represents traditional wooden architecture present in southern Poland. Similar structures can be found all around Europe in mountainous areas. Due to fact that there are little information about acoustic conditions of such buildings, this paper gives measured values of sound insulation of typical solutions used in this architecture. In order to define if requirements of current polish standard PN-B-02151-03:2015 for hotel buildings are met, impact sound level and airborne sound insulation of representative partitions were measured. Measurement conducted in presented building shows issues connected with non-sufficient airborne sound insulation of internal partitions – timber log walls. Due to its low mass and, in simplification, homogenous structure, its sound insulation is far from meeting requirements. Considering timber structural ceiling and reinforced concrete floor present in hotel building requirements of impact sound level and airborne sound insulation are met. The solution of weak acoustic conditions of walls is proposed as plasterboard pre-wall with mineral wool inside.

Functioning and Protection of Traditional XIX-Century Wooden Architecture in the Capital of South-Eastern Poland

The south-eastern region of Poland is a culturally interesting area, where there are relatively many harmonious rural landscapes, with the open landscape (fields, tree stands) and the residential buildings consistent with the historical character. Podkarpackie villages, despite their interrupted construction patterns associated with the Second World War and the Communist-era Poland, still retain the traditional character thanks to the wooden housing, sacral and public buildings present in their structure. The research undertaken by the author (since 2015) makes us realize that wooden objects also exist in the Podkarpacie cities are threatened by strong investment pressure and lack of fixed construction patterns. The presented research focuses on Rzeszów city, the capital of the Podkarpackie province. The primary aim of the research was to determine the characteristic features and ways of functioning of 19th-century relics of wooden secular buildings in Rzeszów. The scope of the study included the analysis of documents registering historic objects of the region, including wooden objects. Field studies documenting wooden architecture in Rzeszów, which was created in the 19th century, were documented in the form of pictures and drawings. The collected materials were analysed in terms of preserved, original building materials, formal solutions and details. The transformations concerning the studied objects and their landscape context have been identified. The implemented activities show a significant saturation of the spatial structure of Rzeszów with historic wooden architecture. XIX-century buildings determine historical rural arrangements in the landscape of the developing city and document the construction traditions of the region. Construction with simple forms, generally devoid of decorative elements and details, presents regional patterns resulting from the then economic, cultural and natural conditions. The studied collection of Rzeszów wooden houses preserved in its original location does not contain objects valuable from the perspective of the monument conservator. These objects have largely undergone transformations and modernizations disturbing their original form. The conducted research allows to determine the manner of functioning of these buildings in a completely new cultural and spatial context. The author of the article tries to answer the following questions: How do traditional rural houses from the 19th century function in the contemporary “capital of innovation”? Is it worth taking steps to protect and study these objects?

Цвет в архитектуре деревянных храмов XVII–XVIII веков

Использование цвета в традиционном деревянном зодчестве представляет собой практически неизученный вопрос. Традиционные деревянные бревенчатые храмы представляются нам практически монохромными. Однако имеется немало свидетельств о том, что в архитектуре деревянных храмов XVII—XVIII веков использовались цветные покраски и росписи: это архитектурные фоны северорусских икон, миниатюры и аксонометрические планы, на которых деревянные храмы и иные сооружения изображены с крашеными кровлями, а иногда и с крашеными стенами или деталями. В статье систематизируются и анализируются данные о покрасках деревянных построек. Выявляются определённые закономерности в использовании цвета и наиболее распространённые цветовые композиции. В качестве основных выводов можно отметить, что покраска тёсовых и лемеховых кровель деревянных храмов была достаточно распространена. Иногда она выполнялась в один цвет, иногда в два или даже в три цвета. На крышах многих изображённых зданий устойчиво повторяется сочетание красного внизу и зелёного (темно-зелёного) вверху. Хотя при этом многие традиционные деревянные постройки и не имели в своём архитектурном облике каких-либо цветовых решений. Данные старинных изображений сопоставляются с материалами натурных обследований памятников деревянного зодчества и фотографиями начала и середины XX века, когда покраска на старых зданиях ещё прочитывалась достаточно отчётливо. Совокупные сведения о покрасках деревянных храмов XVI—XVIII веков и XIX - начала XX века позволяют сделать вывод о том, что цвет играл значительную роль в формировании архитектурного облика традиционных русских деревянных церквей.

RESEARCH ON NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING TECHNOLOGY IN CONSERVATION REPAIR PROJECT OF ANCESTRAL TEMPLE IN MUKDEN PALACE

Abstract. Due to the use of wood and other non-permanent materials, traditional Chinese architecture is one of the most fragile constructions in various heritage objects today. With the increasing emphasis on the protection of cultural relics, the repair project of wooden structure has become more and more important. There are various kinds of destructions, which pose a hidden danger to the overall safety of the ancient buildings, caused not only by time and nature, but also by improper repairs in history or nowadays. Today, the use of digital technology is a basic requirement in the conservation of cultural heritage. Detection technology, especially non-destructive testing technology, could provide more accurate records in capturing detailed physical characteristics of structures such as geometric deformation and invisible damage, as well as prevent a man-made destruction in the process of repair project. This paper aims to interpret with a typical example, Ancestral Temple in Mukden Palace, along with a discussion of how to use the non-destructive testing technology with ground penetrating radar, stress wave, resistograph and so on, in addition to find an appropriate protection method in repair project of traditional Chinese wooden architecture.

Column-leaning Displacement of Korean Traditional Wooden Architecture : 3D Scanning Data of Columns of Sungryeoljeon in Namhansanseong

Column leaning in Korean traditional wooden heritage structures has been emphasized in various reports since the first survey report in the 1950s, which established the importance of its measurement. Manual measurements have been carried out for a long time; however, recently, three-dimensional (3D) scanning has been used to obtain accurate data. Through periodic surveys of column leaning using 3D scanning, column displacement can be measured accurately.This study aims to measure the column leaning in Sungryeoljeon at Namhansanseong, a World Heritage Site, using 3D scanning, and then determine its displacement through a periodic survey. Such displacement in column leaning may reveal the characteristics of wooden architecture.The 12 columns of Sungryeoljeon are displaced in different directions. Generally, they lean toward the south and rotate clockwise. Column displacement does not occur so quickly in certain directions. Nonetheless, the aspects of column leaning that are already in progress need to be observed carefully.

Assessing Ecotourism Potential of Traditional Wooden Architecture in Rural Areas: The Case of Papart Valley

The aim of this study is to reveal the resource values that the rural areas host, and with a very disciplined approach, to discuss opportunities to benefit from those values in terms of ecotourism practices specific to Papart Valley. As a first step in this study, we took an inventory of natural and cultural assets of Papart Valley in Eastern Black Sea Region, Artvin province. Then, a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis was conducted with the participation of all stakeholders and the current situation was analyzed in terms of ecotourism practices. In light of SWOT results, along with observed natural resource assets in the region, the traditional wooden houses were seen to have potential in terms of ecotourism and it was detected that there were a large number of wooden homes and home plans suitable for both the settlement of the local people and accommodation of guests. On the other hand, it was determined that there was a lack of information for sufficient protection and care of wooden houses, and despite their potential, there was a lack of regulations and positive attitudes towards accomodation businesses in traditional wooden houses. In order to eliminate these deficiencies, proposals for the protection of traditional building stock were developed, by first determining the causes of material degradation in the wooden houses. Also, to emphasize the worth and importance of these structures, dendrochronology studies were conducted in order to determine the antiquity of the structures and potentially to make them more attractive for eco-tourism.

Analysis of the Sparrow Brace Culture of Traditional Wooden Architechture

The sparrow brace has experienced various of changes in shape, crafts, decoration, color during hundreds of years, which changed from a pure mechanical component into a unity of mechanics and aesthetics. The sparrow brace has brought traditional wooden architecture strength and beauty collision, dynamic and static combination and soothing and boosting coordination. The sparrow brace has become a bright pearl in traditional architectural decoration elements when its decorative significance surpassed structural significance in ancient architechture.

WOODEN ARCHITECTURE IN SMALL TOWN PLANNING IN LUBLIN REGION – STATE OF PRESERVATION

The changes taking place in recent years are particularly evident in small towns. This is due to the scale of development. Any change in the proportion interfere the composition. The traditional wooden architecture in eastern regions of Poland disappears completely. In their place there are created houses that can be found in many other regions. This way, the identity of the small towns this part of the Poland is lost. In accordance with European Union directives concerning the revitalization we should care about the quality and aesthetics of public spaces. Regeneration processes should be in accordance with art conservation, including the purposes of preservation of historic landscapes. Unfortunately, in many cases, renewal processes carried out in small towns have completely lost their architecture as well as distinctive characteristic of public spaces and native greenery. Currently, the historic wooden architecture is a relic of the in situ and, paradoxically, we have come to the stage of exploring the open-air museum in which it is possible to see typical architecture and structure of Polish towns (e.g. in Lublin).