Traditional Patch Antenna Research Articles

High-gain mmWave shorted rectangular ring antenna with complementary segmented-cavity backed structure

An efficient gain-enhancement technique for millimeter wave (mmWave) planar patch antennas (PPAs) using a novel slot-loaded and segmented-cavity backed structure is newly proposed in this study. By incorporating a main radiator with a rectangular slot and employing a muli-layered segemented-cavity, the proposed antenna design significantly increases antenna gain beyond conventional approaches. Unlike traditional patch antennas or those with shorting pin structures, our gain-enhanced PPA utilizes the rectangular slot to electrically expand the radiation aperture, while the addition of substrate integrated pillars acorss multiple segmented ground layers markedly improves antenna directivity. The strategric use of a segmented cavity not only facilitates flexible impedance matching but also ensures consistent performance within the n257 band, accompanied by minimal gain variation. To verify the gain enhancement from the conventional patch, the proposed antenna was fabricated with a size of 1.03 λ0 × 1.03 λ0 × 0.1 λ0 at 28 GHz. The measured 10-dB impedance bandwidth was 12.14 % with a maximum measured gain of the 11.28 dBi at 28 GHz. Compared to the measured gain of the conventional PPA with the same size, the gain was 39.6 % higher, which represents the highest gain per total antenna volume observed for a single PPA in the mmWave spectrum for high-gain applications, to the best of our knowledge.

Design of dual mode antenna using CMA and broadband dual-polarized antenna for 5G networks

This article proposes a dual mode dual-polarized antenna configuration for IRNSS and fifth generation (5G) applications, operating at a frequency of 3.5 GHz based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA), and aims to provide broadband dual-polarized functionality. The original design of the antenna is a traditional patch antenna, and its dual-polarized features are determined using characteristic mode analysis. The full-wave method is used to stimulate both orthogonal modes using a 50 Ω coaxial input line at 3.5 GHz. In this design, the circular patch has been extended into an elliptical patch through a process of mode separation. The circular patch exhibits resonance at a frequency of 2.5 GHz, whereas the extended elliptical radiator demonstrates two resonance modes at 2.5 GHz and 3.5 GHz. The operational mechanism is elucidated by modal analysis and characteristic angle. This antenna operates on two different frequencies at the 2.5 GHz IRNSS band with horizontal polarization and the 3.5 GHz 5G service with vertical polarization. The maximum gain achieved with these frequency ranges is 5.31 dBi and 4.72 dBi, respectively. A ring resonator is chosen to improve the axial ratio and impedance bandwidth of the suggested prototype. The antenna's ground plane is shaped like a rectangle and features a V-shaped slot in the radiating patch. The antenna's physical footprint is 50 mm × 50 mm × 1.6 mm and an FR4 dielectric substrate serves as its foundation. Through its interaction with a PIN diode, the diode modifies the polarization of the antenna. The antenna functions as a right-handed circular polarization (RHCP), when the diode is operational. The bandwidth from 4.3 to 7.5 GHz is covered. On the other hand, it generates linear polarization (LP) between 4.2 and 5.3 GHz. The experimental antenna is evaluated and examined for its performance characteristics. The simulations are carried out utilizing the CST simulator. A prototype antenna has been manufactured and its performance has been validated against simulated findings.

Design, analysis and validation of a microstrip patch antenna with enhanced coupling for leaf moisture sensing: an IoT approach

An innovative IoT-based system utilizing a modified slotted microstrip patch antenna with enhanced coupling is presented for precise measurement of leaf moisture content. The antenna employs a rectangular slot above the feed point with an advanced coupling technique to enhance sensitivity. The antenna, fabricated on a 0.8 mm F4B substrate, is designed to resonate within the 2.40 to 3.0 GHz range under unloaded conditions. A parametric analysis focusing on leaf permittivity ranging from 20 to 30 is conducted to determine the antennas’ sensitivity. Experimental measurements of the reflection coefficient (S11) with respect to resonant frequency shift are performed with leaf samples as the samples under test (SUT). Experimental results reveal that the proposed patch antenna’s sensitivity is significantly enhanced, ranging from 0.57 to 1.67 times greater than that of traditional patch antennas for the five leaf samples tested. The antenna exhibits a sensitivity of 0.06 GHz and 0.02 GHz for the modified and enhanced coupling designs, respectively. The mean relative error between predicted and measured moisture content values is low at 0.038. The findings highlight the antenna’s increased sensitivity in detecting leaf moisture content and illustrate the potential of the proposed IoT-based system for real-time agricultural monitoring, marking an advancement in precision farming practices. The study validates the microstrip patch antenna’s capability as a moisture sensor through detailed sensitivity analysis, frequency shift measurements, and regression modeling.

High gain compact wearable antenna for IoT applications

In this paper, the design of a Defected Ground Structure (DGS)-based microstrip patch antenna tailored for sub-6 GHz 5G applications is reported. The proposed patch antenna is crafted using Jeans textile material. By integrating DGS into the traditional patch antenna design, we achieve a significant reduction in size while simultaneously enhancing the antenna’s performance. The antenna features a rectangular patch shape and is powered through a 50-ohm microstrip feed line. Boasting a compact size of 35.6 × 42.6 × 1.6 mm³, the antenna’s performance is further improved by incorporating DGS and etching slots on the patch. The expertly designed antenna yields a 34.87 dB return loss and a gain of 10.9 dB at a frequency of 3.5 GHz. The fabricated antenna demonstrates a robust impedance bandwidth within the range of 3.41–3.606 GHz. Consequently, the proposed antenna is well-suited for applications in WiMAX and IoT technologies.

A 28/38 GHz tuned reconfigurable antenna for 5G mobile communications

In this paper, a compact tuned reconfigurable microstrip antenna for fifth generation (5G) mobile communications is designed to operate at 28 GHz or 38 GHz or both frequencies. The proposed antenna can be reconfigured by using a group of PIN diodes switches across a slit in the upper traditional patch antenna or through the ground plane side. The tuning between the 28 GHz and 38GHz frequency bands can be achieved through ON/OFF states of the PIN diodes switches. The tuned reconfigurable antenna is simulated using CST software package and then fabricated and measured. The simulated and measured results show good agreement with a little deviation. The proposed tuned antenna is small in size with 18×11.25 mm2 overall area.

A Patch Antenna design with Boosted Bandwidth for ISM band Applications

In recent times, the utilization of microstrip patch antennas (MPAs) has increased due to their simple production, simple analysis, low cost, lightweight, easy feeding, and superior radiation characteristics. Limited bandwidth is a key disadvantage of MPAs. In this paper, a rectangular patch antenna with partial ground plane (PGP) strategy for ISM applications is proposed to overcome this deficiency and its performance is compared with that of a traditional patch antenna. A low-cost FR-4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.3 and a thickness of 1.6 mm is used to make both antennas designed. The antennas are analyzed and simulated at the operating frequency of 2.45 GHz using CST software. The simulation results show that the proposed antenna has a 0.1465 GHz i.e. 146.5 MHz bandwidth, which is more than 1.77 times larger than a conventional antenna (bandwidth = 0.0827 GHz i.e. 82.7MHz). The suggested antenna is suitable for a wide range of wireless communication standards, such as Bluetooth (2.4 to 2.485 GHz), WiMAX (2.3 to 2.4 GHz), Microwave ovens (2.4 to 2.48 GHz), RFID (2.4 to 2.5 GHz), S-Band (2.3 to 2.4 GHz), Wireless Communication Services (WCS) 2.345 GHz to 2.360 GHz, and 4G LTE (2.3 to 2.315 GHz).

CONFORMAL PLANAR ANTENNA WITH DGS FOR 5G WEARABLE COMMUNICATIONS

Future wireless communication systems will have data support, broadband connectivity, and extremely high reliability built in. Conformal antennas are used in a wide range of applications due to their high gain, small size, excellent radiation efficiency, and broad bandwidth. With this goal in mind, we propose the design of a conformal antenna and evaluate its performance. The conformal design makes use of traditional patch antennas with faulty ground construction. The conformal antenna is designed and simulated using the finite difference time domain. The substrate is made of the dielectric FR-4. The simulation results and goal parameters agree. The antenna is 14.59 × 18.79 mm in length and 0.8 mm in thickness. The resonance frequency is 4.6 GHz. The effective bandwidth for these results extends from 3.5 GHz to 5.5 GHz, with a better return loss of less than -20 dB attained and measurements done to validate the design's compatibility. Furthermore, a specific absorption rate (SAR) assessment is performed to ensure that electromagnetic field exposure stays within the acceptable limits.

Design and Minimization of Mutual Coupling Steered Array Lens Antenna for 5G Communication

Examining and evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance the performance by the initial objectives are the main contribution of this paper. To achieve multiband operation, the patch's shape is first adjusted later microstrip patch with the slot presented. With the help of the Ansoft HFSS antenna simulator, functional analysis has been shown to examine the impact on antenna resonant frequency. A probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is developed in this work via the HFSS tool for wireless applications operating between 2 to 5GHz. To achieve multiband operation, the structure of the patch is varied. The impacts on antenna resonant frequency are examined through numerical simulations. The length, as well as the width of a traditional patch antenna, is initially computed, and further, an appropriate patch dimension of 28.3mm x 36.9mm has been determined. For multiband operation over the frequency ranging between 2 and 5GHz wireless applications, a probe-driven microstrip patch antenna imprinted on FR4 epoxy substrate with 1.6mm thickness and a dielectric constant of 4.4 is built via the HFSS tool. The proposed architecture of a traditional microstrip patch antenna is imprinted on an FR4 epoxy substrate with a 1.6mm thickness and a 4.4 dielectric constant. The proposed antenna design is illustrated for the 3D structure of the Mutual Coupling Steered Array-Lens Antenna System (MPA) with an improved patch. To achieve multiband operation, two slots are inserted on the edges of the patch, and both the slots are 2mm wide, as well as the depth of the slots is modified to see how it corresponds to the resonant frequency. This work is mainly concentrated on (i) Examining as well as evaluating the improved microstrip patch antenna to enhance its performance, (ii) Examining, evaluating, as well as assessing the performance of an improved split ring resonator metamaterial, and (iii) Exploring, analyzing, as well as evaluating the performance of dielectric lens base patch array antennas and (iv) Developing as well as analyzing the transmission line phase shifter. The groundwork for developing this work is being carried out, and a comparative study is made on (i) techniques for improving the antenna's performance through the application of a modified patch antenna, a Modified split ring resonator, a Dielectric lens structure, and Transmission line phase shifter.

A Wideband High-Gain LHCP/RHCP Patch Antenna Based on Mirror Feed Method

This letter proposes a wideband high-gain left-/right-handed circularly polarized (L/RHCP) patch antenna using a mirror flip approach. The antenna consists of a ring-shaped metal square patch with truncated corners and a two-port feed network in a simple construction. The dual-port feed and truncated corners realize a wide axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW). Moreover, the L/RHCP is easily changed by mirroring the flipped feed network without redesigning the overall topology. The impedance bandwidth (IBW) ( <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> < −10 dB) of 58.6% (2.97–5.43 GHz)/47.6% (2.8–4.55 GHz) and 3 dB ARBW of 44.3% (3.09–4.85 GHz)/34.6% (2.96–4.2 GHz) are achieved for L/RHCP antenna. Finally, two prototypes were fabricated and measured for validation. The proposed L/RHCP patch antenna was found to be insensitive to feed position. The IBWs of the proposed LHCP and RHCP antennas showed a wide degree of overlap. The low profile, high gain, small size, and higher robustness of our antenna than traditional patch antennas demonstrate the advantageous of our design for communication, power transmission, and medical fields.

A Gain-Enhanced Patch Antenna With a Periodic Microstrip Rampart Line

In this paper, a gain-enhanced patch antenna with a periodic microstrip rampart line is proposed. The periodic microstrip rampart line can modify the effective dielectric constant of the dielectric plate, and help to improve the gain of the traditional microstrip patch antenna. Based on the antenna design principle, a formula for calculating the gain-enhanced frequency point is proposed. A proposed high gain microstrip antenna is designed, fabricated and tested. The experimental results demonstrate that the gain of the proposed antenna reaches 10.0 dBi, which is 2.55 dB or 79.9% higher than that of the traditional patch antenna at the same operating frequency of 5.8 GHz. The measured and simulated results show a high consistency.

A Slotted-Patch Antenna Sensor With Higher Sensitivity for Detecting Setting Time of Cement Paste

A patch antenna can be applied to determine the setting time of cement paste by using resonant frequency as a sensing parameter to obtain real-time change of moisture content. However, for the traditional patch antenna sensor, the variation of its resonant frequency caused by moisture change is often interfered by environmental factors, especially the temperature effect. Based on the edge effect theory of the patch antenna, the extent of resonant frequency effects due to nearby material highly depends on the edge size of the radiation patch. To widen the variation range of the resonant frequency, we propose a slotted-patch antenna with multiple rectangular openings, which will consequently increase the edge area of a traditional patch antenna sensor. The proposed antenna sensor has enhanced sensitivity to the surrounding water ratio based on the electric flux theory and a numerical simulation by the Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator (Ansoft HFSS). The topological shape and dimension of the slotted-antenna sensor are determined numerically. The proposed sensor was fabricated and tested by wired interrogation. The results show that its variation ranges of resonant frequency increased 2.5 times over that of a rectangular patch antenna sensor. This improves the usability of a slotted patch antenna for detecting the setting time of cement paste.

Overall Design of Artificial Intelligence Applications Based on the Electric Power Big Data Platform

Electric power big data is a new cross-domain data that appears with the development of smart grid and big data technology, and it is a specific application of big data technology in modern smart grid. This article mainly introduces the overall design of artificial intelligence applications based on the electric power big data platform. This article will explain in detail the construction process of the electric power big data platform and the overall design of artificial intelligence applications. This article introduces the specific significance of power big data as the main technical department of artificial intelligence, from the main links of demand analysis, architecture design, detailed design, and system implementation to the overall process of artificial intelligence application design from demand to realization. First, the overall requirements of the system are analyzed in detail from two aspects: functional requirements and non-functional requirements, and then the business architecture, application architecture, data architecture and technical architecture of the system are designed. Taking the functional modules of the electric power big data platform as an example, the detailed design of the functions is explained from the point of view of the class diagram, sequence diagram, and data model. This paper uses a self-organizing patch antenna calculated based on the power big data platform to search for the lowest voltage standing wave ratio of 1.0068 and the corresponding return loss of 45dB. However, regarding the antenna bandwidth, the self-organizing patch antenna still has the characteristics of a traditional patch antenna with a relatively narrow working bandwidth, and the working bandwidth of 13dB is less than 12%.

Design and Analysis of Conformal Antenna for Future Public Safety Communications: Enabling Future Public Safety Communication Infrastructure

Future 4G wireless communication systems include, in their capabilities portfolio, emergency-specific needs, such as data support, broadband communication, and extremely high reliability. An emergency situation can be addressed with undoubtedly more chances of success if augmented information is enabled within the public safety communication novel capabilities. In this article, for a fully augmented information provision based on broadband transmission, a user-end (UE) communication-capabilities enhancement is addressed by deploying multiple antennas without compromising the portability and light weight of first-responder equipment. With this aim, we propose the design of a 4.9-GHz conformal antenna array at the rescuer side (integrated in a helmet) and evaluate its performance in terms of relative data rate gain. The conformal array design is based on traditional patch antennas that consider the need for deployment over an ellipsoidal surface. The antenna array is simulated and then built, and several parameter characterizations (bandwidth, radiation pattern, reflection coefficient, and MC) and measurements are undertaken to ensure the suitability of the design. Furthermore, an analysis of the specific absorption rate (SAR) is performed to guarantee that the exposure to electromagnetic fields is below the standardized levels.

OAM-Generating Transmitarray Antenna With Circular Phased Array Antenna Feed

A transmitarray antenna (TAA) with a small-scale circular phased array antenna (PAA) feed is proposed in this article to generate orbital angular momentum (OAM)-carrying radio beams. After analyzing the operating mechanisms of the OAM-generating PAA-fed TAA, its numerical model is further developed to determine the TAA element arrangement and the PAA feed excitation coefficients. Furthermore, a three-layer element with polarization-conversion property and the traditional patch antenna element are identified as the elements of the TAA and PAA feed, respectively. Benefiting from the intrinsic multibeam capabilities of the TAA, the steering of the zero-OAM-mode beam is firstly discussed, where a conical scanning across an angular range of ±25° is realized. Meanwhile, the creation of multiple pure or mixed OAM beams with helical phase fronts is also presented, where the superposition of multiple OAM states provides more possibilities to increase the channel capacity and spectrum efficiency. To facilitate the experiments, an $8\times 8$ Butler matrix with a bandwidth over 30% is designed, which integrated with the array-fed TAA also provides an attractive solution to simultaneously generate multiple OAM modes without requiring any active modules. The experimental results agree reasonably well with the numerical ones, validating the feasibility of our idea to design a high-gain OAM-generating PAA-fed TAA.

Filtering dual‐patch antenna with flat gain response using F‐shaped feeding structure

AbstractA novel wideband filtering dual‐patch antenna with a flat gain response is presented in this letter. This filtering antenna mainly consists of two parts: two patches and an F‐shaped feeding structure. The upper and lower patches are fed by two different horizontally placed narrow strips from the F‐shaped structure. Two patch modes are simultaneously excited within the passband, yielding a 29.3% bandwidth with a very flat gain response and a stable radiation pattern. Furthermore, a pair of radiation nulls are generated symmetrically at the two sides of the passband owing to the mutual coupling between two patches. As a result, a filtering antenna without any extra filtering circuit is obtained which achieves a realized gain of 10 dBi within the passband and an out‐of‐band suppression level of 15 dB in the lower stopband and 20 dB in the upper stopband. Compared to the traditional patch antennas, this proposed filtering antenna demonstrates a very flat gain response, a sharp passband skirt, and a good selectivity, which is well designed and very suitable for high band cellular communication (2.0‐2.7 GHz).

A Multi-Frequency Patch Antenna With Double Sided Parallel Strip Line Periodic Structure

A multi-frequency patch antenna with double-sided parallel-strip line (DSPSL) periodic offset structure is proposed. The designed antenna consists of a simple rectangular patch as well as an embedded one-dimensional DSPSL periodic offset structure, which is employed to replace the traditional rectangular microstrip patch antenna. The periodic DSPSL structure is characterized leaky wave structure. After the periodic DSPSL structure is embedded, the resonance frequency of rectangular patch is offset, and the leaky wave characteristics can determine the number and position of new operating frequencies. As an application, a tri-band antenna is manufactured and these three operating frequencies can be calculated by the derived formulas studied in this communication. Experiment results suggest that the antenna can work at 4.28, 4.78, and 6.42 GHz, respectively. The results of simulated, measured and calculated show high consistency.

Metamaterial superstrate microstrip patch antenna for 5G wireless communication based on the theory of characteristic modes

Abstract Metamaterials (MTMs) have received considerable attention due to their novel electromagnetic properties. Their applications include enhancing gain and bandwidth in microstrip antennas. In this article, a dual band microstrip antenna design based on characteristic mode analysis (CMA) using MTM superstrate is proposed for 5G wireless communication. The CMA is used for the modelling, analysis and optimization of the proposed antenna to examine the underlying modal behaviour of the MTM unit cell and to guide mode excitation. The antenna structure consists of a microstrip feed line connected to a rectangular patch. Then triangular split ring resonator unit cell is inserted on the ground of a traditional patch antenna that resonates at 15 GHz to produce additional resonance at 10 GHz. A planar array of 2 × 3 triangle MTM unit cells is used as superstrate to improve the gain and bandwidth at both resonances simultaneously. The optimal distance between MTM superstrate and the antenna patch is determined using the Fabry-Perot cavity theory to maximize power directivity and efficiency of the proposed antenna. The CST microwave studio software is used to model and optimize the proposed antenna. A prototype of the designed antenna that was fabricated showed good agreement between measurement and simulation results.

Compact High-Gain Metasurface Antenna Arrays Based on Higher-Mode SIW Cavities

This communication presents novel compact linearly/circularly polarized metasurface antenna arrays based on higher mode substrate integrated waveguide cavities. The linearly polarized antenna is realized by an array of patch cells with similar TM resonant modes as traditional patch antennas, while the circularly polarized one is newly designed based on the proposed polarization-rotation metasurface structure. Moreover, the periodic metasurface antennas are modified with complemental boundaries to further enlarge effective radiation apertures for about 1.5 dB gain enhancement. In addition, a simple TE220 higher mode cavity is employed as a compact and symmetrical feeding network to provide perfectly uniform four-way excitations, resulting in relatively uniform radiation aperture for high gain. The simulation and measured results both indicate that the proposed linearly/circularly polarized metasurface arrays can, respectively, achieve very high directional gains of about 10.75/10.66 dBi with aperture efficiencies of about 90% and low cross-polarization suppressions. In addition, 3 dB axial ratio beamwidths of the circularly polarized array can be up to 68° and 57° at two pitch planes of $\varphi = 0^{\circ }$ and 90°.

Dual band microstrip patch antenna array loaded with split ring resonators and via holes

Reduction in antenna size by using multi-band radiators play a vital role in the miniaturization of present world wireless handheld devices, as dual band behaviour of the antennas result in the integration of more than one communication standard in a single system and thus, saving the installation space required for separate antennas. In this context, this communication presents a shorted-pin dual band metamaterial inspired microstrip patch antenna array. Under the unloaded conditions, the traditional patch antenna array resonates at 5.8 GHz with gain of 9.8 dBi and bandwidth of 540 MHz. However, when each patch of this traditional antenna array is loaded with split ring resonator (SRR) and a metallic via hole is introduced in the patch, the same antenna array produces an additional resonant frequency in IEEE 802.11b/g/n 2.45 GHz Wi-Fi band with bandwidth and gain of 290 MHz and 5.6 dBi, respectively, while the initial resonant frequency (i.e. 5.8 GHz) gets shifted to IEEE 802.11ac 5 GHz Wi-Fi band, providing the gain and bandwidth of 11.4 dBi and 510 MHz, respectively. The proposed antenna array has been fabricated, and the measured results are presented to validate the proposed array. Moreover, the equivalent circuit of the proposed antenna array has been designed and analyzed to validate the simulated, measured and theoretical results. Attainment of dual band characteristics by incorporating the metamaterial with single band traditional patch antenna array makes this structure novel, as this has been achieved without any extra hardware cost, size and loss of structural planarity. Also, both the frequency bands of this proposed metamaterial inspired antenna array possess considerable gain and bandwidth.

Low-RCS and Gain Enhancement Design of a Novel Partially Reflecting and Absorbing Surface Antenna

A novel partially reflecting and absorbing surface (PRAS) antenna is proposed at C -band. This antenna achieves both in-band and out-of-band reduction of the radar cross section (RCS). Furthermore, the gain of antenna is improved. Results show that the peak gain of the PRAS antenna element can be up to 12.3 dB among the working frequency, and its RCS is reduced in a broad frequency range from 5 to 13 GHz. Compared to the traditional patch antenna, 25-dB in-band RCS reduction and 15-dB out-of-band RCS reduction are achieved.