Traditional Two-dimensional Methods Research Articles

A Comparative Analysis of Artificial Intelligence and Manual Methods for Three-Dimensional Anatomical Landmark Identification in Dentofacial Treatment Planning.

With the growing demand for orthognathic surgery and other facial treatments, the accurate identification of anatomical landmarks has become crucial. Recent advancements have shifted towards using three-dimensional radiologic analysis instead of traditional two-dimensional methods, as it allows for more precise treatment planning, primarily relying on direct identification by clinicians. However, manual tracing can be time-consuming, mainly when dealing with a large number of patients. This study compared the accuracy and reliability of identifying anatomical landmarks using artificial intelligence (AI) and manual identification. Thirty patients over 19 years old who underwent pre-orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment and had pre-orthodontic three-dimensional radiologic scans were selected. Thirteen anatomical indicators were identified using both AI and manual methods. The landmarks were identified by AI and four experienced clinicians, and multiple ANOVA was performed to analyze the results. The study results revealed minimal significant differences between AI and manual tracing, with a maximum deviation of less than 2.83 mm. This indicates that utilizing AI to identify anatomical landmarks can be a reliable method in planning orthognathic surgery. Our findings suggest that using AI for anatomical landmark identification can enhance treatment accuracy and reliability, ultimately benefiting clinicians and patients.

Liaw's Ellipse Anteversion Method for Distinguishing Acetabular Component Retroversion from Anteversion on Plain Radiographs.

Improper acetabulum component position is a significant risk factor for postoperative dislocation after total hip arthroplasty. Several radiographic two-dimensional methods exist for measuring acetabulum component anteversion, but they cannot distinguish between anteversion and retroversion. "Liaw's version," initially proposed as a simple mathematical standardized two-dimensional method, was modified to the computerized ellipse method, proving superior accuracy to traditional two-dimensional methods. In this article, we demonstrated its application in detecting and measuring retroverted acetabulum component. We obtained anteroposterior pelvis radiographs from a patient undergoing total hip arthroplasty on the day of surgery and 2 weeks postoperatively. The computerized ellipse method was used to measure the acetabulum component orientation. Upon comparison, the difference between θ assigned to be retroverted (9.52-8.56 = 0.96) is much smaller than the difference between θ assigned to be anteverted (23.81-18.86 = 4.95), leading us to determine retroversion. This was further confirmed by computed tomography at the 6-week follow-up. We propose that using the computerized ellipse method to measure Liaw's version can be a valuable tool in identifying acetabulum component retroversion on anteroposterior radiographs during routine postoperative follow-up and retrospective assessments of total hip arthroplasty patients.

Multifocal optical projection microscopy enables label-free 3D measurement of cardiomyocyte cluster contractility.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocyte (CM) models have become an attractive tool for in vitro cardiac disease modeling and drug studies. These models are moving towards more complex three-dimensional microphysiological organ-on-chip systems. Label-free imaging-based techniques capable of quantifying contractility in 3D are needed, as traditional two-dimensional methods are ill-suited for 3D applications. Here, we developed multifocal (MF) optical projection microscopy (OPM) by integrating an electrically tunable lens to our in-house built optical projection tomography setup for extended depth of field brightfield imaging in CM clusters. We quantified cluster biomechanics by implementing our previously developed optical flow-based CM video analysis for MF-OPM. To demonstrate, we acquired and analyzed multiangle and multifocal projection videos of beating hiPSC-CM clusters in 3D hydrogel. We further quantified cluster contractility response to temperature and adrenaline and observed changes to beating rate and relaxation. Challenges emerge from light penetration and overlaying textures in larger clusters. However, our findings indicate that MF-OPM is suitable for contractility studies of 3D clusters. Thus, for the first time, MF-OPM is used in CM studies and hiPSC-CM 3D cluster contraction is quantified in multiple orientations and imaging planes.

The Optical Path Method for the Problem of Oblique Incidence of a Plane Electromagnetic Wave on a Plane-Parallel Scatterer

A number of actual problems of integrated photonics are reduced to an oblique incidence of radiation on a plane-parallel scatterer. For such problems, an approximate method of integrating the Maxwell equations along the beam propagation direction is proposed. As a result, the original two-dimensional problem is reduced to a one-dimensional one, and recently proposed one-dimensional bicompact schemes are used to solve it. This approach provides a significant reduction of computational costs compared to traditional two-dimensional methods such as finite differences and finite elements. To verify the proposed method, calculations of test and applied problems with known exact reflection spectra are carried out.

The Significance of Transcapsular Blood Flow for Assessing Moderate to Severe Extrathyroidal Extension: Results of a Two-Center Study.

BackgroundExtrathyroidal extension (ETE) is a crucial factor affecting the prognosis of thyroid cancer. Two-dimensional ultrasound is highly sensitive to ETE, but the sensitivity and specificity for severe ETE are unideal, so it does not improve the prognosis.Materials and MethodsThis retrospective study evaluated patients within three years of subcapsular thyroid cancer diagnosis with fine-needle aspiration (FNA). Routine ultrasound was performed and examined before surgery. In addition to the traditional two-dimensional assessment method, particular attention was paid to transcapsular blood vessels, and the diagnostic efficacy of the two methods for mild, severe, and anterior and posterior ETE was compared.ResultsA total of 208 thyroid cancer nodules were included. Tumor size and gender were correlated with whether ETE occurred. The general method is more accurate for the overall identification of ETE but is not specific enough for severe ETE, while the transvascular method is the opposite. The two are similar in identifying the ETE of the anterior capsule, but the transvascular method has higher specificity in identifying the ETE of the posterior capsule.ConclusionThe traditional two-dimensional method is highly sensitive to ETE detection in the anterior capsule, while transcapsular blood flow can more effectively detect extensive ETE and ETE in the posterior capsule.

A static and dynamic NMR study of 10-hydrazino-BODIPY.

10-Hydrazino-BODIPY, BoNHNH2 , presents slow rotation about the C10-NH bond that results in anisochronous 1 H and 13 C NMR signals. The assignment of the different signals has been made using traditional two-dimensional methods as well as spin-spin coupling constants and confirmed by DFT calculations (B3LYP) using the 6-311++G(d,p) basis set. The rotational barrier has been determined in three pairs of proton signals and compared with the calculated barrier.

Optical tissue clearing and immunolabeling in kidney research.

Optical clearing techniques have recently received wide attention for their potential to reveal microcellular structures deep within tissue. Traditional two-dimensional methods are limited for kidney research since renal tubules, glomeruli, vasculature, and other components exist within three dimensions. Equilibrating the refractive index through thick tissue allows subsequent volumetric imaging. Although optical tissue clearing opens up new doors for kidney research, there remain difficulties to find the most suitable methods and to master most multi-step tissue clearing protocols. Here we present a protocol combining immunolabeling and volumetric imaging, which is simple to implement, does not require specialized equipment and provides a tool to study microanatomy in three dimensions.

Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model.

Tissue engineering is a promising field, focused on developing solutions for the increasing demand on tissues and organs regarding transplantation purposes. The process to generate such tissues is complex, and includes an appropriate combination of specific cell types, scaffolds, and physical or biochemical stimuli to guide cell growth and differentiation. Microcarriers represent an appealing tool to expand cells in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, since they provide higher surface-to volume ratios and mimic more closely the in vivo situation compared to traditional two-dimensional methods. The vascular system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and ensuring waste removal, constitutes an important building block when generating engineered tissues. In fact, most constructs fail after being implanted due to lacking vascular support. In this study, we present a protocol for endothelial cell expansion on recombinant collagen-based microcarriers under dynamic conditions in spinner flask and bioreactors, and we explain how to determine in this setting cell viability and functionality. In addition, we propose a method for cell delivery for vascularization purposes without additional detachment steps necessary. Furthermore, we provide a strategy to evaluate the cell vascularization potential in a perfusion bioreactor on a decellularizedbiological matrix. We believe that the use of the presented methods could lead to the development of new cell-based therapies for a large range of tissue engineering applications in the clinical practice.

Recombinant Collagen I Peptide Microcarriers for Cell Expansion and Their Potential Use As Cell Delivery System in a Bioreactor Model

Tissue engineering is a promising field, focused on developing solutions for the increasing demand on tissues and organs regarding transplantation purposes. The process to generate such tissues is complex, and includes an appropriate combination of specific cell types, scaffolds, and physical or biochemical stimuli to guide cell growth and differentiation. Microcarriers represent an appealing tool to expand cells in a three-dimensional (3D) microenvironment, since they provide higher surface-to volume ratios and mimic more closely the in vivo situation compared to traditional two-dimensional methods. The vascular system, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and ensuring waste removal, constitutes an important building block when generating engineered tissues. In fact, most constructs fail after being implanted due to lacking vascular support. In this study, we present a protocol for endothelial cell expansion on recombinant collagen-based microcarriers under dynamic conditions in spinner flask and bioreactors, and we explain how to determine in this setting cell viability and functionality. In addition, we propose a method for cell delivery for vascularization purposes without additional detachment steps necessary. Furthermore, we provide a strategy to evaluate the cell vascularization potential in a perfusion bioreactor on a decellularized biological matrix. We believe that the use of the presented methods could lead to the development of new cell-based therapies for a large range of tissue engineering applications in the clinical practice.

The impacts of Segura River (Spain) channelization on the coastal seabed

Human actions over rivers and coasts have generated great changes along seaboard. In order to know future development of those changes, it is necessary to understand the development of the coast during the past. When there is a complex morphologic system as a result of the combination of natural elements with human construction elements, the study of the abovementioned changes requires a wider perspective than the one provided by traditional two-dimensional methods. Thus, the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) become a suitable tool for that kind of studies. In this work, GIS are used to understand changes in bathymetry, sediments properties and transport, as well as surface variations of plant species occurred in the Segura River mouth (Spain) within a period of 17years due to the channelization of the river low course. The methodology followed here implies the integration of data coming from different sources and with different formats in a GIS, what allows for a spatial analysis. Results obtained show the grain-size spatial distribution for every period of time studied, as well as bathymetry changes and seabed morphology. It can be concluded that the construction works carried out in the riverbed have affected sediment grain-size in the area. Clays have nearly disappeared and consequently there is a descent of seabed level that affects plant species, such as Posidonia oceanica.

Correction to On the Analytical Superiority of 1D NMR for Fingerprinting the Higher Order Structure of Protein Therapeutics Compared to Multidimensional NMR Methods

An important aspect in the analytical characterization of protein therapeutics is the comprehensive characterization of higher order structure (HOS). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is arguably the most sensitive method for fingerprinting HOS of a protein in solution. Traditionally, 1H–15N or 1H–13C correlation spectra are used as a “structural fingerprint” of HOS. Here, we demonstrate that protein fingerprint by line shape enhancement (PROFILE), a 1D 1H NMR spectroscopy fingerprinting approach, is superior to traditional two-dimensional methods using monoclonal antibody samples and a heavily glycosylated protein therapeutic (Epoetin Alfa). PROFILE generates a high resolution structural fingerprint of a therapeutic protein in a fraction of the time required for a 2D NMR experiment. The cross-correlation analysis of PROFILE spectra allows one to distinguish contributions from HOS vs protein heterogeneity, which is difficult to accomplish by 2D NMR. We demonstrate that the major analytical limitation of tw...

On the Analytical Superiority of 1D NMR for Fingerprinting the Higher Order Structure of Protein Therapeutics Compared to Multidimensional NMR Methods.

An important aspect in the analytical characterization of protein therapeutics is the comprehensive characterization of higher order structure (HOS). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is arguably the most sensitive method for fingerprinting HOS of a protein in solution. Traditionally, (1)H-(15)N or (1)H-(13)C correlation spectra are used as a "structural fingerprint" of HOS. Here, we demonstrate that protein fingerprint by line shape enhancement (PROFILE), a 1D (1)H NMR spectroscopy fingerprinting approach, is superior to traditional two-dimensional methods using monoclonal antibody samples and a heavily glycosylated protein therapeutic (Epoetin Alfa). PROFILE generates a high resolution structural fingerprint of a therapeutic protein in a fraction of the time required for a 2D NMR experiment. The cross-correlation analysis of PROFILE spectra allows one to distinguish contributions from HOS vs protein heterogeneity, which is difficult to accomplish by 2D NMR. We demonstrate that the major analytical limitation of two-dimensional methods is poor selectivity, which renders these approaches problematic for the purpose of fingerprinting large biological macromolecules.

A chitosan-hyaluronan-based hydrogel-hydrocolloid supports in vitro culture and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells.

Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platforms are increasingly utilized due to their ability to more closely mimic the in vivo microenvironment compared to traditional two-dimensional methods. Limitations of currently available 3D materials include lack of cell attachment, long polymerization times, and inclusion of undefined xenobiotics, and cytotoxic cross-linkers. Evaluated here is a unique hydrogel comprised of polyelectrolytic complex (PEC) fibers formed by hyaluronic acid and chitosan (CT). When hydrated with fetal bovine serum containing human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs), a hydrogel with an elastic modulus of 264±38 Pa formed in seconds with cells distributed throughout the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy showed a lattice-like meshwork of PEC fibers forming irregular compartments. hMSCs showed 48% viability during the first 24 h, with cell populations thereafter reaching a steady state for 14 days. hMSCs in the matrix were induced to differentiate to chondrogenic, osteogenic, and adipogenic phenotypes. Emergent features, at days 56 and 70, consisted of chondrogenesis on the surface of hydrogels induced to osteogenic and adipogenic phenotypes. Results indicate that this matrix may be useful for tissue engineering and disease modeling applications.

Design of 3D Modeling for the New Hammer Mill Based on the SolidWorks

As a source of abundant natural resources, crop straws need to be crushed before utilization. The hammer mill is widely used in the processing areas of the straw and feed. Using SolidWorks software into modeling of the hammer mill is to break the traditional two-dimensional method of design. Thus it clearly reflects the structure of the parts and the movement of the assembly, furthermore greatly improve the design efficiency. The main components of the mill can be simulated and analyzed by the auxiliary functions of SolidWorks. According to the results, we can improve the design of structure by parameters with higher reliability.

Field tests on mechanical characteristics and strength parameters of red-sandstone

Large-scale field shear tests on ten specimens of the red-sandstone embankment at a highway in Hunan, China, were performed to examine mechanical characteristics and parameters of red-sandstone. The curves of thrust-displacement, failure mode, and shear strength parameters for red-sandstone with different water contents, different compactions, and different grain size distributions were obtained from the tests. A practical procedure of in-situ test for red-sandstone embankment was proposed to normalize the test equipment and test steps. Based on three-dimensional thrust-sliding limit equilibrium method, the formulas for calculating strength parameters of red-sandstone considering three-dimensional sliding surface were inferred. The results show that red-sandstone has typical complete curves of stress-strain, strain softening, which are caused by the special structure of red-sandstone; water content and compaction are important factors for strength and failure mode of red-sandstone; The average value of cohesion and internal friction angle of the specimens calculated by three-dimensional technique are 21.56 kPa and 29.29°, respectively, and those by traditional two-dimensional method are 25.52 kPa and 33.76°, respectively.

Semi-automated quantification of left ventricular volumes and ejection fraction by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography

BackgroundRecent studies have shown that real-time three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (RT3DE) gives more accurate and reproducible left ventricular (LV) volume and ejection fraction (EF) measurements than traditional two-dimensional methods. A new semi-automated tool (4DLVQ) for volume measurements in RT3DE has been developed. We sought to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of this method compared to a 3D echo standard.MethodsLV end-diastolic volumes (EDV), end-systolic volumes (ESV), and EF measured using 4DLVQ were compared with a commercially available semi-automated analysis tool (TomTec 4D LV-Analysis ver. 2.2) in 35 patients. Repeated measurements were performed to investigate inter- and intra-observer variability.ResultsAverage analysis time of the new tool was 141s, significantly shorter than 261s using TomTec (p < 0.001). Bland Altman analysis revealed high agreement of measured EDV, ESV, and EF compared to TomTec (p = NS), with bias and 95% limits of agreement of 2.1 ± 21 ml, -0.88 ± 17 ml, and 1.6 ± 11% for EDV, ESV, and EF respectively. Intra-observer variability of 4DLVQ vs. TomTec was 7.5 ± 6.2 ml vs. 7.7 ± 7.3 ml for EDV, 5.5 ± 5.6 ml vs. 5.0 ± 5.9 ml for ESV, and 3.0 ± 2.7% vs. 2.1 ± 2.0% for EF (p = NS). The inter-observer variability of 4DLVQ vs. TomTec was 9.0 ± 5.9 ml vs. 17 ± 6.3 ml for EDV (p < 0.05), 5.0 ± 3.6 ml vs. 12 ± 7.7 ml for ESV (p < 0.05), and 2.7 ± 2.8% vs. 3.0 ± 2.1% for EF (p = NS).ConclusionIn conclusion, the new analysis tool gives rapid and reproducible measurements of LV volumes and EF, with good agreement compared to another RT3DE volume quantification tool.

Distance and volume measurement using three-dimensional ultrasonography.

The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of distance and volume measurements obtained by three-dimensional ultrasonography. A tissue-mimicking phantom was scanned using a prototype three-dimensional sonographic imaging system to verify distance measurements. Measurements were taken from the reconstructed three-dimensional sonographic data and compared to the real distances. Volume measurements were obtained by scanning 30 balloons of various shapes, sized 23 ml to 2400 ml. Each balloon was scanned twice in two orientations; three different masks were accomplished for each volume. Each volume measurement of 180 three-dimensional sonographic measurements was compared to conventional two-dimensional ultrasonographic volume estimates and to the actual, measured balloon size. Distance measurements had a mean error of 0.02 +/- 3.65% (range, -4.27 to 7.18%). Two-dimensional sonographic volume estimates using traditional scanner based methods had a mean error of 13.7 +/- 10.1%. Three-dimensional sonographic volume measurements had a mean error of 2.2 +/- 2.9% for regular and irregular objects over the entire range of volumes. The masking required 10 to 30 min. The field of view varied from 10 to 24 cm with a mean object depth of 9.8 cm. Three-dimensional ultrasonographic methods can provide accurate volume measurements of regular and irregular objects and offer improved accuracy compared to traditional two-dimensional methods.