Traditional Sex-role Attitudes Research Articles

The Relationship between Sentencing, Traditional Sex Role Attitudes, and Blame in a Child Abuse by a Mother Case

The Relationship between Sentencing, Traditional Sex Role Attitudes, and Blame in a Child Abuse by a Mother Case

Influence of patriarchal sex-role attitudes on perpetration of dating violence

Male-dominant and male-controlling patriarchal ideology justifies males possessing more power and authority, using power to control women, and exerting violence when their partner shows disobedience; this ideology is increasingly recognized as an important factor explaining dating violence perpetrated by men. The present study investigated the relationship between patriarchal sex-role attitudes and dating violence perpetration, as well as the mediating influence of acceptance toward dating violence. Participants were 622 Korean male university students. First, patriarchal sex-role attitudes were found to influence acceptance toward dating violence. Second, acceptance toward dating violence had an influence on the perpetration of all three subtypes of dating violence (i.e., psychological, physical, and sexual violence). Third, patriarchal sex-role attitudes directly affected the perpetration of psychological dating violence. Fourth, the level of acceptance toward dating violence mediated the relationship between traditional sex-role attitudes and the perpetration of all three subtypes of dating violence. The findings of the study underscore the importance of sex-role attitudes among young adults. Significant implications for school counselors as well as dating violence prevention program developers are discussed.

College women's meaning of women: phenomenological method

The purpose of this study is to explore college women's views of women for forming an upright sex role identity and sex values. The data were collected through in-depth interviews of 10 college women on Jeju Island from February 2002 to March 2002. The interviews were conducted by the writer of this thesis. Each interview lasted for about 45 minutes. The data were analyzed by the Giorgi method. Five main meanings were identified : 1) unfairness 2) majesty 3) mothering 4) womenishness 5) backward in capacity. In other words, women's roles are to look after their family and to take care of household affairs. Women should be beautiful and have womenish traits. Women are less intelligent than men. Women are dependent on men though they suffer from unfairness. This study presents an evidence that the traditional sex-role attitudes still prevail. In order to form an upright sex role identity and sex values, institutional programs in the society and individual efforts are needed.

“Unpackaging” Acculturation

In order to “unpackage” acculturation and gain a more nuanced understanding of the process, we examined separate aspects of acculturation as predictors of traditional sex role attitudes. Participants were 170 Hispanic adults (83 females and 87 males), including first-, second-, and third-generation immigrants with varying levels of education. Participants completed measures of each dimension of acculturation—ethnic retention (e.g., Spanish language, Hispanic friendships) and mainstream involvement (English language, non-Hispanic friendships)—and of traditional sex role attitudes. English language and non-Hispanic friendships were significant negative correlates of traditional sex role attitudes, but Spanish language and Hispanic friendships were unrelated to such attitudes. Being male, less educated, and of an earlier generation predicted traditional sex role attitudes, but gender differences in attitudes varied by generation and education levels. Results demonstrate that the acculturation process can be better understood by examining distinct aspects rather than combining the separate components into a single variable.

Locus of control as a dispositional determinant of men's traditional sex-role attitudes.

The associations among measures of locus of control and attitudes toward women who work were assessed using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1,229 young adult males. Significant positive correlations, ranging from .09 to .14, were found among locus of control and men's negative stereotypes of women who work, which suggests that males who feel a lack of personal control may oppose women working outside of the home. The results also indicate that men with greater personal control may be more accepting of women in nontraditional sex roles than men with an external locus of control. Negative stereotypes of women who work and male self-preservation may explain these relationships.

Nursing Students' Attitudes Toward Victims of Domestic Violence as Predicted by Selected Individual and Relationship Variables

Access to quality health care for victims of abuse is often limited by the attitudes of health care professionals. Data collected from female nursing students (n = 155) revealed that those students with more egalitarian sex-role beliefs and a greater sense of control over life events were more sympathetic to battered women than those students with more traditional sex-role attitudes and less perceived control. Sex-role egalitarianism was found to be the best predictor of attitudes toward victims of domestic violence. Implications for health care practitioners and policy makers are presented.

Changing the rape-supportive attitudes of traditional and nontraditional male and female college students.

This study tested whether individuals possessing traditional sex role attitudes could have their rape-related attitudes influenced by a psychoeducational intervention that has been effective with less traditional individuals. Male and female undergraduates (N = 245) were classified on the basis of their sex role traditionality and received the intervention or served as no-treatment controls. A multivariate analysis of variance revealed that intervention recipients adhered less to rape myths and expressed less rape-supportive attitudes than did controls. Participants were subsequently contacted with a phone appeal regarding women's safety projects that they thought was unrelated to the experiment. On 1 phone appeal measure, experimental participants «responses were significantly less rape-supportive than were control participants» responses

Explaining Fertility in Urban-Dwelling Brazilian Women: Importance of Traditional Sex-Role Attitudes and Religious Orthodoxy

Path analysis was used to study the determinants of fertility in 221 urban-dwelling Brazilian women. Traditional sex-role attitudes and religious orthodoxy directly and positively affected family size. Religious orthodoxy also indirectly influenced fertility via its positive influence on traditional sex-role attitudes. Socioeconomic group affected fertility only by way of association with attitudes and beliefs. Contrary to expectation, participation in the labor force had no effect on the number of children women bore. Analysis within socioeconomic groups showed that determinants of fertility vary for women in different stages of cultural development.

Predictors of Dating Violence: A Multivariate Analysis

A multivariate approach was used to determine the pattern of predictors associated with engaging in dating violence. Predictors were selected whose relationship to dating violence has been established by earlier research: attitudes toward violence, sex-role attitudes, romantic jealousy, general levels of interpersonal aggression, verbal aggression, and verbal and physical aggression received from one's partner. Participants included 305 introductory psychology student volunteers (227 females and 78 males) who completed a set of scales related to dating relationships. Expecting different patterns of predictors to emerge for men and women, we performed separate multiple regression analyses for each. Of the set of predictors employed, receipt of physical violence from one's partner emerged as the largest predictor of expressed violence for both men and women. In addition, higher scores on attitudes toward violence and verbal aggression, and less traditional sex-role attitudes emerged as significant predictors of expressed violence for men. For women, less accepting attitudes toward violence, more traditional sex-role attitudes, feelings of romantic jealousy, higher general levels of interpersonal aggression, and verbal aggression were predictive of expressed violence. The implications of our findings for future research are discussed.

How employment affects women's gender attitudes: The workplace as a locus of contextual effects

This paper explores how women's employment context affects their attitudes towards the women's movement. Previous research finds a relationship between employment and gender attitudes. We examine three mechanisms which might account for this relationship: the social status of some occupations provides specific benefits which cause women to adopt more non-traditional attitudes; employment experiences such as entering the workforce and working in a non-traditional occupation increase feminist attitudes; and, the social networks and context acquired through employment alter traditional sex-role attitudes. A regression analysis of survey data from South Bend, Indiana, finds that experiences in male-dominated jobs and social networks with employed women significantly increase support for the women's movement.

性役割態度研究の展望

There are many indices that roles of men and women have changed during the last two to three decades. This paper reviews psychological and sociological literature, and points out the following: (a) the shift of sex role attitudes, (b) their important predictors, and (c) some of cross-cultural comparisons. Sex role attitude is defined here as a learned tendency, which consistently responds favorably or unfavorably to certain sex roles. Since the 1970s, many panel surveys and longitudinal surveys, both in Japan and in USA, show that sex role attitudes have shifted toward an egalitarian direction in many fields. Cross-cultural surveys in many countries revealed that the most important predictors of sex role attitudes are, sex, education, vocation, and age. Highly educated young women with a professional/managerial job show probably the most egalitarian sex role attitude. However, cross-cultural studies indicate that Japanese women have more traditional sex role attitudes than those in other countries.

Changes in Marriage Associated with the Transition to Parenthood: Individual Differences as a Function of Sex-Role Attitudes and Changes in the Division of Household Labor

first 2 1/2 years of marriage. In addition, the degree of congruity between spouses' sex-role attitudes and the division of labor was used to explain differences between couples' reports of love and marital conflict. The sample included 98 couples, 29 who became parents during the first year of marriage and 23 during the second year. All groups of husbands and wives experienced declines in their feelings of love, marital satisfaction, and the frequency of dyadic activities and po itive interactions. Parents' activities became more instrumental and child-oriented, and the division of tasks became more traditional, but otherwise parents were not different from nonparents. Parents (but not nonparents) with more traditional sex-role attitudes and less traditional

Sexual Harassment on Campus: Individual Differences in Attitudes and Beliefs

Attitudes about sexual harassment were assessed in a group of 224 undergraduate students. Participants responded to scenarios in which a male professor made inappropriate sexual advances to a female student. Participants then completed rating scales and questions concerning attributions of blame for harassment, educational and emotional effects, and strategies for coping with harassment. The students were divided into high and low groups on the basis of their scores on the Performance Self-Esteem Scale (PSES) and Attitudes toward Women Scale (AWS). The subject groups most tolerant of harassment and least aware of potential harm to its victims were high self-esteem women with traditional sex-role attitudes. Participants also provided information as to their own harassment experiences. Women's reported reactions to actual harassment were consistent with their responses to scenarios. Results are discussed in the context of prevailing sex-role standards.

Sex-Role Attitude Change and Reporting of Rape Victimization, 1973–1985

This article examines the relationship between sex-role attitude change and female victims' reports of rape incidents to police in an analysis of time-series data from national attitude surveys of college freshmen and adults, and from annual victimization surveys. Declining support for traditional sex-role attitudes among both college women and men is strongly related to an increase in the proportion of rapes by nonstranger assailants that were reported to police from 1973 to 1985. However, victims' reports of rapes by strangers are more closely related to offenders' use of weapons during sexual assaults. These findings and other evidence against alternative explanations suggest that the cultural bases for “rape myths” have eroded during the 1970s and 1980s, and that broader definitions of rape have contributed to increased reporting of certain forms of sexual assault to police.

Consequences of Maternal Employment for Adolescent Behaviour and Attitudes

The present study compared the reported behaviours, attitudes and self-images of a large group of Dublin adolescents whose mothers were in employment outside the home (36 per cent of the whole sample) with a group of adolescents whose mothers worked exclusively in the home. The major difference emerging related to sex-typing, with children of employed mothers tending to reject traditional sex-role attitudes to a greater extent than did the comparison group. Contrary to popular belief, there was no indication of an association of maternal employment with anti-social behaviour, poor self-image or drug use. Furthermore, the employed mothers were seen to be no less adequate as parents than were the fulltime mothers. Finally, in comparison to children of fulltime mothers, the children of mothers in employment had higher academic aspirations in the sense that they predicted that it was more likely that they would go on to third-level education.

Sex-appropriate roles: Comparing the attitudes of civilian and military youth

This paper compares attitudes toward sex-appropriate roles of military and civilian youth in America using multivariate analysis. Results revealed that military status itself did not directly affect perceptions of sex-appropriate roles. However, being in the military interacted with other control variables to reinforce and intensify present attitudes. Thus, women in the military held less traditional sex role attitudes than civilian women, while military men had more traditional sex role attitudes than civilian men. Those variables relating to sex role attitudes thus seem to have different consequences for military personnel and civilians.

The relationship between sex role attitudes and attitudes supporting marital violence

This study explored the relationship between attitudes toward sex roles and attitudes endorsing the legitimacy of physical force by men in the marital relationship. Approximately 40% of this sample of 300 college undergraduates were black, allowing black-white comparisons on these variables as well. The results support a sociocultural analysis of spouse abuse. A moderately strong positive relationship was found between traditional sex role preferences and attitudes supporting the use of physical force. In addition, men were found to hold more traditional sex role attitudes than women and were more likely to endorse the use of physical force in the marital relationship. Whites were found to be more traditional in their sex role attitudes than blacks, but no racial differences were found with regard to attitudes endorsing physical force. Further analysis revealed that traditional sex role attitudes were the most powerful predictor of attitudes supporting marital violence, while race and sex played a relatively unimportant role. Implications for spouse-abuse prevention program are discussed.

The Survival Game: Who Plays and Why

A survey of male players of the National Survival Game reveals that most participants are young, white, single, well educated, and consider themselves to be active sportsmen. A factor analysis suggests that there are three distinct reasons for participation: (a) general physical, intellectual, and social benefits, (b) aggression, and (c) achievement and control. Surprisingly, those players in the sample who had traditional sex-role attitudes participated less frequently than those with less traditional views.

The survival game: A sex role analysis

A survey of male players of the National Survival Game reveals that most participants are young, single, well educated, and consider themselves to be active sportsmen. A factor analysis suggests there are three distinct reasons for participation: 1) general physical, intellectual; and social benefits, 2) aggression, and 3) achievement and control. Surprisingly, those players in the sample who had traditional sex role attitudes participated less frequently than those with less traditional views.

The epidemiology of adolescent sex-role attitudes

This study examines the epidemiology of sex-role attitudes among a national probability sample of 1,626 American adolescents. The results of this study generally corroborate earlier findings with more limited samples: More traditional sex-role attitudes are reported by male, lower-class, and minority respondents. The magnitude of the sex difference overshadows the remaining differences. In addition, the impact of sex-role attitudes on conventional and delinquent behaviors and values was assessed. Sex-role groups differ in their involvement in the conventional settings of family, school, religion, and work, as well as in minor forms of delinquency and in their values concerning conventional and delinquent behaviors. The findings are discussed in terms of their contribution to our general understanding of adolescent sex-role attitudes.