Traditional Views Of Women Research Articles

Kekerasan Seksual dan Viktimisasi Korban Perempuan : Analisis Melalui Lensa Teori Kriminologi Feminisme

Sexual violence is not only a criminal matter, but also an attack on human rights. It is important to view sexual violence as a crime that undermines the dignity and integrity of individuals, both men and women. Despite recent advances in gender equality, traditional views of women as weak and subordinate still influence societal attitudes. This can exacerbate the victimization of women and make law enforcement more difficult. Therefore, there is a need for an inclusive approach to involve men in the prevention of sexual violence. Feminist criminology theory helps both researchers and readers broaden their understanding of sexual violence by highlighting its underlying structural and cultural aspects. This approach addresses gender inequality in law enforcement policies and gives voice to victims who are often ignored. Measures to prevent victimization include public education, better access to support services, increased awareness of victims' rights, and improved law enforcement systems that are responsive and fair.

Impacts of gender diversity on corporate performance: A study of board of directors and top management

The recent scandal of a woman tycoon in Vietnam manipulating the whole governance system of a big public bank challenges our traditional view of women’s minor role and revives the research question of whether female members of boards and top management do impact performance. This study examines the association between the gender diversity of a company’s board of directors and top management and its corporate performance controlled for corporate capabilities and other governance aspects. By analyzing 1,710 observations of 342 listed corporations in an emerging market of Vietnam, using generalized least squares (GLS) regression, the authors found that gender diversity in terms of female chief executive officer (CEO) presence, percentage of women on boards, and a minimum of three female board members have significant positive effects on corporate performance measured by return on assets (ROA). This research contributes to the literature on corporate board and governance by combining three theories, using critical mass theory at a higher level of hypothesis development, and finding conclusive evidence of women’s positive role. The findings also add a new voice from a less-researched region to support a recent view encouraging women to participate in the business world and suggest implications for women, corporate leaders, and governments

Topics of Women’s Health Research in the United States, Canada, European Union, and Japan in 2012-2022

Purpose: This study investigated recent trends in the topics of women's health research in the United States (US), Canada, Japan, and the European Union where various research projects related to women and gender have been conducted.Methods: To explore recent international women's health research, we selected research projects conducted between 2012 and 2022 from the US National Institute of Health, Canada's Research Information System, Japan's Health, Labor and Welfare Science Research Performance Database, and the European Union's CORDIS website. We categorized the identified research into three main areas; common or serious diseases and conditions affecting women, diseases, and conditions specific to women, and factors influencing women's health.Results: The focus of health research expanded beyond traditional views of women, gender, and gender differences. Projects addressed the health needs of vulnerable groups, including refugees, migrants, incarcerated women, trans individuals, and pregnant women with autism. They also explored the connections between gender and racial differences in women's health. This inclusive approach considered the gaps and intersections within women's health.Conclusion: Future women's health research in Korea will need to consider the intersectionality of gender, aging, and immigration. Environment-based approach in the research of drug addiction, mental health, nursing, and care would be important.

Women as wives and rulers in Martin Luther's theology

AbstractThis article offers a theological analysis of Martin Luther's complex view on women and their role in society, focusing on his exposition of the narratives of creation and fall in the Lectures on Genesis. Luther's understanding of women is defined by an ostensible paradox. On the one hand, Luther claims that all women are equal to men in relation to God and hold the power to rule over the earth, which they execute as leaders of the household. On the other hand, Luther passes on a traditional view of women being of a weaker nature and argues that wives have to subordinate to their husbands. I interpret this understanding of women as an outcome of Luther's theological anthropology based on his doctrine of justification. Men and women are equal as priests and kings in relation to God and authorized to manage their relationship with him, to teach and pray for others, and to disobey authority that interferes with this faith relation. As sinners, though, they must submit to authority to suppress sin. Both men and women exercise authority through their gender‐specific callings in the earthly hierarchies, which constitute God's created order. However, women have to subordinate to their husbands in order to suppress sin. The article discusses whether this complex view on women promoted patriarchal social structures or whether the freedom and equality of the spiritual realm over time filtered through to the role of women in society, paving the way for their liberation.

1910년대 『매일신보』의 여성 담론과 식민지 여성 만들기

In order to systematize the changes in the women's movement and women's discourse during the Japanese colonial period, this study aimed to investigate and analyze the characteristics of women's discourse data in the MAEILSHINBO in the 1910s. This newspaper played a role in promoting colonial policies to the extent that it was recognized as the official newspaper of the Japanese colonial government during the Japanese colonial period, and it also shows colonial regression in women's discourse. In this study, data that can confirm women's discourse was investigated for editorials, editorials, articles, and columns of this newspaper, and based on this, the content of the discourse was classified by field, and the content was analyzed accordingly. As a result, it was discovered that there were certain characteristics in the material of discourse on women appearing in the MAEILSHINBO in the 1910s. First, data related to women's issues have been continuously published in this newspaper since modern times. However, most of the data from the 1910s were expressed in terms of ‘BUIN(wife)’ or ‘YEOJA(woman)’, and the term ‘YEOJA’was used very limitedly. Second, discourses such as ‘women's labor’ and ‘BUEOP(side work)’ appear most frequently in the content or distribution of discourses on women. In particular, by guarding against ‘women who do not work’ and ‘women indulged in luxury and vanity’, the logic that these women are the cause of poverty is often developed, which is a logic that regards women as objects of colonial assimilation. Third, the issue of women's education also reflects the retirement of the modern view of women. The primary goal of education was to ‘cultivate innocent people’, and education for women also aims to make compliant women. Fourth, it can be confirmed that the women's discourse in this newspaper aimed to formulate colonial women who combined nationalism based on the traditional view of women is emphasizing. As such, the disappearance of women's discourse under the colonial rule in the 1910s shows a major change in the newspaper media reflecting the position of Koreans after the cultural movement in the 1920s. Therefore, this study is expected to contribute to some extent in objectifying the changing aspects of women's discourse during the Japanese colonial period.

The Ethical Discourse: The Female Writing in the Modificated Process of For Jiao Zhongqing's Wife

In the early 20th century, the interpretation of the poem "Wei Jiao Zhongqing Qi Zuo" or "For Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" was mainly based on the social context at the time, which, however, might deviate from the original purpose of the female writing in the work. The poem once witnessed several modifications from the late Eastern Han Dynasty to the Southern Dynasties when the development of traditional Confucian code of ethics took off. The rewritings of female writing in literature works were to adapt to the male-dominated moral codes and discourse system at that time. Based on that, the female writing in the poem was processed, and evidence would be that from the perspective of content, the persona of Liu (Jiao's wife) portrayed in the poem changed greatly while characters like Jiao Zhongqing and Mother Jiao (Jiao's mother) were enriched. In addition, some new plots and characters were created for example, Brother Liu (Liu's brother) and Mother Liu (Liu's mother). In regard to the narrative strategy, the processed version intentionally emphasized the absence of "father" and "unrighteousness" of the brother to serve to the plot of suicide for love of Liu. This type of narrative poems conveying both criticism and praise was a tool used to complete and consolidate the ethical discourse and restrain women's influence on men, and it also echoed the traditional view of women passed from the Qin and Han Dynasties which for sure further confined women's free choice.

Economic activity of women and young women in Bosnia and Herzegovina under the umbrella of traditional views of women’s role in society

Female labour force participation (FLFP) stands among main gender equality issues in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). Although making up about half of the total working-age population, less than one third of women is active. High female economic inactivity is argued to relate to the pertaining traditional views on gender roles in the society. This article investigates whether such views impact the activity of women. Furthermore, the article investigates whether perceptions of the existence of gender stereotypes on the labour market influences women’s economic activity. Finally, the article investigates whether differences of such an impact exist between young and adult women and how they are being manifested. The research model is based on a log-log regression analysis performed on a sample of 1,213 interviewed women through the 2017 wave of the National Survey of Citizens’ Perceptions (NSCP-BiH). Our findings indicate that traditional views on women’s role in society act as an important moderator of woman’s economic activity, and hence, shape the overall labour environment and economic development in BiH. Although perceiving that the BiH labour market is biased towards men, women in BiH are not discouraged by such a stance when their labour market participation is considered.

The State of Female Activities in Iran and the Internet

<p><em>The rapid development of Internet and communication technologies raises the question of what role these media and communication interfaces play in social and political movements and development in individual countries. Although activities in cyberspace, including blogging, participation in social networks and other facilities provided by the Internet for its users are a new phenomenon, they have profound effects on social and political relations in the communities involved. In the information era, Internet is an important part of social movements in democratic societies and local communities. When the government blocks other ways to mobilization, Internet may bring like-minded people together and help them to find support for action. Internet has provided a new space for social movements and the effect of the virtual activities of the users on the actions and, often on the lack of social movements is of high importance.</em></p><p><em>Meanwhile, the Iranian women’s movement, like other social movements in contemporary Iran, realizes the impact and position of cyberspace and has made use of it. Many activists, for whom other ways for expressing their demands have been blocked, have entered this space and taken advantage of it for expressing their opinions and communicating information to other people. In fact, the dominant socio-political forces and the atmosphere of repression, and fear have led many Iranian women to use the virtual space to campaign for women’s empowerment and equal rights. They have realized that the Internet may inform the outside world of the movement’s goals and activities and facilitate maintaining contact with other members of the movement. In fact, the open space that provides a platform for sharing information and has given the chance to the Iranian women’s rights activists to perform their activities in a space with a decentralized structure where there is less pressure than there is in the real world. Campaigns formed following the cyberspace market boom indicate that cyberspace has indeed ushered in a new era in the history of the Iranian women’s movement. </em></p><em>The present study, covers the period from 2005 to 2017, provides an analysis of the role of the Internet in the activities of the women’s movement and explores the extent to which cyberspace has been assisting the women’s movement in achieving its objectives. By interviewing 50 active women inside Iran, the article investigates whether there has been successful interaction between cyberspace and the Iranian women’s social movement resulting from a dynamic adaptation between functions of social and political groups in the real world and the virtual world. It also examines how factors such as social participation, increasing awareness, changing beliefs, traditional views of women and social mobility have been affected by the application of the Internet, and whether cyberspace has been able to make women’s voices heard in Iran’s patriarchal society.</em>

Female Education in Nigeria: A Key to Development in ESAN North East Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria

This essay portrays Female Education in Nigeria as a key to Development in Esan North East Local Government Area, Edo State. The need to break the barrier of sex discrimination at the crucial time that Nigeria needs all round development is more appealing. The female folks are supposed to be co – pilots of the wheel of progress. It is evident in Esan North East Local Government Area that the traditional view of women has not drastically changed. Most women are still into petty business, like trading, farming, menial fashion making, hair making and so on. The new wind of change that is blowing in some parts of Nigeria has not sufficiently reflected in the area of this study. This study therefore, aims at encouraging females themselves and their parents to change their past view on education and respond positively on female education campaign initiates. To achieve the objectives of this essay the researcher adopts the historical, analytical and phenomenological methodology. It discovers that the training of girls/ women will enhance the social, political and economic status of women themselves and the society at large and this will form the bedrock for holistic development.

The Virtual Sphere and the Women’s Movement in Post-Reform Iran

The rapid development of Internet and communication technologies raises the question of what role these media and communication interfaces play in social and political movements and development in individual countries. Although activities in cyberspace, including blogging, participation in social networks and other facilities provided by the Internet for its users are a new phenomenon, they have profound effects on social and political relations in the communities involved. In the information era, Internet is an important part of social movements in democratic societies and local communities. When the government blocks other ways to mobilization, Internet may bring like-minded people together and help them to find support for action. Internet has provided a new space for social movements and the effect of the virtual activities of the users on the actions and, often on the lack of social movements is of high importance.
 Meanwhile, the Iranian women’s movement, like other social movements in contemporary Iran, realizes the impact and position of cyberspace and has made use of it. Many activists, for whom other ways for expressing their demands have been blocked, have entered this space and taken advantage of it for expressing their opinions and communicating information to other people. In fact, the dominant socio-political forces and the atmosphere of repression, and fear have led many Iranian women to use the virtual space to campaign for women’s empowerment and equal rights. They have realized that the Internet may inform the outside world of the movement’s goals and activities and facilitate maintaining contact with other members of the movement. In fact, the open space that provides a platform for sharing information and has given the chance to the Iranian women’s rights activists to perform their activities in a space with a decentralized structure where there is less pressure than there is in the real world. Campaigns formed following the cyberspace market boom indicate that cyberspace has indeed ushered in a new era in the history of the Iranian women’s movement.
 The present study provides an analysis of the role of the Internet in the activities of the women’s movement and explores the extent to which cyberspace has been assisting the women’s movement in achieving its objectives. By interviewing 50 active women inside Iran, the article investigates whether there has been successful interaction between cyberspace and the Iranian women’s social movement resulting from a dynamic adaptation between functions of social and political groups in the real world and the virtual world. It also examines how factors such as social participation, increasing awareness, changing beliefs, traditional views of women and social mobility have been affected by the application of the Internet, and whether cyberspace has been able to make women’s voices heard in Iran’s patriarchal society.

Finding Common Ground in Transnational Peace Movements

These concepts are discussed through the example of two globally significant mediators, Helen Caldicott and Petra Kelly. Drawing on ecofeminism and difference theory, both activists argued that women were, by nature, more peaceful than men, which meant that women provided the ideal model for humanity. Thus, they interpreted differential feminism as an emancipatory force that strengthened women's position in society. On the one hand both women found a powerful language that reached millions of people through these concepts; on the other hand, it can be argued that because their own “difference feminist” politics publicly emphasised qualities and aptitudes consistent with traditional views of women, Caldicott's and Kelly's influence was eventually weakened within their respective movements.

Attitude of Private and Public Sector Employees towards Female Managers in Ghana

Many think-tanks and advocacy groups have sought to highlight the need to embrace women not only in mainstream employment but more importantly in leadership. The present study, which is a comparative study, looked at the differences between the traditional view of women and the attitude of employees towards female managers in the private and public sectors of Ghana. The study purposively selected 120 respondents from two private and public sector organizations with parity. Independent‘t’ test was employed in analysing the four hypotheses. Employees from public organizations showed more favourable attitude towards female managers than employees from the private sector. Employees who had had satisfying previous interactions with female managers were likely to express positive attitude toward them than those who had had regrettable experiences. Female employees and younger employees demonstrated more favourable attitudes toward female managers than male and older employees. The present findings lend support to the social identity theory that women would be more receptive than male to the appropriateness of having women serve in managerial roles but contradict the position of the role incongruity theory that women performing agentic roles characteristic of men will be resisted because they are performing roles uncharacteristic of their gender. Implication for employers, administrators and policy makers are discussed.

The Effect of Daughters on Partisanship and Social Attitudes Toward Women

Washington () finds that daughters promote liberal voting (at least with respect to women's issues) among U.S. Congress members and attributes this finding to socialization. However, daughters’ influence could manifest differently for elite politicians and the general citizenry either due to self‐selection or the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis, which suggests that parents invest differently in male and female children depending on their social status. Using nationally representative data from the General Social Survey, this study asks whether biological daughters affect political party identification, traditional views of women, or opinions about abortion and teen sex. We find that female offspring promote identification with the more conservative Republican Party, but this effect depends on social status. There is no evidence that daughters promote liberal views of women and less consistent evidence that they influence views of abortion or teen sex. Overall, evidence supports the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis, but with a more complex interaction by social status.

The enfranchisement of women and the welfare state

We offer a rationale for the decision to extend the franchise to women within a politico-economic model where men are richer than women, women display a higher preference for public goods, and women's disenfranchisement carries a societal cost. Men and women are matched within households which are the center of the decision process. We derive the optimal tax rate under two alternative regimes: a males-only enfranchisement regime and a universal enfranchisement regime. The latter is associated with a higher tax rate but, as industrialization raises the reward to intellectual labor relative to physical labor, women's relative wage increases, thus decreasing the difference between the tax rates. When the cost of disenfranchisement becomes higher than the cost of the higher tax rate which applies under universal enfranchisement, the male median voter is better off extending the franchise to women. A consequent expansion of the size of government is only to be expected in societies with a relatively high cost of disenfranchisement. We empirically test the implications of the model over the 1870–1930 period. We proxy the gender wage gap with the level of per capita income and the cost of disenfranchisement with the presence of catholicism, which is associated with a more traditional view of women's role and thus a lower cost. The gender gap in the preferences for public goods is proxied by the availability of divorce, which implies marital instability and a more vulnerable economic position for women. Consistently with the model's predictions, women's suffrage is correlated positively with per capita income and negatively with the presence of catholicism and the availability of divorce, while women's suffrage increases the size of government only in non-catholic countries.

Communal stereotypes prime men's benevolent sexism: Implications for romance and family.

Previous work suggests that men holding benevolent sexist views also hold favorable attitudes toward traditional women (Glick, Diebold, Bailey-Werner, & Zhu, 1997). This study examined whether priming heterosexual men (n = 47) with traditional views of women (e.g., the stereotype that women are more communally oriented than men) engenders more benevolent sexist views, as well as greater relational motivation. The authors predicted that the communal prime would activate a complementary view of gender relations and increase men's endorsement of benevolent sexism. In turn, activating benevolent sexism would increase men's desire to appeal to women, as evidenced by greater investment in romance and family. Results of a preliminary study suggested that men's benevolent sexism was associated with greater relationship motivation and greater investment in romantic ideals and family. Results from the priming experiment confirmed the authors' hypotheses: The communal prime led men to invest in romance and family, and the effect of the prime was mediated by benevolent sexism.

Women, Reproductive Rights and the Catholic Church

This article traces opposition to women's contraceptive rights moving from the role of St Augustine and Thomas Aquinas to the modern day role of the Vatican. Traditional views of women and sexuality have been challenged by modern feminism but Catholicism is still pursuing a global crusade against abortion, birth control, and redefinitions of the family that might include homosexual couples. This means opposing sex education curricula and opposition to state funding for family planning assistance. But the Catholic crusades against women's reproductive rights have generated rebellion among some Catholics worldwide. This is led by Catholics for a Free Choice and the SeeChange campaign.

The Political Economy of Postwar Family Policy in Japan: Economic Imperatives and Electoral Incentives

In recent years, Japanese family policy has shifted from policies that reinforce traditional gender roles to policies that enable women to balance work and family. This article focuses on the political economy of maternity leave, parental leave, and childcare policy in the postwar period prior to changes in the 1990s. The analysis reveals that while traditional views of women's caregiving roles dominated the political agenda, they were subject to a more flexible interpretation when the economic needs of the family or society warranted it. Specifically, labor shortages, the demand for female labor, and the electoral fortunes of the Liberal Democratic Party were key factors driving the expansion of publicly funded childcare and leave legislation.

The Enfranchisement of Women and the Welfare State

We offer a rationale for the decision to extend the franchise to women within a politico-economic model where men are richer than women, women display a higher preference for public goods, and women's disenfranchisement carries a societal cost. We first derive the tax rate chosen by the male median voter when women are disenfranchised. Next we show that, as industrialization raises the reward to mental labor relative to physical labor, women's relative wage increases. When the cost of disenfranchisement becomes higher than the cost of the higher tax rate which applies under universal enfranchisement, the male median voter is better off extending the franchise to women. A consequent expansion of the size of government is only to be expected in societies with a relatively high cost of disenfranchisement. We empirically test the implications of the model over the 1870-1930 period. We proxy the gender wage gap with the level of per capita income and the cost of disenfranchisement with the presence of Catholicism, which is associated with a more traditional view of women's role and thus a lower cost. The gender gap in the preferences for public goods is proxied by the availability of divorce, which implies marital instability and a more vulnerable economic position for women. Consistently with the model's predictions, women suffrage is affected positively by per capita income and negatively by the presence of Catholicism and the availability of divorce, while women suffrage increases the size of government only in non-Catholic countries.

Zayde: A Spanish Romance by comtesse de Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne Lafayette (review)

160Women in French Studies Finch's translations are simultaneously bold and elegant; this is notably the first translation of Labé's poetry that employs the original Italian rhyme scheme used by Labé rather than that of the English sonnet. Because of working within the confines of the rhythm and rhyme of the Italian sonnet in modem English, Finch's word choice may determine meanings that are left more nuanced in the original text. However, Finch succeeds at soliciting parallel emotional intensity, one of the hallmarks of Labé's poems. Overall, both translations at times favor readability and flow over precision, but never, in my opinion, to the extent that it compromises Labé's intent. After all, the beauty ofthe double-face style is that it compels the reader to examine and experience first-hand the sixteenth-century text in spite of varying levels of training and competency. Because ofits researched bibliography and extensive notes in addition to the knowledgeable textual presentation, this text will become the critical point de départ for critical studies on Labé's corpus for years to come. Appearing in tandem with the publication of Mireille Huchon's controversial study, Louise Labé : une créature de papier (Geneva: Droz, 2006), where she argues that Labé's works essentially amount to a literary hoax by an enthusiastic and playful group ofLyonnais male poets, students and scholars alike will utilize this edition as they ponder the mysteries of one of the most remarkable females of the Northern European Renaissance. Sinda K. VanderpoolBaylor University Lafayette, Marie-Madeleine Pioche de la Vergne, comtesse de. Zayde: A Spanish Romance. Ed and trans. Nicholas D. Paige. The Other Voice in Early Modern Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. Pp. ix-xxix; 210. ISBN: 978-0-226-46851-8. $45.00 (Cloth). ISBN: 978-0-22646852 -5. $18.00 (Paper). As a dix-septièmiste who has studied the early modern novel, I am delighted with this latest addition to the series The Other Voice in Early Modem Europe, published by the University of Chicago Press. Fellow dix-septièmiste Nicholas Paige has brought us an English version of Madame de Lafayette's Zayde, the first translation available in more than 200 years. It contains the translated novel, two introductions and two bibliographies. The series editors' introduction, by Margaret L. King and Albert Rabil Jr., provides an historical and cultural overview of early modern Europe and in particular the role of the "other voice." A section entitled "The Old Voice and the Other Voice" is followed by "Traditional Views of Women, 500 BCE-1500 CE," which discusses Greek, Roman, and Medieval perspectives, including the importance of Christianity, economic concerns, and family roles. The Introduction concludes with "The Other Voice, 1300-1700," which addresses humanism, Christine de Pisan's Book of the City of Ladies, the querelle des Book Reviews1 6 1 femmes, the witch trials, women authors, women patrons, and issues of chastity, power, speech, and knowledge. Next comes Paige's volume editor's introduction, which contains three categories: his reflections on "the other voice," a biographical sketch of Madame de Lafayette's life and works, and an analysis of Zayde itself. There is an especially useful summary of the history of the novel and the marginalization of its non-realist sub-genres, in which Paige notes that it is no accident that these now lesser-known genres were often associated with women. Key amongst these is the romance, popular in France in the first part of the seventeenth-century and made famous by Honoré d'Urfé's L 'Astrée. While the genre was later dismissed, in its day the romance was well-respected and even considered to be a virtual catalog of the knowledge of the time. Thus, Paige suggests, it is not surprising that a literary icon such as Lafayette should choose to take it up. However, as with many of her works, Lafayette herself never openly admitted to authoring Zayde. The novel was instead attributed to Jean-Regnault de Segrais; it was only after her death that Segrais would reveal Lafayette's authorship oíZayde. Paige proposes that the text be read as a "pastiche of romance." Although...

Comparing fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent among African Americans’ and Whites’ business candidates

This research was designed to investigate what differences might exist between graduating African American and White business students regarding achievement motivation as determined by their fear of success and fear of appearing incompetent and whether there exists any moderating influence based upon their attitude toward the role of women in society. The sample consisted of 99 African American students and 102 White students. African Americans scored significantly lower than Whites on the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. Likewise, African American women scored significantly lower than white women on this scale. No differences were found in the scores among African American Males and White males on the Fear of Appearing Incompetent Scale. For the entire sample, those with a progressive view of women scored higher on the Fear of Success Scale than those with traditional views of women. Achievement motivation among the groups of respondents is also evaluated.