Traditional Terminology Research Articles

Validation of traditional Chinese medicine terminology: Crucial steps for inheritance, development, and in-depth internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine

Validation of traditional Chinese medicine terminology: Crucial steps for inheritance, development, and in-depth internationalization of traditional Chinese medicine

A formalized statement of traditional terminology in Middle Chinese phonology

Abstract Ever since its birth in the pre-linguistic period, traditional Chinese phonology has contributed essentially to the study, both philological and linguistic, of historical Chinese phonology; nevertheless, a systematic retrospect of this academic custom from the pure perspective of linguistics remains largely blank. Concentrating on classical philological resources, this essay works out a clearly defined set of terminology with little dependence on the phonetic natures of these units, which may serve as an evaluative metric on the phonological reconstruction of Middle Chinese as well as a review of the long-ignored academic tradition of phonological studies in ancient Chinese philology.

POLITICAL INTERNET MEMES: A LINGUISTIC PERSPECTIVE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the phenomenon of memes, which are a controversial aspect of modern communication, the subtleties of which have not yet been studied. The analysis of language material shows that the combination of verbal and non-verbal components of memes creates an autonomous information entity that is capable of self-reproduction of the representation of a linguistic personality at the phonetic, lexical, grammatical, cognitive and pragmatic levels in political discourse. In this realm, the concept of the “political internet meme” emerges, denoting a specialized form of political discourse that combines visual and verbal components to sway an audience into the realm of political communication. These memes combine traditional political terminology with colloquial vocabulary strategically designed to achieve persuasive goals. Generally, political internet memes are created through affixation and the use of simplified grammatical structures without articles, often intentionally including spelling and grammatical errors to increase their impact. In pursuit of a comedic effect, the creators of political Internet memes use a whole arsenal of stylistic and linguistic means. These include complex wordplay involving phonetic and morphological manipulations, various expressive techniques, and playful experiments with typography and punctuation. Thanks to such means, memes go beyond the simple transmission of information, turning into powerful tools of political expression and persuasion.

Characteristics of Chinese translation of drug names in advertisements

In recent years, due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, cooperation among countries in the medical field has become increasingly important. Cooperation continues to develop, and more and more foreign products are appearing in the pharmaceutical market. This has led to an increasing interest in changing drug names to another language, especially Chinese. This article analyzes four methods for translating traditional Chinese medicine terminology in advertising: phonetic method, semantic method, hybrid method, and semantic method, while considering the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine. The research object is the particularity of translating foreign medical terms into Chinese. This article aims to analyze the methods of translating medical terminology into Chinese. In addition, a new translation method – a semantic approach with the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine – has been proposed. The research materials include medical terms and their Chinese translations. This article provides an example of a method for translating medical terminology into Chinese and proposes a new method for translating medical terminology – a semantic approach that takes into account the unique characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine.People have found that names translated using phonetic methods are usually associated with Latin words. When using semantic methods, select these hieroglyphs to indicate the exact action of the drug. The use of hybrid methods to translate drug names not only preserves the sound of the original language, but also includes information about the usefulness of the product. When translating into Chinese, English words with traditional Chinese medicine characteristics are usually added. When translating European drug names, considering the particularity of traditional Chinese medicine, the reality of Chinese language and culture is often added to make the operation of drugs easier for consumers to understand. Translation is usually supported through visualization, which refers to Chinese idioms and traditional cultural images.

The first translation on pediatrics: Er Ke Cuo Yao

Er Ke Cuo Yao(The Pediatric Summary) is the first monograph on pediatrics of Western medicine translated and introduced in the late Qing Dynasty. It occupies an important position in the history of the development of modern pediatrics and modern Western medicine in China. Edited by American missionary Mary Hannah Fulton and translated by Chinese Western medicine scholar Yin Duanmo, the book consists of 2 volumes and 14 books, including general discussion of pediatrics, diagnosis of pediatric diseases, and discussion on teething, throat diseases, gastrointestinal diseases, worms, liver diseases, abdominal epimesis, and new infectious diseases, etc. covering the diagnosis, treatment, maintenance and other knowledge of Western medical pediatrics. The source of Er Ke Cuo Yao is not yet available, but it may be a synthesis of various materials, and the translation uses paraphrasing, transliteration, and traditional Chinese medicine terminology, and the language is easy to understand. Er Ke Cuo Yao reflects the level of development of pediatrics in Western medicine in the early modern period, makes up for the lack of pediatrics knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine, and plays an active role in the diagnosis and treatment of common pediatric diseases, epidemiological diseases, surgical diseases, and malnutrition prevention.

Toward a dynamic frame-based ontology of legal terminology

In the study of special languages and translation, the legal field is often insulated from other domains. This is primarily due to the extreme system dependence of the terminology of law, which results from a lack of a common legal system of reference throughout the world. The abstract nature of this human-made field and its dynamicity in view of the continuously evolving case law and constant changes in legislation make it difficult to illustrate its complex ontology through traditional terminology management techniques. Therefore, this paper argues for an interdisciplinary approach to constructing the ontology of legal concepts based on structural constituents from frame semantics and comparative law. Frames allowing for the representation of interconnected knowledge segments evoked by legal concepts and the distinction between micro- and macro-dimensions in legal comparison research make it possible to capture the complex ontology of legal terminology evoked in a specific point in time and a determined legal context. The ontological knowledge structure will be exemplified by terms from German social, commercial, employment, and tax law.

IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICINAL HERBAL PLANT USING CNN

Herbaceous vegetation are critical for life in the world. There are many special sorts of plant life and their variety will increase every 12 months. Knowledge of various species is important in groups such as foresters, farmers, ecologists and educators. Species identification is therefore of intermediate interest. However, this requires professional know-how and may be tough and hard for non-specialists who've very little knowledge of traditional botanical terminology. But advances in device studying and computer vision can help make this assignment exceedingly clean. No system is but advanced enough to pick out all plant species, but a few work has been finished. In any take a look at we've got made such a try. Vegetation identification commonly includes four steps: picture acquisition, preprocessing, function extraction, and segmentation. This take a look at used photos from the Swedish Leaflet dataset, which includes 1125 photos of 15 distinct species. This is accompanied with the aid of preprocessing the usage of a Gaussian filtering engine, and then texture and colour features are extracted. Finally, the category become executed using convolutional neural networks, which accomplished nearly ninety five.26% accuracy, and we purpose for similarly development. Keywords: Identification, medical, Herbal Plant, Species, Machine Learning, Image Processing

On the natural incompleteness of terms, euphemisms and psychiatric nomenclature

The article examines the classification of terms denoting psychopathological phenomena in diagnostic criteria of the operational ICD from the perspectives of epistemology and general terminology. The conclusion is that the terms featured in the diagnostic criteria are not scientific terminology, but rather nomenclature lists. Using the example of substituting traditional psychiatric terminology with euphemisms, this study demonstrates the manipulative impact of classifications on the consciousness of both professionals and society as a whole, resulting in the “psychologization” of psychiatry. The psychiatric symptom was found to be a diminished semiotic system, reduced to the simplistic idea of “object — label”. The diagnostic work of the physician has lost its meaning.

Construction of a Knowledge Graph Based on the Study of English Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine Terminology

Abstract This study centers on the English translation of Chinese medicine terms and the construction of knowledge graph, to solve the problem of the accuracy of Chinese medicine terminology translation through scientific and technological means, and to improve the communication efficiency and accuracy of Chinese medicine in the international arena. First, we collected Chinese medicine-related data from websites such as “Seek Medical Help” and “Seek Medical Help” through crawler technology, then performed data cleaning and fusion processing to eliminate data redundancy and inconsistency. Then, we defined 17 types of concepts and 22 conceptual relationships related to TCM ancient books, as well as the corresponding attribute definitions, to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the knowledge graph. The Bi-LSTM model for text disambiguation and Labeling further improved data processing efficiency. Eventually, this study successfully constructed a knowledge graph of English translation of TCM terms containing 50051 nodes and 13521 relations. This knowledge graph improves the accuracy of TCM terminology translation and provides a powerful tool for international dissemination and academic research of TCM terminology.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COGNITIVE TERMINOLOGY

The article provides an overview of cognitive research in terminology. The purpose of the research is to analyze the work on the study of the problems of cognitive terminology that arose under the influence of the anthropocentric paradigm, to show the difference between traditional terminology and cognitive terminology, to determine the main provisions of cognitive terminology. The importance of the idea of studying terms from a cognitive point of view can be seen in the following: firstly, the cognitive aspect allows you to study the term from the point of view of cognitive terminology, secondly, cognitive terminology helps to understand the complex and contradictory nature of the term, directs terminologists to study the internal laws of the term, thirdly, cognitive research in terminology promotes the study of a term from a new perspective. The problem of formation, preservation and transfer of professional knowledge from generation to generation through terminological units in the context of the dynamic development of modern science and technology determines the relevance of research work. From a cognitive point of view, terminology is considered as the result of cognitive activity of a specialist, in which professional knowledge is conceptualized and verbalized. The article analyzes the scientific papers that served as the basis for the emergence of cognitive terminology. In these works, we are talking about the theoretical and practical significance of cognitive terminology as cognition and the linguistic picture of the world, the unity of the processes of categorization and naming, discourse and professional discourse, the cognitive-informational nature of the term, everyday and scientific knowledge, professional knowledge.

Гайст-тема как значимое отсутствие музыки фильма

The article is devoted to the specifics of films in which music may not form an essential part of the soundtrack, sometimes appearing only in a few seconds of sound, or may not be present in the soundtrack at all, but have a strong influence on the creation of a cinematic image. The author of the article refers to a musical sound (melody, fragment of a musical piece) as an impulse for the director’s creative search for the artistic image of a film character and the film as a whole, its “inner sound” and rhythmic movement. For some directors, this stage of the creative process is the initial and largely decisive in the formation of the aesthetic atmosphere, artistic stylistics, and features of the dramatic development of a film. In these cases, studies on film music require corrections to the traditional terminology of film studies and the introduction of new terms that adequately reflect the intertextuality and contextuality of visual and musical material and the features of the director’s aesthetics and inner world. Thus, the concept of “leitmotif” becomes insufficient to understand the role of a recurring musical theme in a film in which it exceeds its traditional functional and semantic significance in the development of the drama of a film. The article proposes and justifies the introduction of the concept of geist-theme (from German geist — “spirit”). The material giving the basis for its introduction is the creative work of Belgian directors Luc and Jean-Pierre Dardenne. The performed analysis allows us to state that the use of the concept of geist-theme in the research on the music of auteur cinema, the expansion of the field of analysis in the hermeneutic approach, and attention to the intertextuality of borrowed musical quotations can give a deeper understanding of the essence of the artistic image of a film.

Номінація хліба в українських центральноподільських говірках: етнолінгвістичний контекст

The article considers the names of bread, fixed in 35 settlements of Vinnytsia and Khmelnytsky regions of Ukraine – the Central Podolia dialects. Information of a nominative and ethnolinguistic character about the traditional terminology of bread from Podolia has been introduced into the information space. Most fixed names of bread have an open internal form, they have been classified according to the principle of nomination, in particular: 1) nomination by the appearance of bread; 2) nomination by the function of bread; 3) nomination by holiday affiliation; 4) nomination by the way of baking bread. The dialect text material is rich in beliefs and superstitions related to baking, consumption and the use of bread in family, calendar rituals of the Podolians. The sacralization and symbolization of bread reflects the ancient mythological ideas of the Podolians, more broadly – all Ukrainians, which unites us with the Slavic world, and therefore can subsequently become a reliable source for a deeper study of Ukrainian‑Slavic linguistic, ethnolinguistic, ethnocultural ties.

Problems of Contemporary French Ethnolinguistics

The article analyses theoretical and methodological basis underlying modern French ethnolinguistics, which studies the correlation between language and culture of an ethnos. Every nation creates its own picture of the world, defines spiritual and moral priorities, forms ethnic self-consciousness and the system of life values in synchronic and diachrony. At the same time, language, religion, anthropological attributes of an ethnos can be repeated in other peoples with its rituals, rituals, beliefs, perceptions finding their expression, it always distinguishes one linguoculture from another. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to evaluate the development of contemporary French ethnolinguistics and to correlate traditional and French linguistic terminology. The material for the study is contemporary articles on French ethnolinguistics and discourse analysis. The aim of the study is to establish and analyse the specificities of theoretical works on contemporary French ethnolinguistics. To achieve this goal we used general theoretical methods of comparison, description and linguistic methods of logical comparison and structural method. The study of individual semantic groups and lexical fields and the interaction between ethnolinguistics and the French school of discourse analysis form the specific methodological basis of modern French ethnolinguistics. Ethnolinguistics stands out as a specific interdisciplinary and independent field of linguistics, combining the study of linguistic, social and cultural aspects of language. As a result of the study it was found that the specificity of the methodology of French ethnolinguistics is manifested in its connection with the school of discourse analysis, which allows the study of linguistic existence of small social groups and different forms of language realization - oral and written - to be included in the research material.

What We Talk About When We Talk About the Duty of Care in Negligence Law: The Utah Supreme Court Sets an Example in Boynton v. Kennecott Utah Copper

Abstract Every day, state common law courts define the duty of care in negligence law. There is no formula for how courts should determine duty. Yet when judges are charged with important decisions about whether to open or shut the courthouse doors to whole categories of claimants, judges need some framework for decision. This article commends as an exemplar, the Utah Supreme Court’s decision in Boynton v. Kennicott Utah Copper, a take-home asbestos exposure case. The power of Boynton is not only the answer it provides, but also the coherent framework for analysis that Justice Constandinos Himonas’ opinion sets forth. The opinion’s framework incorporates established principles as well as important tort policies such as harm prevention. Boynton’s structure at once provides the stability and consistency of precedent befitting common law adjudication while also incorporating the public policy and pragmatic concerns that have long guided tort law’s development. Boynton’s framework achieves a similar result to the one in the Third Restatement—creating duty and no-duty rules with possibility of exception based on principle and policy factors. However, Boynton does so through traditional terminology that has aquired meaning through repeated historical application. Courts, scholars and students would be well advised to examine the Utah Supreme Court’s approach to duty analysis.

Kant’s Philosophy of Language of Philosophy: On Philosophical Terminology

Abstract Among the passages which are suggestive of a philosophy of language in Kant’s writings are his remarks and arguments on appropriate terminology for philosophical concepts. I ask what it is for Kant that makes some words more suitable than others. I reconstruct the arguments from the Inquiry concerning the distinctness of the principles of natural theology and morality (1764) and the Critique of Pure Reason (1781/1787) that defend that there is no such thing as a proper, real definition for philosophical concepts (only nominal definition and exposition); in addition, philosophical concepts are only represented by terms in abstracto, not in concreto. On these grounds, in the Inquiry, Kant sustains that the reference of a term to a philosophical concept is ultimately sanctioned by the term’s ‘linguistic usage’ (Redegebrauch). I argue that this is the basis for Kant’s criterion in the Critique of Pure Reason of employing traditional terminology, words from ordinary language, or even words from extinct languages, to refer to philosophical concepts, and for his rejection of coining new terms – even for distinctly new philosophical thoughts.

Zur Rolle der Silbenquantität in der mittelhochdeutschen Metrik

Abstract The article illustrates and justifies the role of syllable weight for the MHG verse. It counters a 2021 paper by A. Estis, who fundamentally questions the relevance of syllable weight for MHG metrics. The argumentation of the riposte relies on text-analytical findings, methodological aspects (heuristics), the history of the German verse in late medieval and early modern times, last but not least on historical testimonies, namely by Heinrich von Hesler and Nikolaus von Jeroschin. The article concludes with a reformulation of basic analytical principles of MHG metrics, thus trying to forestall some misunderstandings possibly provoked by the traditional terminology of A. Heusler.

Managing Glocalization: Exploring the Dynamics, Transformations, and Challenges of Food in South Sulawesi

This study explores South Sulawesi's glocalisation. This study is conducted in Makassar City, Pare-Pare City, and Bulukumba Regency due to their higher urban and tourism context mobilisation, port accessibility, and port potential. This study investigates using phenomenology. Document analyses, observations, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions (FGD) contribute to carefully selecting culinary or tourism industry experts as informants. According to the research, globalisation and localisation have affected South Sulawesi dishes' appearance, aroma, flavour, and environment (sight and touch). Since these are commercial dishes, fundamental ingredients and market values are essential. Since "traditional terminology" is devalued, contemporary cuisine is also gaining popularity. Modernisation and globalisation have altered the community's ontological security. Globalisation, technology, and transportation have altered every aspect of celebrations, including food. Due to the absence of a commercial context (anticipated monetary rewards), the festival is the only location where traditional culinary offerings are more likely to persist than elsewhere.

WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine: Use in Context, Creatively

WHO International Standard Terminologies on Traditional Chinese Medicine: Use in Context, Creatively

Artistic image in animated cinema as an integrative multilevel dynamic phenomenon

This article discusses the specific features of the artistic image, the artistic form of the screen, including animated works. The artistic image in animation is a complex and multilevel phenomenon that takes the expressive and visual form of the director's vision and conveys the content through the artistic form. The aim of the work is to attempt to define the "artistic image" in animated cinema. The object of the study is the form of an animated work as the integrity of its artistic concept, combining various audiovisual elements, involving a laborious technological embodiment on the screen, combining the expressive and visual form of the director's vision, his creative interpretation of the chosen plot. The author of the article suggests considering the animated image as an artistic phenomenon as one of the most important aspects characterizing the integrity of an animated film. The novelty of the work lies in an attempt to define such a concept as "the image of an animated film". The new empirical material presupposes the updating of the terminology of art criticism, including the film-making tools in the process of theoretical analysis of screen culture. In this perspective, it is necessary to clarify, expand and update the traditional terminology (in particular, the definition of an artistic image in animation) used in the artistic and aesthetic analysis of screen works. The results of the study can have both scientific and theoretical, and creative and practical application. The materials and conclusions of this article can be used as a conceptual and methodological basis for further scientific research.

Definiteness, pronoun suffixes, genitives and two types of syntax in Sudanese Arabic1

Abstract This article deals with Central Urban Sudanese Arabic, or ‘Sudanese Arabic’ for short—by which I mean, more specifically, the urban dialect spoken in Greater Khartoum (Khartoum, Khartoum North and Omdurman), and in other urban areas of central Sudan, roughly to the towns of Atbara in the north, Sennar on the Blue Nile and Kosti on the White Nile.2,3 It considers the relationship between the definite particle al- (plus allomorphic variants), for example in al-bēt ‘the house’, and what I shall argue is zero (Ø) commuting with al- (amongst other things), for example in bēt ‘a house’, as contrasted with al-bēt ‘the house’.4 What I term here, the ‘definite particle’ is more traditionally termed the ‘definite article’. For reasons why ‘definite particle’ is to be preferred to ‘definite article’ in the description of Sudanese Arabic, see Dickins (2009b; and Section 4 below). Henceforth, I shall, for brevity, refer to the definite particle as al-. I consider (i) Ø and (ii) al- in relation to (iii) pronoun suffixes, and (iv) annexes (‘genitives’).5 I use the following terminology: annexion-head meaning roughly the same as muḍāf (cf. Badawi, Carter and Gully 2015: 131) in traditional Arabic terminology (also termable annexed term, e.g. Watson 1993: 173, or genitive head in English), and annex (Watson 1993: 173) meaning roughly the same as muḍāf ilay-hi (cf. Badawi, Carter and Gully 2015: 131) (also termable genitive modifier in English). The entire phrase involving annexion I shall refer to as an annexion structure. I argue that not only do Ø and al- com-mute with one another, but that they also commute with pronoun suffixes and genitive annexes (incorporating also recursive elements), to give one form of syntax. In the linguistic model underpinning this paper—extended axiomatic functionalism (Dickins 1998; 2009a; 2020a)—this can be termed lexotactic. I also show, however, that these structures can be subject to a second, different, form of syntactic analysis in extended axiomatic-functionalism, termed delotactic. I finally consider in more detail the nature of definiteness and indefiniteness in Sudanese Arabic, justifying the grounds for definiteness which I identified in Section 2.2. Up to the end of Section 3 and in Section 5, this article draws heavily on Dickins (2013), which deals with Standard Arabic, having much the same structure as that article. The two articles can accordingly be partially read together, to provide a structural comparison between Standard Arabic and Sudanese Arabic in the relevant areas.