Traditional Tourist Destinations Research Articles

MOTIVATIONAL FACTORS AND FINANCIAL SUPPORT FOR ENTERING SUSTAINABLE ECOLOGICAL DESTINATIONS AS IMPULSES FOR SUSTAINABLE TOURISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION: A CASE STUDY ON THE EXAMPLE OF NATIONAL PARKS

The study offers significant findings that illuminate the main motivational factors for tourists to visit sustainable ecological destinations, specifically national parks. The research deals with the issue of sustainable tourism and its connection with environmental factors and the preferences of tourists. The aim of the study is to identify motivational elements encouraging entry into sustainable ecological destinations and participation in sustainable tourism with an accent on environmental protection. The research methodology includes data collection through the author's questionnaire. Based on the data from the author's questionnaire, the four most important motivation factors of the respondents can be identified: the beauty of the landscape, avoiding stress, escaping from crowds and interest in local culture and gastronomy. These results clearly show that tourists interested in sustainable tourism with an emphasis on the ecological pillar are motivated by the opportunity to experience the beauty of nature, local culture, and cuisine, as well as escape from the stress and crowds of traditional tourist destinations. The finding that tourists are willing to pay the entrance fee to national parks under certain conditions (for example, the use of funds for environmental protection, etc.) has important implications for the management policy of national parks.

Conceptual Framework and Prospective Analysis of EU Tourism Data Spaces

This article delves deeply into the burgeoning field of Tourism Data Spaces (TDS) in Europe, focusing on how technologies like Big Data and IoT are redefining the tourism sector. This technological shift is steering traditional tourist destinations towards smarter, more sustainable models. The study utilizes a multifaceted approach, combining documentary and bibliographical analysis with empirical data from the EU’s DATES project. By employing the Drivers, Pressures, State, Impacts, Responses (DPSIR) model, it provides a nuanced understanding of the dynamics in TDS. The findings underscore TDS’s pivotal role in improving decision-making and personalizing tourism services. The study also acknowledges the growing need for detailed tourism information to enhance travel planning and experience personalization. Furthermore, it highlights the importance of efficient and secure data management in tourism. This comprehensive analysis points to a future where data-driven insights foster more sustainable, tailored travel experiences. Additionally, the research illuminates both the challenges and prospects inherent in implementing TDS, stressing the importance of clear governance, technical standards, and balancing diverse stakeholder interests in the tourism industry. By addressing these challenges, the article posits that TDS can make a significant contribution to the innovation and sustainability of the tourism sector.

КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ ЦИФРОВИЗАЦИИ В ТУРИНДУСТРИИ

The subject of the research is digitalization in the tourism business. The purpose of the study is to identify trends in the development of digital solutions in the tourism industry. The objectives of the study are to reflect the key trends in the development of the tourism industry based on the introduction of digital technologies, their benefits for buyers and sellers of tourism and hotel services. The novelty of the research: the characteristics of digital solutions as tools for promoting services and attracting potential tourists are given. Conclusions: digital technologies create new inaccessible destinations for travelers, and traditional tourist destinations are experiencing a rebirth. Tourists are independent in choosing the forms of travel (real or virtual), taking into account their preferences and financial capabilities.

Could Failures in Peer to Peer Accommodation Be a Threat to Public Health and Safety? An Analysis of Users Experiences after the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Peer to Peer (P2P) accommodation has effected a disruptive change in cities and traditional tourist destinations, with considerable growth in the number of customers and hosts offering services worldwide. This growth is not without the problems that arise from service quality failures. Previous research has largely concentrated on positive consumer responses to P2P accommodation, while failures in service have been neglected. Research regarding the impacts of failures on health and safety issues is particularly scarce, especially after the pandemic. Therefore, this research is exploratory in nature and drew on the real experiences of 91 guests worldwide since the beginning the pandemic until 2022. It analyses failures in public health and safety regarding P2P accommodation, classifying them and expanding the categories in order to design recovery strategies to mitigate the negative impacts. The findings provide novel insights that help understand failures in P2P accommodation from a guest's perspective. Moreover, this research suggests recommendations to platforms and hosts that will help improve the levels of service quality and trustfulness for this type of accommodation.

Conceptual approaches to sustainable development of tourism in Ukraine: case of Transcarpathian region

The article discusses important issues related to ensuring sustainable tourism development in Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. The goals of sustainable development in Ukraine are defined at the legislative level, and their achievement is determined annually by state monitoring data. Transcarpathia is one of the most attractive tourist regions of Ukraine, and tourism is actively developing here. The latter has been gaining even more popularity as a key destination during the Covid-19 pandemic and the martial law in Ukraine, which relates to the restriction of opportunities for tourist travel abroad, as well as the temporary loss of access to other traditional tourist destinations in Ukraine, in particular the Black and the Azov Sea coasts. Both providers and users of tourism services show interest in sustainable development of the tourism industry. Sustainable tourism in the global dimension is a strategic concept for the development of the tourism industry in the coming years and decades. At the same time, in addition to substantial benefits, the growth of the tourist services market in Transcarpathia and the increase in the number of tourists cause certain negative impacts and pose a threat to the sustainable development of the region and the achievement of certain sustainable development goals. It is obvious that these potential negative impacts and threats should be considered in the regional strategy for tourism development in Transcarpathia, and the tourism industry itself should further develop based on the principles and approaches ensuring the sustainable development of the region. The article analyzes the negative impacts and challenges of tourism industry development at the current stage and suggests key elements of ensuring sustainable development of tourism and their gradual implementation. The most attractive tourist destinations are determined based on the amount of tourist tax paid to the budgets of individual territorial communities. Special attention is paid to the role of forestry in Transcarpathia in the development and support of the tourism industry and more active use of ecosystem services, particularly recreational ones provided by forests. The research on the implementation of sustainable tourism development in Transcarpathia aims to ensure general understanding and commitment to sustainable tourism approaches and demonstrate its significance in promoting economic and social growth of the region while minimizing negative social, cultural, and environmental impacts.

Internal migration in the time of Covid: Who moves out of the inner city of Stockholm and where do they go?

AbstractAfter the outbreak of the COVID‐19 pandemic, the media abounded with stories of people ‘fleeing city‐centres’ and ‘finding refuge in the countryside’. A recurrent argument is that the shift towards remote work has prompted individuals to reconsider their living situation and envisage the possibility of relocating further away from their workplace. The aim of this study is to examine the patterns of out‐migration from the Stockholm inner city during the COVID‐19 pandemic, as well as the characteristics of out‐migrants. We use Swedish register data to compare the trends for the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic (2020) and the 5 years preceding it (2015–2019). Our study shows that, similar to other large cities across the world, individuals moved out of the inner city of Stockholm to a higher degree in 2020 than during the years preceding the pandemic. The majority of movers relocated to the Stockholm suburbs, which experienced a substantial increase in inflows from the Stockholm inner city. Yet a number of smaller municipalities, including traditional tourist destinations, also received more residents from the Stockholm inner city in 2020. Although it remains to be seen whether the increase in out‐migration from the Stockholm inner city observed in 2020 will be a long‐term trend, the paper discusses the policy implications of inner city out‐migration, from the perspective of both the sending and the receiving locations.

ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ ПІД ЧАС ВІЙНИ В УКРАЇНІ ЧЕРЕЗ ЦИФРОВІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ

The article examines the availability and use of digital tools to improve the reputation management of a tourist destination. Today, the tourism industry is undergoing a transformation in terms of changing the service, its implementation and consumption in connection with the integration of the latest technologies and changes in society's perception of the understanding of travel in modern conditions of rapidly changing economic processes. The concept of «digitalization of a tourist destination» was directly proposed by the author and revealed within the article. The process of changes in the tourism industry in the world, and in particular in Ukraine, is considered in detail, using the example of the availability and use of digital products to influence the formation of the reputation management of a tourist destinations. These include virtual tours, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, gamification, etc. It is noted that the latest products for Ukraine are quests with gamification elements, selfie parks, etc. But NFT technology aimed at virtualization deserves special attention during the war. With the help of virtual and augmented reality technologies, the tourism industry becomes interesting, popular and in demand. Having planned a visit to a location, you can review and get even more inspired and visit or recommend a specific destination, museum, park, etc.; you can explore rarely accessible interior elements; to revive historical facts, events, etc. In the course of research, it was determined that the transformation of the tourism industry during the war directly affects the formation and improvement of the reputation of the tourist destination, and accordingly, the formation of the tourist flow and economic income to the destination after the end of the war. The digital transformation of the industry is now giving birth to new ones, many traditional tourist destinations are experiencing their second birth or new meanings and modern approaches to the visualization and realization of the service within the tourist destination.

Shared Prosperity (or Lack Thereof) in the Sharing Economy

This paper examines the potential economic spillover effects of a home sharing platform—Airbnb—on the growth of a complimentary local service—restaurants. By circumventing traditional land-use regulations and providing access to underutilized inventory, Airbnb attracts visitors to outlets that are not traditional tourist destinations. Although visitors generally bring significant spending power, it is unclear whether visitors use Airbnb only primarily for lodging and thus do not contribute to the adjacent economy. To evaluate this, we focus on the impact of Airbnb on restaurant employment growth across locales in New York City (NYC). Specifically, we focus on areas in NYC that did not attract a significant tourist volume prior to the emergence of a home-sharing service. Our results indicate a salient and economically significant positive spillover effect on restaurant job growth in an average NYC locality. A one-percentage-point increase in the intensity of Airbnb activity (Airbnb reviews per household) leads to approximately 1.7% restaurant employment growth. Since home-sharing visitors are lodging in areas that are not accustomed to tourists, we also investigate the demographic and market-structure-related heterogeneity of our results. Notably, restaurants in areas with a relatively high number of White residents disproportionately benefit from the economic spillover of Airbnb activity, whereas the impact in majority-Black areas is not statistically significant. Thus, policy makers must consider the heterogeneity in the potential economic benefits as they look to regulate home-sharing activities.

ЦИФРОВІ ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ТА ЇХ ВПЛИВ НА ПОКРАЩЕННЯ РЕПУТАЦІЙНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ ТУРИСТИЧНОЇ ДЕСТИНАЦІЇ

The article considers the availability and use of digital tools to improve the reputation management of a tourist destination. Today, the tourism industry is undergoing a transformation in terms of changing the service, its implementation and consumption in connection with the integration of new technologies and changing public perception of the understanding of travel in today's rapidly changing economic processes. The author directly proposed and revealed the concept of "digitization of a tourist destination" within the article. The process of changes in the tourism industry in the world and in particular in Ukraine is considered in detail, on the example of the availability and use of digital products in order to influence the formation of reputable management of a tourist destination. These include geographic information systems, virtual tours, augmented reality, artificial intelligence, gamification, and more. It is noted that currently the new products for Ukraine are quests with elements of gamification, selfie parks, etc. With the help of virtual and augmented reality technologies, the tourism industry is becoming interesting, popular and in demand. Because if you plan to visit the location, you can view and be even more inspired and visit or recommend to visit a specific destination, museum, park, etc .; you can explore the inaccessible elements of the interior; revive historical facts, events, etc. In the course of researching the issue of the article, it was determined that the digitalization of the tourism industry directly proportionally affects the formation and improvement of the reputation of the tourist destination, and accordingly the formation of tourist flow and economic revenue to the destination. The digital transformation of the industry is giving birth to new, previously inaccessible destinations for travel, and many traditional tourist destinations are experiencing their second birth and modern approaches to the visualization and implementation of services within a tourist destination.

The border as a resource – new places for tourism development. Evidence from two Carpathian tripoints

Background: The development of cross-border tourism and local resources based on the border has grooving the importance in last decencies. One of the most important tourist attractions on Polish borders are tripoints. This article seeks to discuss changes made, by reference to two border tripoints situated on the junction of Polish, Czech and Slovak borders in the Beskids Mountains and on the junction of Polish, Slovak and Ukraine borders in the Bieszczady Mountains. Material and methods: Analysis of historical, legal and statistical materials as well as cartographic analysis and fieldwork were conducted. Informal discussions and formal in-depth interviews were undertaken with tourists in each of the researched tripoints: informal interviews/discussions with 45 tourists in the tripoint between Poland, Slovakia and Czechia and informal interviews/discussions with 40 tourists in the tripoint between Poland, Slovakia and Ukraine. Results: The tourists reaching tripoints in the Carpathians argued that the places have a great potential for tourism development. They underline great symbolic meanings, possibility to visit three countries in a short time and the importance of the point which is interesting and give an opportunity to take a nice photo. The presented research also exemplifies the concept of a new tourist space beyond traditional tourist destinations. This ensured the status of the tripoint as a resource, a “discovery”, and a curiosity. Conclusions: The border tripoints give great opportunities for the development of tourism. Openness and permeability of borders can determine development on both sides of tourism related to the presence of the border, and offer an opportunity for cross-border attractions to be set up. Tripoints as emerging tourist attractions have appeared in new marketing materials and have the potential to serve as unique border attractions.

Establishing a standard for park visitation analyses: Insights from Germany

Protected areas not only contribute to the protection of biological diversity but also offer spaces for outdoor recreation and tourism. As is well known, visitor monitoring is required for various reasons. The need to collect comparable visitation data in Germany's protected areas became clear with a first pilot study in 2001 at Berchtesgaden National Park. Since then, additional studies have estimated visitation using a standardized methodology. This article focuses on this methodology by examining how visitation is registered in protected areas in Germany, where a combination of censuses and structural surveys are used on selected survey days and at certain survey sites. Extrapolations of such raw data consider variations in visitor volume according to season, the day of the week, and weather conditions, while also integrating visitor segmentation and official statistical data. Differences in spatial structure are reflected in those visitor segments and outdoor activities. Parks near urban areas show a high share of day-visitors, while overnight tourism predominates in more remote areas, especially traditional tourist destinations. Using this method, initial studies calculated about 53 million visitor days per year in national parks, and over 65 million visitor days in biosphere reserves. In combination with alternative counting methods, such as automatic counters, long-term monitoring must be set up to operate permanently in order to meet international reporting obligations and verify the carrying capacity of protected areas.

European outbound tourism expansion on the islands of Cape Verde

The main objective of this article is to shed light on the determinants of international tourism demand expansion in Cape Verde. The research involves cointegration analysis to test the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship between the variables included in tourism demand using the autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach. The results showed high income elasticity and price inelastic demand. Moreover, turmoil in traditional tourist destinations in non-European Mediterranean basin countries, coupled with the investments of tour operators and hotel groups who are key players in the European source markets, significantly and positively affected international tourism demand. Supply side changes associated with foreign investment were necessary to increase the number of tourists. Finally, lower level of income in European countries following the financial crisis of 2008 might have favored the shift of European tourists from more expensive destinations to Cape Verde. The concentration of tourism, economic growth, jobs creation, and population growth on two islands may have affected island communities, resources, and other aspects of inter- and intraisland relationships.

How border tripoints offer opportunities for transboundary tourism development

Borders have significant potential as tourist attractions, and there are many aspects of unique border locations capable of attracting people’s attention. One such attraction would be the tripoint, i.e. a place where the borders of three different countries meet physically at a single point. One of the newest such features in Europe – where the borders of Poland, Slovakia and Czechia meet in the Beskid Mountains – provides an example of far-reaching border-related changes in the EU, the creativity of local authorities as supported by EU funds, and the creation of a new transboundary meeting space with a strong integration-related identity. It also exemplifies the concept of a new tourist space beyond traditional tourist destinations. The development of tourism at tripoints is modelled ideographically. Spatio-temporal analysis with scalar dimensions shows the spatial relationships between tripoints and tourism development: the central point, the immediate vicinity, the proximal neighborhood (or local zone) and the regional zone. The tripoint examined here supports a proposal for a spatial planning model at tripoints in Europe.

The Smart City Concept for Sustainable Development of a Tourist Destination

Purpose – At a time of exceptionally fast technological advancement, smart cities have become necessary for the better management of existing resources in a tourist destination. The aim of this paper is to investigate if the smart city concept has been recognized in micro destinations in the Kvarner region for the purpose of sustainability and raising residents’ quality of life. Design/Methodology – The research has been conducted in the Kvarner tourist destination in December 2019. Citizens were asked their opinions within the scope of the following narrow tourist destinations – Lovran, Opatija and Rijeka. The questionnaire used closed-ended questions. This short research focuses on public perception regarding the smart city concept. Findings – The results show that 67% of the people living in tourist destinations are not familiar with the smart city concept. Most, however, state that its implementation would improve the touristic development of the destinations. The development of smart destinations leaves plenty of room for each community undertaking that step to define the shape and functionality of its environment while respecting the community’s historical, cultural-artistic and social heritage. Originality of the research – There are many papers dealing with the topic of smart cities, but it is rare for authors to explore the transformation of traditional tourist destinations into contemporary sustainable communities. The obtained results can be used to inform policy making towards becoming more proactive, smart and sustainable.

El turismo comunitario como fuente económica en la provincia del Guayas

El turismo comunitario se presenta como una alternativa a los tradicionales destinos turísticos, esta forma de turismo nos permite mayor contacto con la comunidad y conseguir nuevas experiencias para los viajeros a nivel mundial.
 El turismo consiste en los viajes y estancias que realizan personas en lugares distintos a su entorno habitual (al menos durante una noche y como máximo 365 días), por ocio, negocios u otros motivos. Si no se realiza pernoctación, se consideran excursionistas.
 El turismo comunitario en el país es una herramienta para incrementar el turismo, como un recurso importante para disminuir la pobreza en los sectores rurales, los cuales han sido beneficiados con bondades naturales que el hombre busca ver, tales como ríos, lagunas, montañas, cascadas, animales, entre otros. Este tipo de turismo se ha vuelto una herramienta dentro del Ecuador, porque muchos lugares no quieren perder su entorno natural y cultura, hay turistas que buscan un lugar donde puedan estar en contacto con la naturaleza. Las comunidades deben trabajar en conjunto para que la visita de las personas se haga muy amena y regresen.
 La geografía y la naturaleza ecuatoriana poseen una enorme diversidad de climas y paisajes, tanto de flora como de fauna, el ser humano y la sociedad que habita en medio de estas maravillas, han prosperado en un conjunto ricamente variado de culturas, lenguas, costumbres y cosmovisiones, resultando el país como una amalgama de muchos componentes, siendo así una oportunidad para compartir talentos, destrezas y formas de vida, y así haciendo turismo comunitario.

Shared Prosperity (or Lack Thereof) in the Sharing Economy

This paper examines the potential economic spillover effects of a home-sharing platform---Airbnb---on the growth of a complimentary local service---restaurants. By circumventing traditional land-use regulations and providing access to underutilized inventory, Airbnb attracts visitors to outlets that are not traditional tourist destinations. Although visitors generally bring significant spending power, it is unclear whether visitors use Airbnb only primarily for lodging and thus do not contribute to the adjacent economy. To evaluate this, we focus on the impact of Airbnb on the restaurant employment growth across locales in New York City (NYC). Specifically, we focus on areas in NYC that did not attract a significant tourist volume prior to the emergence of home-sharing service. Our results indicate a salient and economically significant positive spillover effect on restaurant job growth in an average NYC locality. A 1 percentage point increase in the intensity of Airbnb activity (Airbnb reviews per household) leads to approximately 1.7% restaurant employment growth. Since home-sharing visitors are lodging in areas that are not accustomed to tourists, we also investigate the demographic and market-structure related heterogeneity of our results. Notably, restaurants in areas with a relatively high number of White residents disproportionately benefit from the economic spillover of Airbnb activity whereas the impact in majority Black areas is not statistically significant. We validate the underlying mechanism behind the results by evaluating the impact of Airbnb on Yelp visitor reviews, revealing that areas with increased Airbnb activity experience a surge in their share of NYC visitor reviews. This result is further validated by evaluating the impact of a unique Airbnb neighborhood-level exogenous policy recently implemented in New Orleans.

Análisis de competitividad y movilidad en destinos turísticos del Estado de Guanajuato a través de un modelo de regresión logística

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre a competitividade e a mobilidade turística dos destinos turísticos no estado de Guanajuato, México, no contexto do turismo cultural. Isso é feito por meio da aplicação de um modelo de regressão logística para caracterizar a probabilidade de mobilidade entre destinos turísticos do estado (os destinos tradicionais e cinco vilas mágicas) mediante a seleção de um conjunto de fatores explicativos usando dados reais do ano de 2013. Baseando-se nesses dados e a aplicação do modelo, são questionadas a teoria e a prática da competitividade, bem como o transporte a fim de sugerir algumas recomendações no que concerne ao eventual desenvolvimento de parcerias e coalizões entre diferentes destinos no estado mexicano de Guanajuato. A experiência ensina que a concepção e implementação do programa é um desafio e a experiência pode fornecer aprendizagems para programas similares implementados em diferentes países da América Latina.

Individuals' perceptions for natural resources: the case of Cretan beaches

Currently, beaches' role in the effective and efficient marketing of tourist destinations has broadened considerably. This is especially the case for traditional tourist destinations still relying disproportionately on Fordist production and consumption practices. However, recently, the literature has moved towards a bottom-up approach in managing natural resources. This study considers the case of the island of Crete, a very popular tourist destination in Greece, with strong reliance on mass tourism activity. The case study utilizes individual scores as a proxy of individual perceptions for beaches located on the island. We maintain that the utilization of these individual scores facilitates a more effective and holistic approach in destination marketing.

Efficiency analysis of EU-25 member states as tourist destinations

In this paper, a data envelopment analysis (DEA) of the tourism sector of the different EU-25 member states is presented. Two main inputs, namely number of bed-places and number of persons employed are considered. Two additional non-discretionary inputs have been included in the analysis, namely the inverse of the number of heating degree days (HDD) and the number of properties inscribed on the World Heritage List (WHL) of UNESCO. The three outputs considered are number of tourists, number of overnight stays in all types of accommodation establishments and international tourism receipts. Only nine of the 25 member states are deemed efficient. Except France, the efficient countries do not include such traditional tourist destinations as Spain, Italy, UK or Germany. In a second phase, multidimensional scaling (MDS) is used to visualise the relationships among the countries in terms of the inputs and outputs considered and their efficiency scores. Different clusters, with clear characteristic features, emerge.

Community-based tourism in Cape Verde - a case study

Community-based tourism is taking its place in the world as an alternative to traditional tourist destinations, especially in developing countries. This form of tourism allows for greater contact with the local community and for the tourist to experience new sensations while enabling the economic and social development of the geographic area. In this paper, the results of fieldwork carried out in the island of Fogo (Cape Verde) are presented, assessing the opinion and perception tourists visiting this island have of both the quality of the services offered by community-based tourism enterprises, as well as the potential of the tourism resources in the area. The main results of the investigation endorse the quality of services offered to tourists by local businesses and highlight the hospitality of the local community, a key element for the development of this kind of tourism, particularly in different african countries. Similarly, it highlights the passenger satisfaction with services received and the need to strengthen the training to tourism staff through aid, for example, international cooperation, NGOs and universities. The originality of this research comes from analysis of the demand made on a concrete island of Cape Verde, a country which is producing a huge economic development through the tourism sector.