Traditional Reduction Methods Research Articles

F-type forceps for assisted reduction in femoral shaft fractures surgery

To explore clinical efficacy of F-type forceps for assisted reduction in femoral shaft fracture reduction. Forty-five patients with femoral shaft fracture treated with intramedullary nail and internal fixation from January 2019 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and divided into two groups according to different reduction methods. In observation group, there were 21 patients, included 15 males and 6 females, aged from 27 to 92 years old with an average of (53.38±18.81) years old;9 patients on the left side, 12 patients on the right side;7 patients were type A, 8 patients were type B and 6 patients were type C according to AO fracture classification;the time from injury to operation ranged from 7 to 13 days with an average of (4.62±3.34) days;reduction was assisted by F-shaped forceps. In control group, there were 24 patients, including 17 males and 7 females, aged from 20 to 92 years old with an average of (51.96±20.43) years old;12 patients on the left side, 12 patients on the right side;11 patients were type A, 8 patients were type B and 5 patients were type C according to AO fracture classification;the time from injury to operation ranged from 2 to 13 days with an average of (6.29±3.04) days;traditional reset mode was adopted. Operative time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, intraoperative open reduction ratio, clinical healing time of fracture, postoperative complications, hospital stay, hospital cost and Lysholm score of knee joint at 6 and 12 months after surgery were compared between two groups to evaluate clinical effect. All patients were followed up for 12 to 24 months with an average of (16.60±3.45) months. In observation group, operative time, intraoperative blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, open reduction cases, and clinical healing time of fractures were (58.19±7.93) min, (88.10±44.45) ml, (25.29±5.54) times, 0 case, (4.76±0.77) months, respectively;while in control group was (79.33±22.94) min, (222.92±144.45) ml, (47.46±26.25) times, 5 cases, (7.13±1.80) months, and the difference between two groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in postoperative complications, length of stay and hospitalization cost between two groups (P>0.05). At 6 months after surgery, Lysholm score of knee joint in observation group (88.62±4.48) was better than that in control group (79.21±8.91) (F=21.948, P=0.000). There were no significant difference in support use, pain and squat score between two groups (P>0.05). At 12 months after surgery, Lysholm scores of stair climbing and pain in observation group were (9.62±1.20) and (19.76±1.92), which were better than those in control group (7.83±2.04) and (21.88±2.88) (P<0.05). There were no significant difference in scores and total scores of other items between two groups (P>0.05). Compared with traditional reduction method, F-type forceps instrument could shorten operation time, reduce intraoperative blood loss, reduce intraoperative fluoroscopy times, accelerate clinical healing of fracture, and promote earlier functional recovery of knee joint.

In suit decorating PdPt bimetals on titanium dioxide nanosheets for detecting ppb level of carbon monoxide and hydrogen

The catalyst with strong metal-support interactions often exhibits high catalytic activity. This study aims to prepare sensitive materials with strong metal-MOS interactions and explore their sensitization mechanism. Sn-PdPt/TiO2 was obtained by in-situ decorating PdPt bimetals on the surface of TiO2 NSs using Sn2+ as the reducing agent, and PdPt/TiO2 was prepared by traditional reduction method. Compared with TiO2 sensor, PdPt/TiO2 and Sn-PdPt/TiO2 sensors exhibited higher sensitivity, selectivity, lower operating temperature (200 °C) and detection limit (ppb level) to CO and H2. The sensitization of PdPt bimetal to TiO2 should be ascribed to the high catalytic activity of PdPt bimetal towards O2, H2 and CO, Schottky barrier at the interface between TiO2 and PdPt NPs, and the multiple valence states (Pd0, Pd2+ and Pd4+) of Pd will undergo mutual transformation during gas sensing reactions. And Sn-PdPt/TiO2 sensor exhibited higher sensitivity, selectivity and better stability than those of PdPt/TiO2 sensor, which can be attributed to the introduction of SnO2 and the stronger interaction between PdPt and TiO2 due to the in-situ reduction reaction. This study can provide some reference for preparing the MOS based gas sensing materials with strong metal-support interactions and understanding the sensitization mechanism of PdPt bimetal.

Unlocking nature's toolbox: Kinetin-producing Priestia flexa VL1 paves the way for efficient bioremediation of chromium-contaminated environments

Elevated levels of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) present a severe environmental threat, leading to soil and water contamination. Traditional reduction methods, including electrochemical, photocatalytic, and microwave catalytic processes, have proven effective but face challenges such as durability, pH sensitivity, temperature constraints, varying Cr(VI) concentrations, oxygen absorption issues, and high operational costs. In contrast, soil bacteria, provide a cost-efficient and impactful solution, offering sustainable outcomes without secondary pollution concerns. Bioremediation, focusing on the microbial reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III), emerges as an ecologically-friendly alternative, utilizing bacterial chromium reductase as an abundant and adaptable resource for Cr(VI) remediation. We isolated Priestia flexa VL1 (PFVL1) which reduces Cr(VI) concentrations up to 200 mg/l to Cr(III). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS), revealed kinetin molecules within PFVL1. Distinct expression patterns were observed in the genes responsible for Cr(VI) reduction and kinetin biosynthesis in PFVL1, contingent upon varying dosages. This investigation emphasizes PFVL1's substantial role in advancing Cr(VI) bioremediation through kinetin biosynthesis, contributing to a safer and more sustainable environment.

Co-Removal of Fe/V Impurity in H2TiO3 Synthesized from Ti-Bearing Blast Furnace Slag.

Ti-bearing blast furnace slag (TBFS) can be converted to impurity bearing TiOSO4 solution for TiO2 pigment production. However, the H2TiO3 (MTA) hydrolyzed from the solution has too high Fe/V impurity to meet the standard for TiO2 pigment. In this study, we found that Fe3+ and V3+ were easily hydrolyzed and entered the MTA lattice, and hence could not be removed by washing. Furthermore, Fe/V was hard to co-remove by the traditional reduction method. Therefore, the Fe/V non-hydrolysis condition (Ti3+ = 0.01 M, F = 3.0, T = 130 °C; Ti3+ = 0.01 M, F = 3.5, T = 150 °C) was determined by thermodynamic calculations. However, at these conditions, the Ti hydrolysis ratio was low or the reaction time was long. Therefore, a new two-step hydrothermal hydrolysis process was proposed. Step 1 (130 °C, 2 h) ensured the non-hydrolysis of V3+, and Ti was partially hydrolyzed to increase the H2SO4 concentration. Step 2 (150 °C, 2 h) ensured a high Ti hydrolysis ratio (>0.95) and short total reaction time (4-6 h). Finally, a high-purity MTA was obtained (Fe = 21 ppm, V = 145 ppm). These results provide new insights into the control of the hydrolysis of impurity ions in solutions and help to optimize the process of TiO2 pigment preparation from TBFS.

Recovery of low phosphorus iron from steel slag using secondary aluminum dross as the reductant

Iron extraction by carbothermic reduction is a promising technique for the recycling and valorization of steel slag, but phosphorus reduction and dissolution are inevitable and limit the value of the metal products. To solve this issue, in this work, a novel smelting reduction method was proposed to produce low phosphorus iron from steel slag by using secondary aluminum dross (SAD) as the reductant. The roles of modified basicity and SAD/slag in the iron recovery and phosphorus distribution behavior were investigated by various characterization and theoretical approaches, such as ICP-AES, XRD, SEM-EDX, FTIR, and FactSage. Owing to the fluxing action of Al2O3 and the supply of abundant free (O2-), the slag shows a fully melted and highly depolymerized state during reduction even when no slag modification is made, contributing to a high iron recovery (92.8 %). This is an advantage compared to other traditional reduction methods. Besides, the higher basicity under no modification significantly suppresses the reduction of P2O5 by reducing its activity coefficient, resulting in a decrease of 50 % in P content in the separated metals. It is also found that phosphorus recovery presents a power growth law with SAD/slag. The P content in the metals can be as low as 0.16 wt% by decreasing this ratio from 0.28 to 0.26. Although a sacrifice of iron recovery (∼6 %) is required for this purification, it shows great potential in producing high-quality metals from steel slag.

In-situ graphene oxide reduction via inkjet printing using natural reducing inks

The development of eco-friendly alkali lignin-assisted water-based stable graphene oxide (GO) ink presents an innovative approach with the potential to revolutionize the manufacturing of printed and flexible electronics through scalable inkjet printing. However, GO lacks conductivity, necessitating an additional reduction step to restore its electrical properties. Traditional reduction methods using toxic agents or high temperatures are not suitable for large-scale manufacturing due to environmental hazards. In-situ reduction techniques using natural substances offer a promising, cost-effective, and continuous solution for precise reduction of GO-printed patterns via inkjet printing. However, limited research has been conducted on natural-based inkjet printable reducing inks. In this work, in-situ inkjet printable natural reducing inks were produced and printed on top of GO-printed patterns to carry out the reduction process. The reduced printed patterns were investigated for structural, functional groups, morphology, and electrical resistance. The ascorbic acid reduced sample showed an increase in the I D/I G ratio from 1.058 to 1.15, and the interlayer distance decreased from 0.395 to 0.385 nm. The atomic force microscope surface analysis showed a significant increase in the mean roughness by three times for the ascorbic acid-reduced sample, indicating success in the reduction process. The ascorbic acid reduced patterns also showed an electrical conductivity of 1250 S m−1 compared to 0.43 S m−1 for unreduced GO printed patterns, indicating restoration of the sp2 hybridised conductive networks.

Significance And Clinical Effect of Anteromedial Support Plate Assisted Reduction and Fixation in The Treatment of Complex Proximal Humeral Fractures

Background: There are more and more complex consolidated proximal fractures, and the postoperative effect is not very satisfactory. Therefore, we propose a surgical method and evaluate its effect. Methods: A total of 77 patients with complicated proximal humeral fractures who underwent surgical treatment in the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from June 2015 to January 2019 were collected. Among them, the internodal groove medial support plate assisted reduction and fixation technique and the lateral locking plate were used. A total of 15 cases of complicated proximal humeral fractures were used as the study group, and 62 patients with the same type of proximal humeral fractures treated with traditional reduction methods and internal fixation with lateral locking plates during the same period were used as the control group. The operation time of the two groups; intraoperative blood loss; number of effective intraoperative fluoroscopy; postoperative humeral neck shaft angle loss after reduction; postoperative shoulder joint Constant-Murley score; upper limb function DASH score and postoperative complications were retrospectively reviewed comparative analysis. Results: The number of effective intraoperative fluoroscopy was (6.18±1.869) times in the control group, more than (3.93±1.387) times in the study group, and the difference between the two was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05);The operation time of the study group was longer than that of the control group, and the intraoperative blood loss of the study group was more than that of the control group, but the difference between the two was not statistically significant (P&gt;0.05).In the first 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery, in terms of imaging measurement, the loss angle after reduction of the humeral neck shaft angle in the control group and the study group increased with the increase in postoperative time. There was no significant difference in the lost angle after reduction of the humeral neck shaft angle between the two groups at month and 3 months (P&gt;0.05).At the 6th and 12th months after surgery, the lost angle after reduction of the humeral neck shaft angle in the study group was smaller than that in the control group, and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant (P&lt;0.05).For the recovery of shoulder joint function after surgery, the Constant-Murley score of the shoulder joint and the DASH score of upper limb function of the control group and the study group increased with the increase of postoperative time, while the Constant score and DASH score of the two groups were 1 after surgery. There was no significant difference at months, 3 months, 6 months and 12 months (P&gt;0.05). Conclusions: The anteromedial support plate assisted reduction of the internodal groove can be used as a single locking plate for the treatment of complex proximal humeral fractures with medial column instability. It is an option when reduction is difficult or it is difficult to maintain stable reduction, which improves the quality of reduction and reduces surgery. Loss of posterior fracture reduction.

Attributes reduction algorithms for m-polar fuzzy relation decision systems

Nowadays, attribute reduction has become a significant topic in relation decision systems. Their applications come from different domains of the computer sciences, including machine learning, data mining and pattern recognition, which often involve a large number of attributes in data. Several attribute reduction methods are presented in the literature in order to help solving decision-making problems efficiently. A common characterization for these approaches is still missing, that is, although attribute reduction methods of relation decision systems and fuzzy relation decision systems exist, a common generalization for them is still missing. This study presents a systematic discussion of attribute reduction based on m-polar fuzzy (mF, in short) relation systems and mF relation decision systems, which are respective extensions of fuzzy relation systems and fuzzy relation decision systems. This study provides mathematical results on the attribute reduction algorithms based upon mF relation systems and mF relation decision systems. Both are explained with numerical examples. The resulting algorithms permit to reinterpret the upshots of traditional reduction methods, providing them with larger generality and unification abilities. Afterwards, two real-life applications of the proposed attribute reduction approaches prove their validity and feasibility. Finally, the attribute reduction methods developed here are compared with some existing approaches to show their reliability.

An Efficient Genetic Hybrid PAPR Technique for 5G Waveforms

Non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) is a strong contender multicarrier waveform technique for the fifth generation (5G) communication system. The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is a serious concern in designing the NOMA waveform. However, the arrangement of NOMA is different from the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. Thus, traditional reduction methods cannot be applied to NOMA. A partial transmission sequence (PTS) is commonly utilized to minimize the PAPR of the transmitting NOMA symbol. The choice phase aspect in the PTS is the only non-linear optimization obstacle that creates a huge computational complication due to the respective non-carrying sub-blocks in the unitary NOMA symbol. In this study, an efficient phase factor is proposed by presenting a novel bacterial foraging optimization algorithm (BFOA) for PTS (BFOA-PTS). The PAPR minimization is accomplished in a two-stage process. In the initial stage, PTS is applied to the NOMA signal, resulting in the partition of the NOMA signal into an act of sub-blocks. In the second stage, the best phase factor is generated using BFOA. The performance of the proposed BFOA-PTS is thoroughly investigated and compared to the traditional PTS. The simulation outcomes reveal that the BFOA-PTS efficiently optimizes the PAPR performance with inconsequential complexity. The proposed method can significantly offer a gain of 4.1 dB and low complexity compared with the traditional OFDM.

Giant enhancement of white light emission from Ca9Ln(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ (Ln = La, Lu, Gd) phosphors achieved by remote aluminum reduction

A series of single-phase Ca9Ln(PO4)7:Eu2+,Mn2+ (Ln = Gd, La, Lu) phosphors with enhanced quantum yields were successfully developed through a topochemical reduction reaction strategy by using elemental aluminum as the reducing agent. Changes were observed both in the spectral shapes and photoluminescence intensities. New broadband emission covering the whole red region and centered at 630 nm from the remote Al reduced Ca9Ln(PO4)7:Eu2+ phosphors was observed, and their PL intensity was found to be greatly enhanced. The remote Al reduced Ca9Gd(PO4)7:Eu2+ reaches 4.3 times higher PL than the phosphors prepared by the traditional reduction method under CO atmosphere with the optimal Eu2+ dopant content. Finally, enhanced white-light emissions were gradually obtained by co-doping Eu2+ and Mn2+ in Ca9Ln(PO4)7, and the PLQY value is raised from extremely low to 61.6%. The mechanism for the changes of luminescence behavior was studied and discussed. This research also provides an enlightening reference for the preparation and development of high efficiency single-phase white light emitting phosphors.

The Reverse Oblique Supracondylar Humerus Fracture: Description of a Novel Fracture Pattern.

Sagittal profile descriptions of supracondylar humerus fractures are limited. We describe a reverse oblique (RO) pattern in which the distal fragment has a prominent anterior spike that is displaced posterior to the proximal fragment. This pattern presents a challenge during closed manipulation utilizing traditional reduction maneuvers. The purpose of this study is to compare the clinical and radiographic characteristics of the RO and non-RO patterns of supracondylar humerus fractures. We hypothesized that the RO pattern would be associated with greater soft tissue trauma. Retrospective evaluation of operative supracondylar humerus fractures treated at a tertiary pediatric hospital from 2014 to 2016. Patients were categorized into RO and non-RO groups for analysis. Associated neurovascular injuries were compared between groups. Two hundred ninety-nine consecutive patients were reviewed. The RO fracture pattern was seen in 12 patients. All displaced RO fractures were able to be closed reduced with a modification to the traditional reduction sequence. Overall cohort rates of preoperative soft tissue injury included antecubital ecchymosis 16.8%, nerve palsies 15%, and vascular compromise 6.4%. Compared with non-RO fractures, the RO fracture group had significantly higher rates of anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsies (P=0.013), antecubital ecchymosis (P=0.018), and compartment syndrome (P=0.043). When comparing RO with non-RO type II fractures, there were no differences in soft tissue injury (P=0.439). Compared with non-RO type III fractures, RO type III fractures had higher rates of AIN injury (P=0.047), antecubital ecchymosis (P=0.007), and overall soft tissue injury (P=0.009). This study introduces a previously undescribed supracondylar humerus fracture subtype: the RO fracture. We found increased rates of soft tissue compromise including antecubital ecchymosis and AIN palsy in this fracture type. Further, traditional reduction methods proved to be ineffectual for this fracture pattern. We utilized a simple modification that allowed for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning of displaced RO fractures. Level III-prognostic.

A non-aqueous reduction process for purifying 153Gd produced in natural europium targets

Gadolinium-153 is a low-energy gamma-emitter used in nuclear medicine imaging quality assurance. Produced in nuclear reactors using natural Eu2O3 targets, 153Gd is radiochemically separated from europium isotopes by europium reduction. However, conventional aqueous europium reduction produces hydrogen gas, a flammability hazard in radiological hot cells. We altered the traditional reduction method, using methanol as the process solvent to nearly eliminate hydrogen gas production. This new, non-aqueous reduction process demonstrates greater than 98% europium removal and gadolinium yields of 90%.

Accurate and efficient modeling of complex offshore wind turbine support structures using augmented superelements

ABSTRACTTraditionally, wind turbine dynamics are analyzed using computationally efficient but geometrically coarse aeroelastic models. With ever larger offshore turbines being installed in deeper waters, the wind industry is gradually moving toward more complex foundation types such as jackets and tripods. Even the simplest models of such structures have many more degrees of freedom (DoFs) than the complete wind turbine model, leading to excessive computation times. To cope with this, we can employ reduced ‘superelement’ modeling of the support structure. However, since these structures are subjected to hydrodynamic loading at a large portion of their DoFs, traditional reduction methods fail to properly describe the response to this excitation. In this paper, we therefore propose to combine superelement modeling with the concept of modal truncation augmentation, which consists in extending the reduction basis by adding ‘residual vectors’. Furthermore, we use principal component analysis to find the predominant hydrodynamic loading on the support structure.A case study is performed on a reference wind turbine model on a jacket structure, revealing both the need for coupled dynamic analysis and the shortcomings of traditional superelement models for offshore support structures. Most importantly, this case study shows that the proposed augmented superelement approach allows to create very compact yet accurate models of the complex support structure, thereby enabling efficient integrated simulation of offshore wind turbines.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.

Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitrate Ions from Water Using Polyaniline Nanofibers Modified Gold Electrode

Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers were electrochemically synthesized on gold electrode using ethanol as soft template by the cyclic voltammetry technique. The PANI nanofibers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Linear sweep voltammetry was used to investigate electrocatalytic activity of the PANI nanofibers modified electrode toward the reduction of nitrate ions. Results showed that the electroreduction process strongly depends on the applied potential. At the potential value of about -0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl, the electroreduction of nitrate anions to nitrite anions was identified as the rate-determining step of the electroreduction process. In the potential range of -0.8 to -1.0 V, reduction of nitrite to hydroxylamine occurs, followed by the reduction to ammonia. At potentials more negative than -1.0 V, nitrite is directly reduced to ammonia. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of PANI nanofibers modified electrode in the electroreduction of nitrate ions compared to traditional reduction methods.

A study on indoor environment contaminants related to dust mite in dwellings of allergic asthma patients and of healthy subjects

This study investigated the pollution of dust mite allergens in the houses of 30 families and their infection to young allergic asthma patients in Shanghai. Medical records, family information, and dust samples were collected from the dwellings of 15 young allergic asthma patients and 15 healthy subjects. Der 1 allergen, which is a common allergen causing allergic asthma, was measured in collected dust samples using the Pharmacia Uni-CAP System. A significant correlation was found between the number of Der 1 allergens collected from floor surfaces and the number of Der 1 allergens collected from bed surfaces. Some factors influencing Der 1 allergen levels were found in this study. Relative humidity in dwellings was found to be most influential to the allergen levels. The findings suggested that traditional reduction methods for coarse particles, such as opening windows and periodic cleaning of beddings, may be effective in removing dust mite allergens.

Minimally invasive reduction of vertically displaced sacral fracture without use of traction table

BackgroundTreatment of vertically displaced sacral fracture can be difficult even for the expert traumatologist. Traditional reduction methods can show some limitations; we suggest a minimally invasive technique, which could be effective, tissue sparing and economic in terms of equipment needed.Materials and methodsOur retrospective study included 11 patients with average age of 40.2 years (range 24–59 years), with type C pelvic ring disruption with monolateral sacral fracture (C1.3), who underwent surgical treatment from April 2007 to March 2008 using the minimally invasive technique. Radiographic examination, using Matta’s criteria, was carried out pre-operatively, post-operatively and at least at 1 year after surgery. All patients were functionally evaluated using Majeed’s grading scale with mean follow-up time of 18.9 months (range 14–25 months).ResultsPre-operative displacements averaged 10.8 mm (range 7–21 mm); post-operative displacements averaged 5.4 mm (range 3–12 mm), with excellent or good reduction in 91% of cases. No major complications occurred. On functional evaluation, 82% of patients obtained good or excellent results.ConclusionThe minimally invasive reduction technique, requiring a limited surgical approach and a standard radiolucent table, is in our experience a satisfactory procedure for management of monolateral vertically displaced sacral fracture.

Dynamic effects of breakup on fusion reactions of weakly bound nuclei

The traditional reduction methods to represent the fusion cross sections of different systems are flawed when attempting to completely eliminate the geometrical aspects, such as the heights and radii of the barriers, and the static effects associated with the excess neutrons or protons in weakly bound nuclei. We remedy this by introducing a new dimensionless universal function, which allows the separation and disentanglement of the static and dynamic aspects of the breakup coupling effects connected with the excess nucleons. Applying this new reduction procedure to fusion data of several weakly bound systems, we find a systematic suppression of complete fusion above the Coulomb barrier and enhancement below it. Different behaviors are found for the total fusion cross sections. They are appreciably suppressed in collisions of neutron–halo nuclei, while they are practically not affected by the breakup coupling in cases of stable weakly bound nuclei.

A Study on Indoor Air Contaminants Related to Pets in Japanese Dwellings

The behavior of indoor particulate matter as it relates to pets was studied from the viewpoint of architectural hygiene. The viable particles from pets can be classified into two types, pathogenic microorganisms and pet allergens. This study investigated Pasteurella, which is a pathogenic organ of Pasteurellosis, dog allergen Can f1 and cat allergen Fel d1 in eight dwellings in Tokyo. In six of these dwellings (the case dwellings), the dogs and/or cats were allowed free access to indoor areas. Pasteurella and the pet allergens were quantified by biochemical and immunological methods, respectively. The relationship between suspended particles and airborne Fel d1 was also examined.Three species, P. canis, P. dagmatis and P. multocida, were isolated from the oral cavity of the dogs and cats. In the six case dwellings, dust allergen Can f1 and Fel d1 ranged from 1 to 1000 μg allergen/g dust and 100 to 5000 μg/g, respectively. The indoor air of the case dwellings contained concentrations of airborne Fel d1 ranging from 10 to 100 ng of allergen/m3 air. In addition, there was a significant relationship between the distributed concentration of suspended particles larger than 5 μm and airborne Fel d1 (P< 0.01). These findings suggest that the traditional reduction method for coarse particles, for example the use of a domestic air filtration cleaner, may be effective in removing airborne pet allergens.