Traditional Oilseed Research Articles

Growth and Yield Response of Sesame to Different Nitrogen Levels

Sesame, a traditional oilseed crop with a long history, has been cultivated and utilized by people in Pakistan for centuries. In the year 2018, a total of 29,000 tons of sesame seeds were harvested from an extensive area of 176,000 acres in Pakistan. According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics for the year 2018-19, Pakistan exported sesame seeds worth Rs. 9,000 million, which amounted to a staggering 366 million tons (AARI 2018-19). Nitrogen (N) is an element that is prominently included in the metabolic system of plants. Protein is involved in all of the activities that are necessary for the survival of plants, and an important component of protein is nitrogen. During Kharif season 2022 to study the expansion and yield reaction of Sesame to various nitrogen concentrations. The treatments included T1 = Control (Zero N), T2 = Recommended dose N @60 kg ha-1, T3 = 10% higher than recommended N and T4 = 10% less than recommended N. The field experiment was carried out to assess during June 2022–2023. at the experimental students farm department of Agronomy at Sindh Agricultural University, Tandojam. The experiment was set up using a Randomized Complete Block Design with a plot size of 3 x 4 12 m2. The sesame crop fertilized with treated with T4 = 10% less than recommended N resulted 158.57 cm plant height, 8.00 branches plant-1, 151.04 capsules plant-1, 33.35 number of seeds capsule-1, 3.61 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 41.26 g seed yield plant-1 and 761.08 kg ha-1 seed yield. Similarly, T3 = 10% higher than recommended N resulted 132.63 cm plant height, 6.47 branches plant-1, 145.45 capsules plant-1, 30.34 number of seeds capsule-1, 3.31 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 36.35 g seed yield plant-1 and 712.45 kg ha-1 seed yield. However, recommended dose of N 117.82 cm plant height, 5.57 branches plant-1, 121.88 capsules plant-1, 23.28 numbers of seeds capsule-1, 3.14 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 32.07 g seed yield plant-1 and 540.46 kg ha-1 seed yield. The sesame crop under control (Zero N) with 91.12 cm plant height, 4.34 branches plant-1, 41.30 capsules plant-1, 17.02 number of seeds capsule-1, 2.78 g seed index (1000-grain weight), 21.02 g seed yield plant-1 and 363.75 kg ha-1 seed yield. Based on the findings of the current research, it was determined that as the nitrogen levels increased, both the growth and yield of sesame showed a simultaneous increase. Notably, the sesame plants that were fertilized with T4, which was 10% less nitrogen than the recommended amount, resulted in the highest grain yield (761.08 kg ha-1), followed by T3 = N @ 50 kg ha-1 (712.45 kg ha-1) and T3 = N @ 45 kg ha-1 (10 % less than recommended N) (540.46 kg ha-1).

A perspective on linseed breeding and varietal development in India

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a traditional oilseed crop of India that represents a valuable alternative for cropping systems because of the high quality of the seed oil, which is being increasingly appreciated by consumers, food, cosmetic and eco-materials and industries. The aim of this study was to understand the linseed breeding and varietal development in India in the past to till now. Linseed is also grown in as many as 70 countries across the globe. Several varieties having high seed yield, oil content, Alpha linoleic acid (omega-3 fatty acid), seed colour, size and colour and resistance to wilt, powdery mildew, Alternaria blight and rust and few insect pests like budfly and Spodoptera have been developed globally. Even, to develop edible grade low (<5%) ALA lines like Solin in Australia and TL 99 in India have also been developed. However, a comprehensive analysis and historic review of the linseed varieties released in India and breeding methods employed in developing them has not been attempted so far. Hence, this paper aims at bringing out the historical fact on number of linseed varieties released and notified in India along with the breeding methods employed so that suitable breeding strategy can be formulated in improving production and productivity of linseed in India.

Effect of storage duration and storage technologies on pest infestations and post-harvest quality loss of stored sesame seeds in Ethiopia

Sesame seeds, being a crucial traditional oilseed crop in Ethiopia, face challenges related to storage and insect pests that can adversely affect their quality and quantity. Farmers often sell their sesame seeds immediately after harvest at lower prices due to concerns about pest damage during storage. This study aimed to assess the impact of different storage containers and storage durations on reducing infestation by storage insect pests and minimizing losses of stored sesame seeds over a six-month period. The findings revealed that hermetic storage solutions, particularly PICS and SGP bags, effectively suppressed insect development, minimized losses, and maintained seed viability without the need for insecticides. Weight loss in PICS and SGP bags remained consistent regardless of the storage duration, whereas jute and PP bags exhibited a significant increase in weight loss. Lower seed germination rates were observed in PP and jute bags, whereas PICS and SGP bags maintained consistent germination rates throughout the storage period. PICS and SGP bags also exhibited a significant decrease in oxygen levels and an increase in carbon dioxide levels, contributing to the reduction in insect infestation. In comparison, traditional storage bags such as jute and PP bags exhibited higher insect counts, seed damage, and greater weight loss compared to hermetic bags. Therefore, hermetic storage solutions are recommended for farmers to minimize losses and preserve seed viability. During the study, three insect species were identified as the most prevalent in stored sesame seeds: Corcyra cephalonica, Tribolium spp (T. castaneum & T. confusum), and Rhyzopetha dominica. The maximum insect counts of these species were recorded in jute bags. At the beginning of the experiment, the average seed damage across all storage units was 1.9%, which increased to 14.1% in jute bags and 9.3% in PP bags after six months of storage.

Variation in Fruit Morphology and Seed Oil Fatty Acid Composition of Camellia oleifera Collected from Diverse Regions in Southern China

Camellia oleifera is an important woody edible oil crop in China with high ecological and economical values. It is a traditional oilseed crop with high levels of desirable fatty acids. The fruits of C. oleifera were harvested from 18 geographic provenances in southern China. In this paper, we analyzed the key environmental factors of diverse geographic provenances that caused the variation in the fruit morphology and fatty acid composition (FAC). Our study indicated an average coefficient of variation of fruit width (FW) of 18.63%, and 15.81% for fruit length (FL). The most abundant fatty acids (FA) were oleic acid (C18:1; 70.21–85.23%), followed by palmitic acid (C16:0; 6.93–13.89%) and linoleic acid (C18:2; 5.02–14.26%). In addition, the fruit width had a negative correlation with the equivalent latitude (ELAT) and a positive correlation with the annual mean air temperature (MAT). The fruit length-to-width ratio and oleic acid level had a positive correlation with ELAT but a negative correlation with MAT, annual precipitation (AP), and precipitation of wettest quarter (PWQ). A positive correlation was observed between MAT, AP, and PWQ with palmitic acid. Meanwhile, a negative correlation was found between longitude (LON), maximum temperature of warmest month (MTW), and ELAT and palmitic acid. The cluster analysis indicated six groups for the selected 18 populations. Our results showed the most influential environmental factors for variation in fruit morphology and FAC are ELAT and MAT.

Biofortification of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) through mineral and chelated forms of Zn on yield, Zn accumulation, quality parameters, efficiency indices and economic under low Zn soils of North-Western India

Dietary zinc (Zn) deficiency is a global nutritional problem, particularly prevalent in developing countries. Biofortification of food crops with Zn is, therefore, a key challenge and a high-priority research task to address Zn malnutrition. Linseed is a traditional oilseed crop widely used as a valuable alternative for cropping systems because of the high seed oil quality and for industrial purposes. Thus, the efficiency of ZnSO4.7H2O and Zn-EDTA was compared for enhancement of quantitative and qualitative parameters along with economic analysis. Foliar application of ZnSO4.7H2O and Zn-EDTA (0, 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75%) was done at flowering and capsule formation stages. Results of three-years data revealed that Zn application positively affected all the parameters. The seed and stover yields were maximum with the foliar application of 0.50% Zn-EDTA at flowering and capsule formation stages which was statistically at par with the foliar application of 0.50% ZnSO4 at flowering stage. The oil content showed a positive correlation with yield, while total antioxidant activity and free fatty acid content were positively and negatively correlated with Zn seed concentration. The net return and B:C ratio was highest (Rs. 41,069/ha and 2.30, respectively) with the treatment foliar application of ZnSO4 (0.50%) at flowering followed by the foliar application of Zn-EDTA (0.50%) at flowering and capsule formation stages (Rs. 39,210/ha and 2.15, respectively). Overall it is concluded that the foliar application of ZnSO4 (0.50%) at flowering stage was most efficient for obtaining the higher yield, Zn content, Zn uptake, higher net return and B:C ratio.

Perilla pomace obtained from four different varieties have different levels and types of polyphenols and anti-allergic activity.

Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. frutescens (egoma in Japan) is a traditional oilseed that has several varieties with different photoperiod responses. Although egoma pomace, industrial waste produced during oil extraction, is a rich source of macro- and micro-nutrients such as protein, fiber, minerals, and polyphenols, it has not yet been used for purposes other than livestock feeding. To find out a better use of perilla pomace and its function, we selected four varieties of egoma originating from different regions with different photoperiod responses: two varieties were from Japan, which are broadly cultivated for oilseed and are highly sensitive to light and temperature. The other two varieties from Nepal, which are tolerant to low light and low temperature. Rosmarinic acid-3-O-glucoside, rosmarinic acid, and apigenin-7-O-glucoside were detected as the main polyphenolic constituents in every variety, while apigenin and luteolin were present only in perilla pomace from Japan. In IgE-sensitized RBL-2H3 cells, polyphenols derived from two varieties of Japan suppressed degranulation of mast cells, but those derived from the two varieties of Nepal did not, indicating that apigenin and luteolin may be in part responsible for the anti-allergic response. In addition, it was found that proteins involved in the degranulation signaling pathway, such as PLCγ2, Syk, and Akt, were less phosphorylated in cells treated with the egoma pomace extracts of Japanese origin. Taken together, pomace from egoma varieties derived from different regions may differently modulate allergic response in part due to the difference in polyphenol composition and may be applied to develop nutraceuticals and functional foods fortified with anti-allergic properties.

Assessing Different Media Composition on Germination, Growth and Yield of Transplanted Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

Sesamum, a traditional oilseed crop, is susceptible to poor plant establishment due to various biotic and abiotic factors for which transplanting is a suitable option. Still, suitable media for promoting the growth and establishment of sesame seedlings have not yet been exploited. Therefore, a preliminary field experiment was conducted in 2019 at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, India, to study the effect of various media compositions on the performance of transplanted sesame. Media compositions such as red earth, FYM, vermicompost and composted coir pith were used. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with four replications. Results revealed that higher seed germination percentage ( 88), establishment percentage (94), vigor index (1674), seedling height (15 cm), capsules plant-1(83), seeds capsule-1 (58), and seed yield ( 839 kg ha-1) were recorded in media comprising red earth: sand: vermicompost: composted coir pith (2:1:1:1) followed by red earth: sand: vermicompost (2:1:1). Therefore, the media composition of red earth: sand: vermicompost: composted coir pith is highly suitable for promoting growth, seedling vigor, and yield enhancement in transplanted sesame.

ПЕРЕДОВОЙ ОПЫТ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИЯ ЯРОВОГО РАПСА НА СЕМЕНА В ООО «МТС «ИЛИШЕВСКАЯ»

The Republic of Bashkortostan is a leading region for the production of oilseeds. In addition to traditional oilseeds such as sunflower, farmers of the Republic are increasing the area of rapeseed, ginger, flax, mustard. In recent years, the acreage under spring rapeseed for seeds has been steadily increasing. Among the producers of spring rapeseed for seeds, farms with a high crop of agriculture and stable yields have appeared. One of these enterprises is MTS Ilishevskaya LLC in the ilishevsky district in the southern forest-steppe zone of the Republic. In the farm, the yield of spring rapeseed is 25-28 C/ha. The profitability of production is 140-150%. In 2019, local cooperatives launched a shop for processing rapeseed seeds into vegetable oil produced at the enterprise.

Impact of Linseed Variety, Location and Production Year on Seed Yield, Oil Content and Its Composition

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) is a traditional oilseed crop in Europe that represents a valuable alternative for cropping systems because of the high quality of the seed oil, which is being increasingly appreciated by consumers, food, cosmetic and ecomaterials industries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of linseed variety and year of production in relation to weather conditions on seed yields, oil content and its quality, with a focus on human nutrition value, through a field study carried at four different locations in Slovenia. Six early French linseed varieties were studied: Recital, Niagara, Princess, Altess, Comtess and Duchess. The seed yield was significantly affected by the year of production (413 kg/ha higher in 2012 compared to 2013), the location and the variety. The environmental factors that negatively affect seed yield are high temperatures in summer, water shortage and wet and cold soil in spring. The highest seed yield was reached at mid-heavy soil (1907 kg/ha) in the region with higher precipitation amount, while the lowest on light soil (1052 kg/ha) in the region with a lower precipitation amount. Comtess and Altess varieties, followed by Duchess, would be recommendable for Slovenian environmental conditions. Comtess variety gave the significantly highest oil yield. There were no significant differences in oil content between varieties. The content of α-linolenic acid was highly related to genetic and environmental factors. The ratio of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids was recognized as favorable for human health for all studied varieties. The content of α-linolenic acid in seeds from the Altess, Comtess and Duchess varieties exceeded the averages of 2012 and 2013, at 50.3% and 51.6%, respectively. The omega-3:omega-6 ratio ranged from 3:1 to 4:1 among varieties.

Research morphological and anatomical structure of herb Cyperus esculentus (Cyperus esculentus L.)

Cyperus esculentus (edible galingale, chufa, earth almond, tiger nutsedge) – Cyperus esculentus L. of the sedge family ( Cyperaceae ) today belongs to the new plant food resources used by mankind. This species can compete with traditional oilseed. In Ukraine, the Chufa culture has been known since the beginning of the XX century. The aim of the work is to study of the morphological and anatomical structure of the herb of the cyperus esculentus, suggested by the Department of New Cultures of the National Botanical Garden of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine named after M. M. Hryshko, and establishing its main diagnostic features. Materials and methods . The micronutrients were made of the chufa leaves fixed in a mixture of alcohol-glycerol-water (1:1:1) and investigated by conventional methods using Item: PB-2610 microscope; the photo results were taken with a Samsung PL50 camera. Results . During microscopic studies of plant material, attention was paid to the morphological structure of the stem, leaf, epidermal cell structure, type of leaf blade, presence, number and type of stomata. Conclusions . The morphological and anatomical structure of the herb of the cyperus esculentus (chufa) was investigated. The main morphological features are triangular stem, linear structure, sessile, with vagina and parallel veins, without lingula and pubescence, thin, entire leaves. Generative shoots are occasionally formed. The main diagnostic anatomical features of the leaf of cyperus esculentus: bilaterally type leaf blade, hypostatic, fistucid. The upper (ventral) epidermis of a leaf of a plant is large-cell without stomata, the lower (dorsal) – small-celled with stomata; tetracitic type stomata; mesophyll is poorly differentiated, a large area is occupied by large expanses of thin-walled halo; in subepidermal layers numerous idioblasts with brownish-orange content are observed; among the base cells of the upper epidermis are groups of 6 motor transparent, substantially vacuolated or dead, devoid of chloroplasts, cells containing water, sometimes including small cubic crystals of calcium oxalate; conductive fascicule of collateral leaf vein, central larger than lateral, lateral fascicule varying in size, located below the upper epidermis and in the columnar regions of the parenchyma.

Oilseeds native to the Cerrado have fatty acid profile beneficial for cardiovascular health

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess and compare the fatty acid composition of edible seeds and a nut native to the Cerrado (Brazilian savannah) to that of traditional oilseeds. Methods: Baru almonds, Cerrado cashew nuts, and pequi almonds were extracted from the fruits using appropriate equipment. All edible seeds and nuts were roasted, except for the Brazil nut. The sample lipids were extracted via cold pressing. The fatty acids were esterified, and the fatty acid esters were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results: The native and traditional edible seeds and nuts contain mostly monounsaturated fatty acids (42.72 g to 63.44 g/100 g), except for the Brazil nut, which showed predominance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (45.48 g/100 g). Pequi almond had the highest saturated fatty acid content (36.14 g/100 g). The fatty acids with the highest concentration were oleic and linoleic acids, and palmitic acid was also found in considerable concentration in the oilseeds studied. The Cerrado cashew nut and the traditional cashew nut have similar fatty acid profiles. As for the ratio of ω-6 to ω-3, the baru almond showed the highest ratio, 9:1, which was the closest to the recommended intake of these fatty acids. Conclusion: The fatty acid profile of the edible seeds and nuts native to the cerrado is similar to those of traditional oilseeds. We suggest the inclusion of native oilseeds in the diet aiming at reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease, especially the baru almond and the cerrado cashew nut, due to the fact they have high ratio of monounsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids.

Genetic distinctiveness of safflower cultivars of India and Mexico as revealed by SSR markers

AbstractSafflower is a traditional oilseed crop in the world. Its seed oil is a healthy edible oil containing high amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Genetically diverse exotic cultivars are valuable germplasm for introducing new diversity in safflower improvement programmes. In this study, we characterized safflower cultivars of India (30) and Mexico (23) comprising varieties, hybrids and advanced lines developed over 50 years for genetic distinctiveness using 38 simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci. Genetic diversity estimates across cultivar groups (total, India and Mexico) were as follows: mean number of alleles (3.2, 3.1, 2.6), expected heterozygosity (0.42, 0.37, 0.37) and polymorphism information content (0.36, 0.33, 0.32) respectively, which suggested narrow SSR allelic diversity within and between cultivar groups. However, distance-based cluster analysis (neighbour-joining tree) and model-based STRUCTURE analysis revealed that safflower cultivars of India and Mexico, with the exception of a few, form two genetically distinct groups. High level of genetic variation explained between the populations (40%) andFstestimate (0.4) suggested that the cultivar groups were highly differentiated with limited gene flow supporting a strong genetic structuring. High oil (~38%) and high oleic (73–79%) contents of a subset of Mexican safflower varieties and advanced lines were confirmed in field trials in India. These exotic sources from Mexico are valuable for safflower breeding programmes in India to develop new cultivars with high oil yielding potential and high oleic acid content, which is the current market demand.

Allelopathic Performance of Medicinal Plants on Traditional Oilseed and Pulse Crop of Central Himalaya, India

The present study was aimed to determine the allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of above ground (AG) and below ground (BG) part of four medicinal plants (MAPs) viz., Picrorhiza kurroa, Asperagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum and Valeriana wallichii on germination and seedling growth of some traditional food and oilseed crops. The aqueous extract of AG and BG part of the studied MAPs at 2 % significantly reduced the germination, plumule and radicle growth of the selected pulse and oil seed crops in bioassays. The results of the present experiments revealed that MAPs have inhibitory effect on food and oilseed crops owing an occurrence of allelochemicals.

DHA-containing oilseed: a timely solution for the sustainability issues surrounding fish oil sources of the health-benefitting long-chain omega-3 oils.

Benefits of long-chain (≥C20) omega-3 oils (LC omega-3 oils) for reduction of the risk of a range of disorders are well documented. The benefits result from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA); optimal intake levels of these bioactive fatty acids for maintenance of normal health and prevention of diseases have been developed and adopted by national and international health agencies and science bodies. These developments have led to increased consumer demand for LC omega-3 oils and, coupled with increasing global population, will impact on future sustainable supply of fish. Seafood supply from aquaculture has risen over the past decades and it relies on harvest of wild catch fisheries also for its fish oil needs. Alternate sources of LC omega-3 oils are being pursued, including genetically modified soybean rich in shorter-chain stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4ω3). However, neither oils from traditional oilseeds such as linseed, nor the SDA soybean oil have shown efficient conversion to DHA. A recent breakthrough has seen the demonstration of a land plant-based oil enriched in DHA, and with omega-6 PUFA levels close to that occurring in marine sources of EPA and DHA. We review alternative sources of DHA supply with emphasis on the need for land plant oils containing EPA and DHA.

Upscaling and outsclaing ofRabicastor in Andhra Pradesh-opportunities and limitations

Castor has been a traditional oilseed crop grown under rainfed conditions in an area of 0.35 m ha in Andhra Pradesh. However, these days, most of the dry land farmers in Andhra Pradesh are shifting from castor to Bt cotton and maize during kharif season because of less yield and remunerative returns from castor. It was mainly due to drought, botrytis disease, poor adoption of agronomic and plant protection measures besides non-availability of good quality seeds of castor. As castor is an important industrial oilseed crop fetching more than 2500 crores of foreign exchange, researchers felt that it is essential to increase the productivity of castor by promoting its’ cultivation in rabi season as crop will be free from botrytis grey rot disease and crop can be grown with less water. The research and on-farm demonstrations carried out in Andhra Pradesh proved that, rabi castor is more remunerative than kharif castor and rabi groundnut. This paper describes the agrotechniques developed at research station level and the way rabi castor was promoted among the farmers in Andhra Pradesh through upscaling and outscaling extension strategy.

Preliminary Study of Diversity of Plukenetia volubilis Based on the Morphological and Genetic Characteristics

The aim of this study was to make an initial step in clarification of morphological diversity of sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.), a traditional oilseed crop, together with use of ISSR primers for a preliminary assessment of genetic variability in the species. Quantitave and qualitative morphological data together with leaf samples for twenty plant individuals of sacha inchi from five distinct populations were gathered in three different communities neighbouring the city of Pucallpa in Peru. Morphological data were processed into PCA analysis graph while for DNA analysis the method of fingerprinting processed into PCO graph and dendrogram was used. Visible morphological dissimilarities in the plant appearance were confirmed and observable differences in phenotypical characteristics among different types of associated cultivations were recorded. For genetic variability twelve from eighteen ISSR primers used and tested in the study could be used directly for further molecular pursuit on this species. Dendrogram with six main clusters was created and thus confirmed polymorphism as allogamy plants shows. Obtained results contributed to the identification of suitable method for further assessment of genetic variability within this species. New horizons for the focus of further research and improvements in onward development and genetic conservation of sacha inchi cultivation were identified, thus linking the observation of morphological features with DNA analysis proved as effective.

Higroscopic properties of castor seeds (Ricinus Comunis L.)

Sorption isotherms of castor seeds were evaluated at 30, 40, 50 and 60oC using the static gravimetric method. Sigmoid trends were observed for isotherms obtained showing a clear effect of temperature. Experimental values were adjusted using the modified isotherms of Henderson, Halsey, Oswin and Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer (GAB). Models were compared using four statistics parameters. The results showed that Modified Henderson model adjusted adequately the experimental values in the range of temperature evaluated. The experimental values of the safe storage moisture content for castor seeds varied between 6.1 to 8.4 % (d.b.) between 20 and 40oC, showing lower values than those reported for other traditional oilseeds as sunflower or rapeseed. The sorption heats evaluated from the combination of Clapeyron equation and Modified Henderson equation varied between 3400 and 2373 kJ/kg for moisture contents between 1 and 28 % (d.b.). Through Othmer relationship the value of the ratio Lb/Lf varied between 1.01 and 1.34 (for 14.5 and 1% d.b. moisture content respectively). The values obtained showed an exponential relationship with moisture content, of the form Lb/Lf=1+0.44exp(-0.17M) with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.97.

Rapeseed Protein. pH Solubility and Electrophoretic Characteristics

Rapeseed meal was extracted in water, in 5% NaCI, or in 5% CaCl2 at pH values ranging from 2.5 to 11.0. The extracted proteins were subjected to dissociating conditions and examined for molecular weight distribution by SDS gel electrophoresis and for isoelectric point patterns by gel electrofocusing.The pH solubility profiles demonstrated the relatively high solubility of rapeseed protein over the acidic pH range and consequently, the difficulty of protein isolate production by traditional oilseed technology. Electrofocusing resolved over 30 protein species which SDS electrophoresis showed to be mainly distributed among only 3 molecular weight groupings.