Traditional Production Systems Research Articles

77 Differences in carcass quality and meat quality between cattle of different breed types

Abstract Crossbreeding cattle in the beef industry is a common practice to improve production and increase profitability. Introducing Bos indicus (BI) genetics into cattle herds is one potential method to improve production, as they are able to withstand higher temperatures, are better adapted to nutritional stress, and consume less water than Bos taurus (BT) cattle. However, introduction of BI genetics is known to decrease both carcass and meat quality compared with those from BT cattle. As such, the objective of this study was to determine how crossbreeding commercial Angus cows with Santa Gertrudis bulls to incorporate BI genetics impacts carcass and meat quality of the resultant offspring. This study utilized 38 steers of two different breeds: Angus (AN; n = 29; 100% BT) or Santa Gertrudis influenced (SG; n = 9; 19% BI, 81% BT). All steers were fed the same typical ration and harvested at a commercial facility once industry average body weight and backfat standards were met. Hot carcass weight (HCW), ribeye area (REA), yield grade (YG), and marbling scores were collected at harvest. Individual loins were collected for meat quality analysis. Meat quality data were collected after 14 d of wet aging at 4˚C. Meat color data was collected on d 0, 3, and 7. Statistical analysis was done using the MIXED procedure of SAS to assess the main effect of breed. Color analysis was conducted with day as a repeated measure. Least squares means were separated using Tukey-Kramer adjustments. Angus cattle had an increased (P = 0.009) REA and tended to have a reduced (P = 0.06) YG than SG cattle. However, no differences (P ≥ 0.13) between breeds were observed in HCW or marbling score. Additionally, no differences (P ≥ 0.08) were observed in meat quality (pH, drip loss, cook loss, Warner-Bratzler Shear Force, or Texture Profile Analysis) between breeds. There was not a day x breed (P > 0.65) or breed (P ≥ 0.57) effect for L*, a*, or b* color values. Day affected (P = 0.008) L*, a*, and b*, such that a* and b* both increased on d 3, then decreased on d 7, while L* increased on d 3 and remained consistent until d 7. These results are promising as they indicate there may not be differences in carcass quality and meat quality when utilizing this method to introduce BI genetics into a traditional BT production system. As such, this could be a useful tool in managing production systems in our beef herds. However, future research with a larger sample size will be necessary to gain more conclusive results.

Complementary deteriorating products within a flexible production system: a sustainable approach

The nature of complementary products is the dependency of one product on the other for utility. Further, the complementary products with deteriorated nature create a challenging environment for a suitable strategy. How does an industry deal with complementary deteriorated products at the retailer’s house? The present study deals with two complementary deteriorating products in a two-echelon supply chain management. The deterioration of complementary products increases with time, and the deterioration rate is taken as the function of time. Complementary deteriorating products are manufactured by two manufacturers and sold to a common retailer. Manufacturers use a flexible production system to produce products and a single-setup-multiple-delivery policy to deliver those products. Under the flexible production system, emissions from setup, holding products, disposal, and transportation of products are considered. A carbon tax policy is used to reduce emissions. This study aims to optimize the total profit of the supply chain by finding a suitable sales strategy. The total profit is maximized by acquiring the optimal values of the retail price, cycle time of the retailer, production rate, and number of shipments. The numerical result shows that the profit becomes maximum when complementary products are less dependent on each other. The result indicates that adapting the flexible production system increases the total profit by 1.86% and decreases total emissions by 5.36% than a traditional production system.

Improved productivity and dye removal performance of Trametes versicolor pellets using rice husk as a co-substrate

Pellet production represents a critical step for several processes requiring fungal biomass, nevertheless, its optimization is seldom reported. The use of finely ground rice husk as a microcarrier and co-substrate permitted a marked increase (≈ 2.7×) in the productivity of fungal pellet production using Trametes versicolor compared to traditional production methods. The pellets show similar structure and smaller size compared to typical sole-mycelium pellets, as well as comparable laccase activity. The efficiency of the pellets for biodegradation was confirmed by the removal of the crystal violet dye, achieving significantly faster decolorization rates compared to the traditionally produced pellets. The use of these pellets during the continuous treatment of the dye in a stirred tank bioreactor resulted in 97% decolorization operating at a hydraulic residence time of 4.5 d.

A Review on Indigenous Goats of East Africa: A Case for Conservation and Management.

Indigenous goats are important in the livelihoods of rural households in East African countries. This is due to their ability to produce and reproduce in different environments and climatic conditions. Even though these indigenous goats are important, there is little available information on the genetic characterization of these breeds in Africa and at the international level. This paper reviews the status of indigenous goats, highlighting their production systems, phenotypic and genetic characteristics, and genetic diversity, and proposes potential ways for sustainable improvement and conservation in East African countries. Most households use traditional production systems with various uncharacterized goat breeds and ecotypes, which are hence named after the tribe or locality in which they are found. Most of these goats are classified as small East African breeds, with significant variability in morphological features. Some of the challenges to goat production in this region are indiscriminate crossbreeding, lack of pedigree records, parasites and disease incidences, low-quality pastures, and low levels of management. There is a need for a collaborative approach amongst the actors in goat breeding value chains as well as integrating modern genomic tools into breeding programs to enhance selection. This will ensure the resilience and sustainability of these unique indigenous goat populations in East Africa.

Inefficiency of laying hens farms in Benin: an input directional distance function approach

BackgroundIn Benin, the productivity of poultry production systems is a major concern. This paper aims first to estimate the cost, technical and allocative inefficiencies of modern and traditional poultry production systems, and then to determine the factors that influence these types of inefficiencies.ResultsThe study reveals significant cost inefficiencies, with just 9% and 18% of traditional and modern systems, respectively, being cost-efficient, highlighting the necessity of distinguishing production systems due to different operational requirements, particularly for modern systems. Addressing these inefficiencies requires crucial measures such as providing training, accessible credit, and mortality rate reduction to boost local production, with tailored support for small-scale farmers.ConclusionsThe poultry sector’s intense competition and the decline in local production, particularly among small-scale farmers, are primarily linked to high domestic production costs and local farmers' poor performance. Our study unveils substantial cost inefficiencies in both traditional and modern poultry farming systems, emphasizing the imperative to differentiate interventions based on their distinct operational requirements.

Three-echelon circular economic production–inventory model for deteriorating items with imperfect quality and carbon emissions considerations under various emissions policies

Traditional production systems have a sole focus of maximising economic outcomes but due to the world’s ever-growing awareness about environmental issues, circular production systems, with a dual focus of maximising economic output and minimising environmental impact, have become prevalent in recent years. These types of production systems incorporate circular economy initiatives in their operational processes with the aim of reducing their carbon footprints. However, this is a voluntary measure to reduce carbon footprints and for this reason, various governments have introduced regulatory measures to involuntarily reduce carbon footprints of production systems. These regulatory measures include carbon tax, cap, cap-and-trade and cap-and-offset policies that are designed to reduce carbon emissions from production processes. With this in mind, this paper proposes an integrated sustainable production–inventory model for a three-echelon supply chain for imperfect quality deteriorating items with a circular economy indicator under various carbon emissions regulations. Using four different combinations of functions for both the demand rate and unit gross profit and four different carbon emissions regulations, 16 variants of the model are solved and analysed using heuristic algorithms. The model variants are not only aimed at optimising inventory replenishment decisions but also the circularity economy indicator of the deteriorating inventory. Of the 16 variants, the highest profit is achieved for the logistic demand and linear profit functions combination under cap-and-offset, despite a circularity indicator of 81.75%. The results also show that carbon emissions policies are effective at reducing the supply chain’s carbon footprint, albeit with a slight impact on the profit.

Decentralized Scheduling and Dispatch Control for the Traditional Labor-Intensive Assembly System

The fourth industrial revolution has broadly transformed the manufacturing system. However, this transformation is somewhat lacking in traditional or manual production systems due to the absence of IT infrastructure. Such traditional industries need to have the advantage of real-time control and monitoring. This study has developed economic assembly planning, scheduling, and control for a traditional assembly system. We used the concept of the configurable virtual workstation as the digitalization framework. Then, we employed the decentralized scheduling concept to reduce the computational effort in scheduling the complex product. The implementation result showed that scheduling and planning have transformed the traditional assembly process into intelligent scheduling and control with low digitalization effort

A green hydrogen production system based on solar-assisted biogas steam reforming

In the context of a carbon–neutral world, biogas reforming technology has potential to realize the production of green hydrogen with distributed production. Traditional green hydrogen production system based on biogas reforming dependent on high temperature condition during the reforming process; besides, biogas is always identified as a free energy resource in existing studies. This study develops a new way for green hydrogen production based on solar-assisted biogas steam reforming. The heat demand in the digester is considered in the newly proposed system; thus, more reasonable conclusion in regard to system thermal performance could be draw compared with existing studies. An advanced biogas reforming process with high steam-to-carbon molar ratio by introducing a parabolic trough solar collector is designed. At the same time, coupled with the carbon capture scheme proposed by previous study, it has great potential to realize hydrogen production with negative carbon emissions. Combined with the carbon deposition analysis, system integrated thermal performances are compared within the margin of safety. High steam-to-carbon molar ratio in the new system obviously improves the hydrogen production rate, with a maximum increase of hydrogen yield reaching 24.21 kg/h. In addition, the heat supply capacity is also significantly enhanced, which can meet the heat load of the digester when the ambient temperature is 4.03 °C (the reference system is only 20.19 °C). In terms of the integrated thermal performance, the hydrogen production efficiency of the new system is 33.60 percentage points higher than that of the reference system. This study provides a new idea for green hydrogen production from the perspectives of low temperature condition and negative carbon emissions.

Energy budgeting and global warming potential of traditional rice production system in Eastern Ghats region of Odisha

Aim: This study aims to focus on traditional agricultural practices which are gaining momentum around the globe as an energy efficient and sustainable approach in the changing climate condition. In this study, an attempt was under taken to quantify the energy use, green house gas emission and global warming potential of rice cultivated by traditional method in terraced low land. Methodology: The data were collected through Focused Group Discussion (FGD) from farmers of the study area using the questionnaire. The sample size was calculated by Neyman method. Results: Total input and output energy required for traditional rice production were 8513.0 MJ ha-1 and 77356.88 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency was calculated as 9.01. Total global warming potential (GWP) was 610.19 CO2 eq ha-1. In this study, the output and input carbon were found to be 2580.48 and 164.75 kg C ha-1, respectively and the carbon efficiency ratio was 15.66. Energy productivity of this traditional method of rice production system was approximately 1.21 to 3.64 times higher than that of other rice production system. Interpretation: Rice is the staple food of tribal's habited in the highland region of Eastern Ghats Odisha, India, and these tribal people mostly cultivate rice by traditional method. This traditional rice production system can be considered as an environmental friendly and sustainable agricultural system in this changing climatic condition, and this system is also economical than the conventional rice cultivation practices. Key words: Budgeting, Energy, Eastern Ghats, Green house gases, Global warming, Rice

Dual purpose ratooned rice improves agri-food production with reduced environmental cost

China is faced with the contemporaneous needs to improve resource-use efficiency, raise production and enhance environmental stewardship of status quo agrifood production systems. Dual purpose ratoon rice cropping systems comprise a promising innovation for addressing such challenges through production of forage and grain on the same land parcel. Here, we conducted life cycle assessments of forage-grain ratoon rice (FG-RR), contrasting sustainability indicators associated with FG-RR against those of traditional ratoon rice (productivity, environmental impact and economics) across four provinces in central China. Compared with conventional systems, we show that FG-RR systems had superior energy output (+37%) and energy use efficiency (+37%), but also lower global warming potential (−17%) and eutrophication potential (−13%). Such benefits were attributed to lower methane emissions and ammonia volatilization, together with enhanced nitrogen fertilizer management. We found that FG-RR systems had significantly higher productivity, with yields being 6%–152% greater than traditional production systems, particularly in the climatically challenged areas of Xinyang and Chizhou. We show that biophysical benefits translated to economic dividends, particularly in Chizhou, where net profits were as high as $716 ha−1. We conclude that FG-RR present a sustainable alternative to traditional rice farming methods, with substantial benefits in terms of production efficiency, environmental sustainability, and economic prosperity. We opine that adoption of FG-RR systems helps address challenges associated with suboptimal productivity, particularly in regions prone to environmental degradation and climatic challenges.

Different divergence processes of isoglosses of folk nomenclature between wild trees and rice landraces imply the need for different conservation planning based on the type of plant resources

BackgroundThe intensification of production and socio-economic changes have accelerated the loss of local traditional knowledge and plant resources. Understanding the distribution and determinants of such biocultural diversity is essential in planning efficient surveys and conservation efforts. Because the concept of biocultural diversity in socio-ecological adaptive systems comprises biological, cultural, and linguistic diversity, linguistic information should serve as a surrogate for the distribution of local biological and cultural diversity. In this study, we spatio-linguistically evaluated the names of local trees and rice landraces recorded in Ehime Prefecture, southwestern Japan.MethodsHierarchical clustering was performed separately for the names of local trees and rice landraces. By considering innate flora differences and species having multiple local names, a novel distance index was adopted for local tree names. For the names of rice landraces, Jaccard distance was adopted. V-measure and factor detector analysis were used to evaluate the spatial association between the isogloss maps of the folk nomenclature derived from the clustering and multiple thematic maps.ResultsLocal tree names showed stronger spatial association with geographical factors than rice landrace names. One folk nomenclature group of trees overlapped well with the slash-and-burn cultivation area, suggesting a link between the naming of trees and the traditional production system. In contrast, rice landraces exhibited stronger associations with folklore practices. Moreover, influences of road networks and pilgrimages on rice landraces indicated the importance of human mobility and traditional rituals on rice seed transfer. High homogeneity and low completeness in the V-measure analysis indicated that the names of local trees and rice landraces were mostly homogenous within current municipalities and were shared with a couple of adjacent municipalities. The isogloss maps help to illustrate how the biological and cultural diversity of wild trees and rice landraces are distributed. They also help to identify units for inter-municipal collaboration for effective conservation of traditional knowledge related to those plant resources and traditional rice varieties themselves.ConclusionsOur spatio-linguistic evaluation indicated that complex geographical and sociological processes influence the formation of plant folk nomenclature groups and implies a promising approach using quantitative lexico-statistical analysis to help to identify areas for biocultural diversity conservation.

Improvement of the production and quality of Cordyceps javanica conidia for the control of Diaphorina citri adults.

This study aimed to evaluate the use of palm kernel meal (PKM) in the traditional solid-state fermentation system to improve the production and quality of Cordyceps javanica conidia. The impact of PKM was determined by measuring conidia yield, viability, hydrophobicity, shelf life, and conidia pathogenicity against Diaphorina citri adults. By supplementing rice grains with 5% palm kernel meal increased the conidial yield by up to 40%, without compromising conidia viability and hydrophobicity. In addition, conidia caused higher levels of mortality by mycosis against D. citri adults (90%), relative to conidia harvested from rice (52%). The conidia recovered from rice/palm kernel meal mixtures also retained viability greater than 90% after storage for 10months at 4°C, while the conidia produced on rice reached 80%. Thus, conidia produced in the presence of palm kernel meal can be consumed immediately or in the medium term. Some process advantages of the palm kernel meal as co-substrate in the traditional production system of C. javanica are also mentioned. These results are attractive for improving the mycoinsecticide production process, with excellent cost-benefit and minimal changes in infrastructure and process.

Traditional adhesive production systems in Zambia and their archaeological implications

This study explores traditional adhesives using an ethnobiological approach within a multisocioecological context in Zambia. Through semi-structured interviews, videotaped demonstrations, and herbarium collections, we investigated the traditional adhesives people know and use, the flexibility of production processes, resource usage, and knowledge transmission in adhesive production. Our findings reveal flexibility in adhesive production systems. People use a wide range of organic and inorganic materials in their adhesive recipes. Recipes are flexible, demonstrating the ability to adapt to changes and substitute materials as needed to achieve the desired end product. Additionally, our study reveals a variety of redundant pathways for knowledge transmission typically confined within individual population groups. These include same-sex vertical transmission and distinct learning spaces and processes. Also, we identified material procurement zones showing that people are prepared to travel 70 km for ingredients. We use our findings to review the archaeology and we discuss the identification of archaeological adhesives, the functional roles of adhesive materials, adhesive storage, and the sustained human interaction with species from families such as Euphorbiaceae and Apiade. Our findings underscore the diversity and adaptability of traditional adhesive production and suggest that further research on adhesives would reveal similar diversity within the archaeological record.

An Integrated Decision Support System for Low-Disturbance Surface Mining

Low-disturbance mining in surface mining (LDM) can transform traditional surface mine production systems into a more sustainable model by reducing the disturbance of surface mining, minimizing pollutant emissions, and reducing ecological impacts. The purpose of this paper is to explore the LDM evaluation method by applying multi-criteria decision-making to provide technical support for LDM implementation. Therefore, an evaluation method based on the combination of the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (F-AHP) and grey clustering was proposed. Analyzed in terms of the current status of the evaluation indicators (reality) and the significance of the development of the LDM (desirability). Determined the weights and low-disturbance (LD) levels of the evaluation indicators. Combined with the fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (F-TOPSIS), the low-disturbance open pit mining paths are ranked, and finally, the decision support system for low-disturbance mining in surface mining is constructed. This study not only enriches the existing literature on related technologies but also lays the foundation for further research on LDM and provides exploratory insights for deeper improvement of LD level in surface mining.

System Mapping of the Production and Value Chain to Explore Beekeeping Potential in Southwest Ethiopia.

Ethiopia has a high potential for the production of honey and other apiary products due to its ideal agroecology. This potential is, however, not yet well utilized due to weak production and valorization systems. The study analyzed beekeeping systems and their honey value chain to detect the barriers and to explore ways to better exploit the existing potential. Descriptive statistics, a SWOT and PESTEL matrix, and system mapping were utilized for analysis. Ethiopian beekeeping is still dominated by traditional production systems, followed by modern and transitional systems, differing in types of beehives and the average amount of honey yield. The combined SWOT-PESTEL analysis revealed challenges like a limited supply and high cost of modern beehives, shortage of credit, absence of a honey marketing legal framework, pest and predator attacks, absconding, and uncontrolled application of agrochemicals. Opportunities include the globally increasing demand for honey, availability of good investment policy, conducive agroecology, and support from NGOs. The less productive techniques of smallholder beekeepers' crude honey production for local beverage making affected the good use of the potential and minimized its contribution to the local and national economy. On the contrary, strengthening private investors and cooperatives towards the production of fully and semi-processed honey impacted the utilization of the potential positively.

Profitability analysis of bread wheat technology demonstration on lime-treated soils using a cluster approach in selected areas of the east Gojjam zone, northwestern Ethiopia

Access to improved varieties and soil acidity problems are the growing and significant hindering factors for the production and productivity of wheat in Ethiopia. The activity was conducted to enhance farmers’ awareness, knowledge and skills on wheat production under lime treated soilsand improve the household’s income and accessibility forimproved technologies in the study areas. Aneded, Awabel, Basoliben, Debre Elias and Gozamin districts were selected purposively based on wheat production potential and the prevalence of soil acidity. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected using appropriate data collection tools. A total of 712 smallholder farmers participated and 10 wheat clusters were formed. The data were collected from the cluster farming participants the smallholder farmers. Simple descriptive and inferential analysis methodsweredeployed. The study revealed that producing wheat under lime treated soils through a cluster approach has a significant yield advantage over the traditional production system. Additionally, the profitability analysis resultsrevealed that the marginal rate of return and marginal net benefitfrom wheatproductionunder lime treated soilsweresignificantly high overthree consecutive years. Therefore, the demonstration of improved wheat variety under lime treated soils usingcluster approach should be encouraged and scaled up toreachmore smallholder farmers in unaddressed areas with similarclimatic condition across the country to boost production and productivity, increase household income and reduce food insecurity amongsmallholder farmers.

O volume corporal pode predizer o peso corporal em borregas Pelibuey?

ABSTRACT: In traditional sheep production systems in tropical regions, the evaluation and monitoring of animal growth are not commonly practiced. This is primarily attributed to the limited adoption of technology and the high costs associated with acquiring livestock scales. The present study developed equations to predict body weight of Pelibuey ewe lambs using a Body Volume (BV) formula. BW and BV were obtained from 85 ewe lambs. The models evaluated were as follows: 1) linear, 2) quadratic, 3) cubic, 4) allometric, 5) exponential and 6) logarithmic. In addition, the models’ predictive ability for BW was assessed by k-fold (k=10) cross-validation. The BW and BV were 20.60 ± 8.73 kg and 17.54 ± 7.89 dm3, respectively. The quadratic model showed the highest r2 and the lowest values of mean square error, root mean square error, and bayesian information criterion, while the k-fold cross-validation technique also had the highest r2 and the lowest values of mean squared prediction error and mean absolute error. The quadratic model was the best performing mathematical model for predicting BW of growing Pelibuey ewe lambs using BV.

Epistemicide in The Indonesian Food Estate Project in a Critical Approach of Boaventura de Sousa Santos

Food is one of the basic human needs that must be met. Historically, food security has become a dominant topic in the public policies of various countries. Food security is defined as the availability of food and the ability of individuals to afford adequate foodstuffs. To achieve food security, it is necessary to develop a modern food production system, hence, the Indonesian government started a food estate program to achieve national food security. The food estate project is projected to convert potential land into agricultural land which will create food availability for the community. However, the food estate project has not been able to fulfil the promised yields. The food estate project ignores the participation of the local community which has long had a traditional food production system. The development of a food estate project that ignores the role of the community ultimately displaces local wisdom and replaces it with a modern food production system. The development of food estate projects that trigger deforestation and rely on monoculture farming also hurts land fertility; this approach is contrary to local wisdom which prioritises sustainability principles. This condition can result in epistemicide, the systematic murder of local knowledge which will have an impact on local community livelihood. This situation will result in the food estate project perpetuating a food production system dominated by Western knowledge and eliminating the local community’s sustainable food production system. Thus, epistemicide in a food estate project will create a situation where food availability and food affordability cannot be achieved. This research describes how epistemicide appears in Indonesian food estate projects. This research is philosophical research on actual problems that aims to present criticism of Boaventura de Sousa Santos’ epistemicide theory for Indonesian food estate projects. 

Profit comparison analysis in production system simulation based on lean principles to achieve sustainable manufacturing

Companies can achieve effective and efficient process if they make continuous improvements to achieve sustainability. In general, companies are aware of waste in the production process, but do not carry out measurements and analyzes related to this waste, including unit cost and profit analysis. A production system is needed that is able to minimize the unit costs and maximize profits in the company, one of the concepts used is the lean concept. This study aims to analyze the cost unit and profit generated in production systems that apply lean principles. Production system simulation is carried out using the concepts of Heijunka, Jidouka, and Kanban System. These three concepts are applied to a production system simulation that uses miniature cars with unit cost and profit comparison outputs with traditional production systems, pull systems, heijunka, jidouka, and Kanban systems. The results show that the unit cost of simulations 1 to 6 is getting lower, while the profit is increasing. In simulations 1 and 2 no profit was obtained because of implementing the traditional system while in simulations 3 to 6 there was an increase in profit because they had applied lean principles to the production system. Simulations that have implemented the lean concept have low unit costs and increasing profits, but what distinguishes the work methods applied. Production systems that apply the lean concept can help a company achieve sustainability in the economic field.

Towards sustainable production of sesame products: Comparison of traditional and modern production systems via a life cycle assessment approach

Burgeoning ecological crises of food production sector has made the environmental impact evaluation of various food products a sustainability imperative. Specifically, in pursuit of identifying a sustainable production model of high-demand food items, implementing a comparative life cycle assessment of various production approaches is of paramount importance. The energy consumption and environmental impacts of manufacturing two popular sesame products, Tahini (milled sesame paste) and Halva (sweetened sesame paste) in Iran was realized by using life cycle assessment methodology. In this regard, two production systems of traditional and modern, based on sesame cultivation and processing seeds were modeled. Moreover, production of milling stone, as the main instrument in Tahini and Halva production, was evaluated within the boundary of each product system. The highest energy used pattern and carbon footprint were attributed to the traditionally produced Tahini with 89.3 MJ/kg and 12.4 kg CO2eq/kg respectively; while, the lowest results were associated with modern-based Halva production with 47.8 MJ/kg and 5.4 kg CO2eq/kg. Compared to the traditional method, modern production of tahini was found to increase acidification potential and ozone layer depletion potential the most, with 73.1 g SO2eq and 0.735 mg R11eq respectively. Production of milling stone was the predominant hotspot for all products in traditional and modern systems, with average of 56% and 45% contribution to the total energy used, and 75% and 71% contribution to the carbon footprint of products in the former and latter systems respectively. Moreover, implementation of agrivoltaics system and circular economy-based milling stone as the alternative scenarios were evaluated from LCA perspective, which demonstrated that adoption of alternative milling stone could reduce the impact results significantly. It is believed that the novel evaluation framework of this study could serve as an example for future LCA studies to expand the common routine of evaluation and include production of instrument within the product's system boundary.