Traditional Weavers Research Articles

Model For Small Enterprises Innovation Strategies Adaptation On Climate Change: Learn From Traditional Textile Sumba

All business organizations face various risks that might arise from changes in the external macro and micro environment. One of the significant changes in the external macro-environment is climate change. Climate change and its derivative impacts on business activities need to be managed properly by adapting innovations in the production process. Various studies on the impact of climate change on business activities are more focused on conventional measures to gauge business risks which are more responsive and focused on large companies. There are still few studies conducted on small and traditional businesses related to strategic actions in dealing with climate change, especially non-agricultural businesses. Therefore, this research aims to provide an overview of the adaptation strategy of production process innovation in the small-scale weaving industry in Sumba Island, Indonesia. The research conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with traditional textile producers in East Sumba. The main criterion in determining the respondents is the length of the business run by the traditional weaver. The study found that while most traditional weavers of Sumba textile rely on status quo technology, some strategies emerged to adapt to climate uncertainty in weaving production. The authors also identify three benchmarks of climate adaptation measures by the traditional weavers.

Pelatihan Peregangan dan Penerapan Teknologi Alat Pemintal Ergonomis pada Penenun Tradisional di Desa Boti

Traditional weavers are prone to musculoskeletal complaints. Yarn spinning, one of the weaving stages, can increase the risk of these complaints due to the bent sitting position, long periods with the hands raised, and repetitive work. Lack of stretching and limited technology for yarn spinning are issues found among weavers at Boti Village. This community service aims to increase knowledge and ability to stretch and apply alternative spinning tools to help weavers in spinning. Activities included stretching-related education and demonstration and assistance in using the tool. The activity results showed an increase in the ability of all weavers to practice stretching (40% in the moderate category and 60% in the good category). A poster containing 14 movements was given to weavers as a reminder to stretch. Weavers have tested the spinning tool but still need further assistance and regular use to improve the spinning efficiency.

Model for Small Enterprises Innovation on Climate Change and Tourism Industry: Learning from the Traditional Weaving Industry in Sumba

Purpose: This research aims to provide an overview of the adaptation strategy of production process innovation in the small-scale weaving industry in Sumba Island, Indonesia. The research is used to address climate change, and also relevant to the context of the tourism industry in the region.
 
 Theoretical framework: All business organizations face various risks that might arise from changes in the external macro and micro environment. One of the significant changes in the external macro-environment is climate change. Climate change and its derivative impacts on business activities need to be managed properly by adapting innovations in the production process. Various studies on the impact of climate change on business activities are more focused on conventional measures to gauge business risks which are more responsive and focused on large companies. Few studies are conducted on small and traditional businesses related to strategic actions in dealing with climate change and tourism, especially non-agricultural businesses. This research is carried out with the framework of making adaptation strategies to deal with climate change and tourism.
 
 Methods: This study employed exploratory qualitative research involving 20 informants of ikat weaving craftsmen. The research was conducted in Kambera District in July 2021. The qualitative data in this study were obtained by semi-structured in-depth interviews with the participants. The main criterion in determining the respondents is the length of the business run by the traditional weavers. The main interview questions were about the participants’ understanding of climate change and its impact on their business, as well as what strategic actions have been taken related to innovation in the production process.
 
 Findings: The study found that while most traditional weavers of Sumba textiles rely on status quo technology, some strategies emerged to adapt to climate uncertainty in weaving production to offer valuable products to the tourism industry. The authors also identify three benchmarks of climate adaptation measures by the traditional weavers.
 
 Practicality implications: The results of this study propose a production process innovation model related to climate change adaptation by ikat craftsmen to capture opportunities for tourism development by offering products that maintain cultural value while having high economic value. By all means, this model needs to be approached more deeply, either by conducting qualitative or quantitative exploratory studies.
 
 Originality/Value: The originality lies in its emphasis on the model of strategic actions toward climate change and the tourism industry. Furthermore, it improves the field's originality and value by shedding light into competitive business aspects that allow the industry to become a robust economic tourist attraction for the region, attracting tourists with its high-quality products. The emphasis on cultural values in the process of making Sumba ikat weaving adds a rich dimension to local culture, enriching the experience of tourists interested in the uniqueness of regional culture. Thus, the local economy can be strengthened via the increased tourism in Sumba.

Role of Traditional Weavers in Socio – Economic Development

Objective: This study analyses the role of traditional weavers towards socio – economic development by examining the market competition between traditional woven clothes and clothes produced from power loom. This paper also discusses the relationship between traditional cultural expressions with moral rights of Copyright Law. Methods: This study is based on the literature collected from secondary sources. It relies on Constitution of India, published research articles, text books, reports on international conventions, etc. The literature is analyzed by using descriptive – analytical method. Results: Intellectual Property Law is very narrow to protect traditional knowledge (TK) and traditional cultural expressions (TCE). IPR laws require the work of the people to be original and novel. Traditional weavers do not fulfill the requirement of originality and novelty because the products are result of TK and TCE passed down from many generations. A sui – generis law is felt necessary to protect the hand woven dresses made by the traditional weavers. Such sui – generis law may include positive protection and defensive protection as provided under World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) to help traditional weavers access share of equal benefit and restrict the third parties from obtaining rights over the products derived from TK and TCE. Customary law is also one of the potential approaches to holistically recognize the rights of traditional weavers. Suggestions: It is recommended to encourage traditional weaving for the sustainability of weaving culture. However the present generation can enhance the weaving techniques by blending it with new technologies. The marketing strategy should be learnt by traditional weavers to meet the expectation of globalised market. There should be direct communication between customers and weavers to understand the expectation of customers. This will open path to traditional weavers to develop their skills, designs, and promote their products directly in the market. To raise awareness among consumers, the hand-woven goods should be promoted. The Handloom Act of 1985 should be implemented. The state's department of handloom should frequently inform weavers about the reserved commodities. Power loom facilities should be legally registered with a statement that none of the restricted items listed under Handloom Act, 1985 will be produced. The power loom weavers should be held legally responsible if it is discovered that they are making reserved items. Copyright Law should include weaving as TCE and grant protection under moral rights.

Ergonomic Risk Analysis on Traditional Weaving Workers on Semau Island Kupang Regency

Musculoskeletal disorder has caused casualty on traditional weaving workers. With manual equipment that uses no electricity, the workers do not apply anthropometry into their daily labor; resulting in working with bent position. Such condition forces the workers to be in a non-ergonomic work position. The research objective was to determine the relationship between work fatigue, workload, and work attitude with musculoskeletal disorders in traditional weaving workers. This research is an analytic descriptive research with a cross sectional study design. The sample in this study was 38 traditional weavers. The results showed that there was a relationship between work fatigue, workload, and work attitude with musculoskeletal disorders in traditional weaving workers on Semau Island, Kupang Regency with p-value <0.05. Workers can be given counseling and pamphlets regarding ergonomic and comfortable work, so as to avoid occupational safety and health problems.

Critical evaluation of socio-cultural and climatic aspects in a traditional community: a case study of Pillayarpalayam weavers' cluster, Kanchipuram

Protecting vernacular architecture is important because it reflects a treasure-trove of local information, including climate responses, functions and the socio-cultural context. This study aimed to assess and evaluate the spatial and climate response features of the vernacular weavers’ settlement in Pillayarpalayam, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu. This precinct, delineated as a heritage zone under the National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana scheme by the Government of India, consists of a large number of traditional weavers’ residences that have cultural and social significance. The methodology comprised primary documentation and unstructured interviews to assess the architectural and anthropological development of the settlement. The study and analysis were conducted at three levels—dwelling, cluster and street. Spatial analysis was carried out to understand the relationship between different weaving activities and their physical setting. Analysis of building materials and construction techniques was carried out to understand the climate response features. The traditional dwellings accommodated the spaces for the weavers to live, as well as functioning as a workspace. It was observed that many houses had undergone alterations to adapt to family needs while some houses had been demolished and replaced by concrete structures. The traditional craft of weaving was losing its importance and only few weavers in this cluster had retained the traditional living and working space. These vernacular dwellings need to be preserved because they represent a unique typology and are evidence of traditional knowledge and culture. Guidelines and recommendations have been proposed to conserve the intangible values such as culture, lifestyles, social factors, and production methods, in addition to conserving the vernacular built heritage and workspaces of this traditional and unique craft industry.

Evaluation and analysis of new design traditional handloom performance in reducing work musculoskeletal disorders among Sarong Samarinda female weavers: A quasi-experimental study.

Background:Work musculoskeletal disorder (WMSDs) are occupational health problems whose prevalence is still high in various countries. Ergonomic interventions are the most successful approach to reducing WMSDs. This study evaluated the effect of redesign traditional handloom on the work posture and musculoskeletal disorders of Samarinda Sarong traditional weavers.Methods:The quasi-experiment has been carried out on 40 traditional weavers from February to September 2019 in Samarinda, Indonesia. The weaver using the new design handloom then evaluated its impact on work posture and WMSDs in the first 3 months and the second 3 months. Work posture was assessed using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA). WMSDs were assessed using a Nordic Body Map questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Friedman and Dunn's test.Results:The RULA score decreased from 7 to 3 and 2, while the WMSD risk at “very high” level decreased from 12.5% to 7.5% and 2.5% and the WMSD at “high” risk level decreased from 87.5% to 10.0% and 5.0% following the introducing of the new design traditional handloom at 3 and 6 months, respectively.Conclusions:The new design of the traditional handloom on Sarong Samarinda female weavers has succeeded in improving work posture and reducing WMSDs.

Aesthetic and Philosophical Meanings of Indigenous Asante Kente

Indigenous Ghanaian woven fabrics remain traditional cultural pieces, highlighting the value and heritage of the indigenes in the communities. These fabrics are embedded with historical symbolic connotations that help the people to relate effectively and know their past. Recent studies have identified the tools, materials and new innovations in design by traditional weavers. This study seeks to highlight the aesthetics and philosophical connotations of the indigenous Asante Kente which are highly cherished by the indigenes. As a qualitative research, it adopts the narrative research design to interpret empirical information gathered from master weavers and opinion leaders from two weaving communities (Bonwire and Adanwomase) in the Ashanti Region of Ghana. Information on the indigenous Kente of the Asantes is presented, which draws on the types coupled with their philosophical connotations. The worth of the Asante Kente cloth from both aesthetic and philosophical points of view is also presented in the study. It recommends further studies to promote the artefacts and the Ghanaian culture at large.

Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders among Traditional Weavers of Districts of Arunachal Pradesh - A Cross Sectional Study

Background and Objectives: Weaving is the second biggest source of income after agriculture and remainsimportant to India’s economy with roughly 4.3 million people involved, of which 61% are from North-EastIndia. Arunachal Pradesh, one of the North-East states has its own unique method of weaving where itdemands long sitting without back support for hours that can develop Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD).Thus, the study aims to estimate the prevalence of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMD) andseverity of disability due to Low Back Pain (LBP) among traditional weavers of Arunachal Pradesh.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in five districts of Arunachal Pradesh. 210 traditionalweavers were randomly selected. Subjects were screened for Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders(WRMD) using Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (NMQ) following which, the weavers that reportedLow Back Pain (LBP) were screened for the severity of disability using Modified Oswestry Low Back PainDisability Questionnaire (M-OSW). Results obtained were statistically analysed using SPSS 25.0.Results: The result showed highest prevalence of musculoskeletal disorder in lower back, of which 79.2%had trouble in last 12 months, 69.7% was having trouble during last 7 days and 62.9% were preventedfrom doing normal activities during last 12 months. A total of 36.6% had mild disability, 60.6% moderatedisability and 2.8% severe disability due to low back pain.Conclusion: This study concluded that, prolong work exposure and awkward work postural demandincreases the incidence of musculoskeletal disorders.

Description of Work Fatigue of Traditional Weavers in The Weaving Industry of St. Maria Boro Yogyakarta

Fatigue at work is an occupational health and safety problem. Internal and external factors affect work fatigue. Internal factors relate to workers' characteristics, while external factors include unconducive work and work environment. This study purposed to describe the work fatigue of traditional workers in the St. Maria Boro weaving industry, Yogyakarta. This type of research is a descriptive survey. The research population and samples were all 48 workers in the St. Maria Boro Yogyakarta Weaving Industry. Data collection of work fatigue used a questionnaire to measure the feelings of work fatigue (KAUPKK). The results showed that the level of work fatigue significantly felt by workers was tired (83.33%). Regular physical exercise (gymnastics) for the workforce is necessary to reduce work fatigue.

Natural Dye Plants for Traditional Weaving in Sintang and Sambas Regencies, West Kalimantan

This research aimed to study natural dye plants used by Sambas and Sintang traditional weavers in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study includes the kinds of plants used for natural dyes and it’s existence in people’s settlements. Weavers in Sintang and Sambas Regencies of West Kalimantan Province have been using natural dye plants gathered from the forests nearby. However, forest degradation and conversion have reduced their existence. As a consequence, people begin to lose their natural dye resources. Besides, weavers use synthetic dyes because it is cheaper and more practical. Nowadays the trend ‘back to nature’ makes natural dye plants more valuable and reconsidered. The use of dye plants in traditional weaving adds their unique and inherent value, especially in the international market. An ethnobotanical methodology of a semi-structured interview was carried out to study the dye plants used in Sambas and Sintang's traditional weaving to provide sustainable, eco-friendly dyes. The specific respondents were chosen using the Snowball Sampling Technique. The results showed that Sambas and Sintang weavers used 30 and 11 species, respectively, as dye plants. A total of 36 species were used for Sambas and Sintang traditional weaving, five of which were used as natural dye both in Sintang and Sambas. The Important Value Index of the dye plants in the field varied from high to low, and a few plants did not exist in the resident vicinity. Engkerebang (Psychotria megacoma), emarek (Symplocos ophirensis), lengkar (Litsea angulata), belian (Eusideroxylon zwageri), and kayu kuning (Fibraurea chloroleuca) are considered as native dye plants from West Kalimantan that are important to be conserved.
 
 Keywords: dye plants, ethnobotany, plant inventory, traditional weaving 

LOW BACK PAIN AMONG SAMARINDA SARONG’S TRADITIONAL WEAVERS AND ITS RELATED FACTORS

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is a type of musculoskeletal disorder that has a detrimental effect on both workers and business continuity. Weaving activities with handloom are at risk for this disorder.Objective: To analyze the prevalence of LBP among Samarinda sarong’s traditional weavers and its related factors.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted on 49 traditional weavers of Samarinda Sarong. The instruments included the Owestry low back pain disability questionnaire, rapid entire body assessment (REBA), microtoise staturmeter and stopwatch. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regressions.Results: The result showed that most of the weavers (92.5%) experienced LBP. Age (p= .000), work experience (p=.000), workload (p=.048) and work posture (p=.000) were significantly associated with LBP, while nutritional status (p=.773) and workload (p= .343) were not associated with LBP. Age and work posture were the most dominant variables affecting LBP.Conclusion: The prevalence of LBP among Samarinda sarong’s traditional weavers was quite high and was strongly influenced by the weavers' age and posture work. In order to improve work posture and reduce the incidence of LBP, it is recommended to modify handlooms (tables and chairs) by following ergonomic rules, reducing workload, work time limitation and adequate rest.

Cutting Edge of the Contemporary: KNUST, Accra, and the Ghanaian Contemporary Art Movement

Cutting Edge of the Contemporary: KNUST, Accra, and the Ghanaian Contemporary Art Movement

Pelatihan dan Pendampingan Penyusunan Cost Of Goods Sold untuk Menentukan Harga Jual Produk pada Usaha Tenun di Kecamatan Sidemen Kabupaten Karangasem

Ade Lutfia Nugraha Heni. (2015). “Analisis perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi menggunakan metode Job Order Costing untuk menentukan harga jual pada kerajinan tenun ikat (ATBM) Medali Mas Kediri” Baridwan, Zaki.2010. Intermediate Accounting. Yogyakarta: BPFE. Bastian Bustami dan Nurela. 2009. Akuntansi Biaya, salemba empat. Dewi Kasita Rachmayanti. (2011). “Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi Sepatu Dengan Metode Full Costing (Studi Kasus: Ukm Galaksi Kampung Kabandungan Ciapus Bogor)”. tersedia pada http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitsteam/handle/123456789/4767/H11dkr.pdf?sequence=1 (diakses tanggal (20 September 2016). Hanggana. 2009. Prinsip Dasar Akuntansi Biaya. Surakarta:Media Utama. Hansen, and Mowen. 2009. Manajemen Biaya, edisi 2, buku 1 diterjemahkan oleh Dewi Fitriasari dan Deny Arnos Kwary, thomson learning. Jakarta :Salemba empat. Kholomi dan Yuningsih. 2009, Akuntansi Biaya untuk Perhitungan Biaya Pokok Produksi. (Sistem Biaya Historis). Yogyakarta : BPFE-UGM. Latib Suprihatin. 2009. “Penyusunan Harga Pokok Produksi Pada Pabrik Tahu “Bu Gito” Pedan Dengan Metode Process Costing”. Tersedia pada http://eprints.uns.ac.id/9975/1/105762010200908011.pdf. (diakses tanggal 20 September 2016). Melly Kusumawardhani. 2008. “ Analisis Penetapan Harga Pokok Produksi Bibit Krisan pada PT. Inggu Laut Abadi Kabupaten Cianjur, Jawa Barat”.http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/2369/A08mku.pdf?sequence=5 (diakses tanggal 20 september 2016). Mulyadi. 1999. Akuntansi Manajerial. Yogyakarta: Aditya Medika ------. 2001. Sistem Akuntansi , Edisi Ketiga. Yogyakarta: Salemba Empat ------.2003.Activity Based Cost System.Yogyakarta:UPP AMD YKPN ------.2006. Activity Based Cost System. Jakarta: Salemba Empat Mulyadi. 2007. Akuntansi Biaya. Yogyakarta:BPFE-UGM. Mulyadi. 2009. Akuntansi biaya. Edisi kelima.Yogyakarta. Universitas Gadjah Mada Mulyadi, 2010, Akuntansi Biaya, Yogyakarta : BPFE UGM. Mulyadi.2010, Akuntansi Manajemen Konsep, Manfaat & Rekayasa.Edisi 3. Jakarta: Salemba Empat. Moh. Yusuf Wibisono. 2015, Analisis Penentuan Harga Pokok Produksi Berdasarkan Sistem Activity Based Costing Pada UD. Katon Ragil Rahany. 2003. “penetapan harga pokok produksi kecap dan pendekatan Activity Based Costing (ABC) di PT Surabraja Food Industry Cirebon, Jawa Barat”. Tersedia pada http://repository.ipb.ac.id. (Diakses pada tanggal 20 September 2016). Risma Catharin Rahmawaty Sirait. 2006. “Analisa Perhitungan Harga Pokok Produksi dan Penentuan Harga Jual Coca Cola Pada PT.Coca Cola” Tersedia pada http://repository.usu.ac.id/handle/123456789/9248 (Diakses tanggal 20 September 2016). Swastha, Basu dan Irawan, 2005, Menejemen Pemasaran Modern, Yogyakarta : Liberty. Verina H. Secapramana, 2001. “Model Dalam Strategi Penetapan Harga”. Tersedia pada http://repository.ubaya.ac.id/45/1/ART003.pdf (di akses pada tanggal 18 april 2014). Wati Aris Astuti & Gyan Herliana. 2011. “Analisis Perhitungan Harga Pokok Jasa Pengiriman Untuk Penetapan Tarif Pengiriman Paket Internasional (Tujuan Jepang) Di Pt Pos Indonesia Tahun 2011” tersedia pada http://jurnal.unikom.ac.id/_s/data/jurnal/volume-11-1/03-miu-11-1 wati.pdf/pdf/03-miu-11-1-wati.pdf. (diakses pada tanggal 20 September 2016).

Traditional weavers of Guatemala: their stories, their lives

Traditional weavers of Guatemala: their stories, their lives

Hutsul Art or “Hutsul Art”?

This article is concerned with the fate of the Hutsul kilim and, by extension, Polish-Ukrainian relations in the interwar period. This was a period when the Hutsul highlanders of the Eastern Carpathians (today citizens of modern Ukraine), the traditional weavers of these geometrically-patterned woolen rugs, found themselves within the newly established Second Polish Republic. Most commercial weaving was in Jewish hands at this time, and this production was far inferior to that done by Hutsuls themselves, primarily for their own domestic use. The decline of the Hutsul kilim was arrested by a Ukrainian émigré from Soviet Russia, whose “Hutsul Art” collective reinvigorated the form. This development brought the Hutsul kilim to the attention of those who would wish to appropriate it, or at a minimum consider it part and parcel of interwar Poland’s artistic production. The article demonstrates that, while Ukrainians were keen on integrating the Hutsul kilim into the Ukrainian kilim tradition, Poles preferred to keep the Hutsul kilim distinct, thus allowing it to be seen as part of the heritage of the multiethnic interwar Polish state.

INSTITUTIONALISING TECHNICAL EDUCATION: THE CASE OF WEAVING DISTRICTS IN MEIJI JAPAN

This paper explores the institutionalisation of technical education for the indigenous Japanese weaving industry and studies the necessity of such education for traditional weavers operating in the modern economy of Meiji Japan. It focuses on how these institutions influenced the government's subsequent institutionalisation of formal technical education. Differing from the state's industrial modernisation programmes that were led by the establishment of technical high schools and engineering universities, trade associations played a major role in the institutes in the weaving districts. The paper also highlights the importance of grass roots activities in the successful adoption of new Western technology among locals.

Learning from Weaving for Digital Fabrication in Architecture

This project restructures weaving performance in architecture by analyzing the tacit knowledge of traditional weavers through perceptual study and converting it into an explicit rule in computational design. Three implementations with different materials show the advantages of using computational weaving that combines traditional principles with today's digital (CAD/CAM) tools to develop affordable fabrication techniques.

Set the Overgrowth Alight and the New Shoots Will Spring Forth: New Directions in Community Based Research

Kia tupu whakaritorito te tupu o te harakeke Set the overgrown bush alight and the new flax shoots will spring up A literal translation of this proverb illustrates the task of custodianship exercised by traditional weavers thus ensuring the sustainability of fax, arguably the most precious plant to the early Māori. One of the conditions required to ensure both continuity and quality of the resource is that the overgrowth be set alight. The practice of burning and clearing to assist new life is imperative to the durability of the plant and quality of the fibre. Metaphorically, the saying means clear off the old and bad that the new and good may grow vigorously. Proverbially, the process can also symbolize the regeneration, renewal, and development of the line of human descent and of the kin based corporate structures (Walker, 1996) of whānau, hapū and iwi. For Māori, the fax plant supplies medicine but more importantly, the woven product provided material for basic needs of shelter, clothing, hunting and gathering equipment, lashings and cord. Art forms such as decorated tukutuku interior design panels and whariki large woven mats of intricate design. Prized traditional cloaks are created from muka – a soft fibre produced from scraping the leaves of fax. The flax bush represents our continuity as a people sustained by episodes of renewal, upheaval and transformation (Walker, 1996). The introduction of fire generates two important processes: reduction of the inhibiting overgrowth poor quality for weaving and; nourishment of the plant enabling regeneration and development of new shoots. Setting alight the exterior of the bush is likened to the purging of Eurocentrism and its pervading ideologies and systems that mainly serve to keep indigenous peoples from flourishing. The fire is indigenous research, the overgrowth is patriarchal post colonial systems, nutrients in the ash are the resilient enriching knowledge customs and practices of indigenous peoples and the new shoots represent the coalition of newly developed and practiced western models that are harmonious with indigenous paradigms, knowledge and practices. The following discourse outlines priorities, challenges, new directions and notions of excellence through the narrative of two insider community researchers.

Singing the Rug: Patterned Textiles and the Origins of Indo-European Metrical Poetry

The prehistoric development of weaving ranks among humanity's greatest technological accomplishments. The subsequent production of elaborately patterned textiles, as opposed to nonpatterned forms of woven cloth, requires a great degree of technical expertise and is highly labor intensive. Fabrication processes implicit in a complex woven pattern requires the commitment to memory of a substantial amount of numerical and color-related information. Modern observation of traditional weavers in India and Central Asia suggests that this numerical information may have first emerged in the form of memorized, rhythmic chants that allowed weavers to both remember patterns and reproduce them as frequently as required. Moreover, the linguistic and poetic associations between weaving and singing preserved in several Indo-European languages also suggest that these chants were, at some point, sources of rhythmic or possibly metrical narration in their own right.