Traditional Natural Management Research Articles

The Role of Weather and the Natural-Climate Factor in the Daily Nomadic Life of the Kalmyks in the Context of Traditional Nature Utilization: Effective Frontier Practices

The article is devoted to the role of the climate factor and weather in the everyday nomadic life and history of the Kalmyks, closely linked with traditional nature management. Based on the study of published and archival materials from the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region, the State Archive of the Saratov Region, and the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia, the article examines the main features of the nature management system, the functioning and life of the Kalmyk nomadic society in new geographical conditions, and analyzes the processes of adaptation of nomads to the specific resources of an arid ecosystem. For the Kalmyks, who led a nomadic lifestyle in the past, nature was not only a habitat but also the basis of life. Moving in search of pastures for livestock, Kalmyk pastoralists learned to use natural resources rationally. The article shows how people tried to harness these resources through magical rites. The nomadic way of life, the economic structure, the natural landscape, and the life of the nomad cattle breeder – all predetermined the nature of magic as a whole. Special attention is paid to a system of prohibitions related to nature, land, and water. “Russia’s Steppe Frontier” is an invaluable resource for understanding the Kalmyks’ historical experience in the field of nature management.

Traditional nature management in the North as a technological culture of the Arctic subcivilization: from past to future

This article examines thehistorical andcurrent state of the subcivilization in the Russiansector of the Arcticand Subarctic, which is rooted in reindeer husbandry and other forms of environmental-based traditional northern environental management.The preservation anddevelopmentof this subcivilization in modern conditionsis closely linked to the organizational and economic modernization, as well as the technological re-equipment, of all sectors of tradi tional Northern Natural Resource Management. Examples include the biotechnological advancement of traditionalenvironmental managementin the North,which enhances the economic viabilityof its industries while improving the quality of life in the region. Another key resource in Northeast Eurasia is the natural cold, which is a unique and fundamental feature of thecoldest inhabited region ontheplanetwith the lowest temperature and most stable permafrost. The development of modern technologies for preserving permafrostin the conditions of climate change and increased economic activity in the Arctic has the potential to significantly impact the development of subcivilization in the Northeast of Russia.

Traditional nature management as a way to prevent the loss of wildlife species in a changing environment

Wildlife species of tundra and sub-arctic boreal regions are facing an immediate threat to its existence owning to environmental changes. This paper highlights how traditional nature management in northwestern Russia and northeastern Canada is able to reduce threats to the environment, focusing on vulnerability of biodiversity to changing climatic conditions. The goal of this study is to identify key areas of wildlife species loss during a changing climate by exploring the ability of traditional nature management to support environmentally sustainable habitats for the existence of the most typical biomes of tundra and sub-arctic boreal landscapes. The differentiating biodiversity method was used to determinate presence of rare species as a criterion of non-disturbed areas. This research is based on statistical data on biodiversity dynamics, meteorological data, reports on environmental conditions, cartographic materials, satellite images collected from open sources, and fieldworks. The author indicates non-disturbed sites in terms of biological resources protection in the studied regions. Obtained results confirm that on territories where traditional nature management is carried out, the reduction of biodiversity is much lower than on areas located in equal environmental conditions.

Этноэкономическая трансформация горно-таежного оленеводства в Иркутской области

Abstract. The purpose of the study is the analysis of ethno-economic problems and consequences of transformations of the mountain-taiga reindeer husbandry in Tofalaria. Research methods. To study the reindeer husbandry of the Tofs, an indigenous people of Siberia, a combination of ethno-economic and ecological-geographical methods, as well as elements of a systematic approach, were used, on the basis of which data on the state of reindeer husbandry as a component of the traditional economy were interpreted. Results. The role of transformational processes in the formation of the crisis of reindeer breeding, the decrease in the number of deer, and the change in the nature of land use has been established. Ethno-economic transformations have led to the loss of reindeer breeding skills and micro-areal development of reindeer pastures. It was revealed that the development of rural areas of Tofalaria requires a revision of the traditional ethno-economic complex. Taiga small-scale reindeer husbandry performs the transport function of providing hunting, it does not belong to profitable industries, there are no methods to calculate its effectiveness in objective terms. It is emphasized that the main guidelines for assessing reindeer breeding are the preservation of the deer population and the age and sex structure of the herd, as well as its symbolic significance for the ethnic culture of the Tofs. The request of the ethnosociety for the development of reindeer husbandry expresses both the needs of the traditional economy and the ethnocultural aspects of ethnicity. These conclusions contribute to expanding the understanding of the complex nature of traditional nature management systems and their sustainability. The practical significance of the results lies in the possibility of adjusting regional programs to support indigenous peoples, taking them into account. Scientific novelty. It has been established that in the crisis state of reindeer husbandry, the consequences of unfinished transformation processes and the contradictions caused by them in the natural and economic system of traditional nature management are still affecting. Inconsistency in management based on planned indicators and ignoring traditional experience laid the foundation for a negative scenario for the development of reindeer husbandry long before the post-Soviet transformations.

Особенности организации изгородного содержания северных оленей в лесной зоне Тюменского Севера

Abstract. The purpose of the research is based on the analysis of historical and modern experience of hedge keeping of reindeer, to determine the possibilities and tasks of creating reindeer farms in the forest zone of the Tyumen North. Methods. During the study historical, expert and comparative analysis, structural analysis, monitoring, analogy, generalization were used. Results. The hedge keeping of reindeer in the Subarctic regions has been used for about a hundred years, but today it requires a new conceptual approach to the design of farms in the forest zone. Almost 700,000 domestic reindeer are grazed in the Tyumen region are the largest population in the Arctic and Subarctic. The pastures of the tundra zone are mainly used for grazing deer – 92% of the herds are located here in the summer. Due to the excess of the project reindeer capacity, pastures in the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District have been in a state of long-term overgrazing for the last 30 years and require a reduction in pastoral load. One of the ways to optimize the tundra grazing of deer is to transfer some of the animals to free forest pastures. Since 2019 In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District, a production experiment is being conducted on year-round grazing of reindeer herds in a forest area using hedges. A monitoring study of two hedge farms in the forest zone of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District was conducted. The implementation of projects to create hedge farms for reindeer in the forest zone of the Tyumen North will not only relieve tundra pastures, but also solve a number of socio-economic, environmental, technological issues in the territories of traditional nature management in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District and KhMAO-Yugra. The scientific novelty of the work lies in a comprehensive approach to the tasks and goals of designing forest farms for hedging reindeer, which includes not only the technological features of the projects, but also their social significance for the indigenous small population of the North.

Sustainability and Resilience of Indigenous Siberian Communities under the Impact of Transportation Infrastructure Transformation

Transport provision in remote territories is one of the most important factors in maintaining the sustainability of socio-economic and ecological systems. Indigenous peoples of Siberia have always been mobile using diverse traditional ways across the taiga. During the Soviet period, the transition to settled life, along with technological development and the emergence of new modes of transport, such as off-road cars, snowmobiles, and motor boats, significantly affected the level of population mobility, including remote areas where people are engaged in traditional nature management. With the collapse of the Soviet Union, there were significant changes and reductions in the subsidies of transportation systems for remote terrains that made them isolated. Transport connectivity has been realized through rare plane flights (once a month or less) or by cars on dirt roads (actually off-road) that take several days of travel. Siberian territories rich with natural resources, low population density, and weak infrastructure might be attractive for mining companies. Being difficult to access not only for the local population, but also for industrial companies, the territories imply the allocation of a significant share of road construction and transport costs in the cost items of miners and processors. The problems of sustainability and resilience of the indigenous peoples of Siberia require special attention when restructuring transport communications, but they have practically not been studied before. Methods of in-depth and group interviews with local residents were used. Based on comparative geographic and statistical analysis and generalization of data, network and problem approaches applied for various sources and field materials (including in-depth and group interviews), the factors of sustainability and resilience, which the indigenous communities of three remote Siberian territories pin their hopes on in the context of the transformation of transportation infrastructure, have been identified. If geographic remoteness remains an unchanged fact, the expansion of desired transport accessibility (mainly due to investments by industrial companies) is associated by locals with the possibility of additional income related to provision of services, the emergence of new types of employment of the population that have not been observed before, and the implementation of new transport modes to support traditional activities.

Декомпозиция ретроспективных топографических карт для послойной оценки типов регионального природопользования

On the example of the most developed part of the lake Baikal basin, the decomposition of the digital coverage content from 12 sheets of the topographic map scale 1:84 000, compiled by the Corps of Military Topographers in 1896-1912, was performed. As a result of vectorization of retrospective layers of topographic objects and subsequent transformation of their shp files into classes of spatial objects of the ArcGIS environment, two cartographic sets of spatial object classes were formed that characterize two types of regional environmental management - traditional pastoral and invasive agricultural. As a result of layer-by-layer geoinformation modeling of cartographic sets on a modern topographic basis and a digital relief model, primary areas of settlement and economic use of the territory were established, physical and geographical characteristics of the past economic use of the territory were determined, and separate mapping of spatial and temporal life support structures of different types of nature management was performed. For operational digital visualization, a technological solution is proposed for storing and mapping sets of spatial object classes by organizing a file-based geodata of the ArcGIS information environment. Cartographic reconstructions of pastoral and agricultural nature management at the beginning of the 20th century are presented, as well as a general cartographic reconstruction of nature management on a landscape basis, which allows us to assert that traditional pastoral nature management does not involve the transformation of the Earth's surface and is characterized by continuous restorative dynamics of natural landscapes, and invasive nature management is based on the violation of soil cover, which later led to the emergence of areas of water and wind erosion.

Горные ландшафты Полярного Урала как объекты традиционного природопользования (По результатам опросов оленеводов)

Introduction. The North is traditionally perceived as the endless plains used by reindeer herders for long-distance migrations. However, polar regions are also represented by the mountains with specific nature management. Sustainability is characteristic of historically established ways of management in the mountains based on spatial and temporal organization of landscapes adapted to local conditions at the most. The Polar Urals is the historically existing areal- the joint habitat of different peoples: the Nenets people (prevailing among indigenous peoples of the Russian North), the Khanty, and the Komi-Zyryans. At present, the Polar Urals is one of the stable centers of traditional reindeer husbandry. Climate change and “civilization” influence are challenges to traditional mountain nature management as they introduce a number of uncertainties into the existing system of interaction between the population and nature calling for local communities adaptation. Materials and methods. In this study, the method of interviewing based on the authors’ questionnaire was used. Results. The regional specifics of the mountain nature management and self-identification of reindeer herders of the Polar Urals as compared to other clans of their ethnic groups are shown. Besides pastures, water and wood (being decisive in the well-being of local communities) are among most important natural benefits provided by the Polar Urals landscapes. Conclusion. The reindeer herders of the Polar Urals try to preserve the traditional nature management through successful adaptation to modern challenges (e.g. climate change). To a large extent, they consider the introduction of novel technical achievements positively. Suggestions for practical application and direction for future research. The results of the study can be used in the preparation of regional and municipal programs to support traditional nature management in the Polar Urals, and the development of measures to adapt it to modern challenges.

Промышленное освоение территорий Арктической зоны Якутии и этнологическая экспертиза инвестиционных проектов

The purpose of the work is to assess the consequences of the industrial development of the territories of traditional nature management of the indigenous peoples of the North. In order to achieve the goal, the investment projects planned on the territory of the Arctic and considered in the ethnological expertise of the Yakutia are analyzed. The structure of the Yakutia economy is dominated by the mining industry. The Arctic and northern territories of Yakutia are characterized by high vulnerability to technogenic impacts. In 2012–2021, 39 investment business projects were considered in the republic’s ethnological expertise, including 12 ones in the Arctic and northern regions. In order to improve the health and quality of life of indigenous peoples in the areas of industrial development, it is necessary to conclude a trilateral Co-operation Agreement between the project customer, state authorities and authorized representatives of indigenous peoples. In order to monitor the quality of life of indigenous peoples, it is necessary to adopt the Program of ethno-ecological monitoring in the territories of traditional nature management. The study was carried out using historical-geographical, analytical, synthetic, statistical methods. The results of the work can be applied by specialists of state structures, scientists, students.

Planting and mowing cover crops as livestock feed to synergistically optimize soil properties, economic profit, and environmental burden on pear orchards in the Yangtze River Basin.

Pears, as an important cash crop, are currently facing great issues due to unsustainable management practices. Cover cropping is a sustainable management strategy that can improve soil fertility and increase fruit yield, while it may also stimulate greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, synergizing multiple indicators to achieve sustainable development is critical. This study introduces a new management system, namely the planting and mowing of ryegrass as a livestock feed system (PRSS), and analyzes its impact on soil quality, economic benefits, and environmental burdens. Our results indicated that PRSS could increase soil pH from 5.08 to 5.48 and decrease the content of soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, total phosphate, and available phosphate (26.96-59.89%) while also enhancing yield (+38.51%) compared with the traditional natural grass management system (TMS). The average soil methane fluxes in PRSS were 72.67 μg m-2 day-1 , higher than those of TMS (61.28 μg m-2 day-1 ). However, the gross primary production was lower than TMS (-37.24%), and no significant difference was observed in soil nitrous oxide fluxes. In different scenarios, the total profit of PRSS mode 1 (mowing ryegrass and selling to a livestock company) and PRSS mode 2 (mowing ryegrass and feeding own sheep) were 10 706.21 $ ha-1 and 26 592.87 $ ha-1 respectively. These values are respectively2.36 times and 5.85 times higher than that of TMS. The total global warming potential of TMS (18.19 t CO2 -eq ha-1 ) was 1.29 t CO2 -eq ha-1 higher and 2.89 t CO2 -eq ha-1 lower than that of PRSS mode 1 and mode 2 respectively. Compared with traditional natural grass, planting and mowing ryegrass in pear orchards can optimize soil properties, increase fruit yield, and reduce global warming potential. Different modes can greatly increase revenue but have varying impacts on environmental burdens. These findings can help rebuild the links between farmland and specialized livestock production, contributing to sustainable development in the pear industries. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Право и социоэкосистема малочисленных народов Севера Российской Федерации: теоретико-правовой анализ соотношения социальных явлений

Introduction. Achievements of scientific and technological progress oblige humanity to carefully introduce them into existing socioecosystems, which is especially important in relation to socially vulnerable communities of indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North of Russia. The possibility of their survival is currently an important theoretical problem. Theoretical analysis. The interrelation of social and natural foundations is investigated, the importance of legal anthropology in the preservation of the ecological and social system of the peoples of the North is substantiated. Traditional nature management is considered as a special type of relationship between people and nature, which poses the task of improving regulatory regulation in order to maintain socio-natural unity. Empirical analysis. The author analyzes the gaps and conflicts of legal regulation in the field of preserving the traditional foundations of life, which can lead to the disappearance of the identity of small-numbered peoples and the leveling of their cultures. Results. The introduction of new technologies into the life of the social ecosystems of small nations inevitably leads to a change in life activity, which leads to the transformation of moral values and the emergence of new ideas. In order for the identity of the peoples of the North not to perish, the role of law as an effective protective mechanism must manifest itself. It is noted that it is necessary to conduct a cultural and anthropological examination of normative acts affecting the traditional spheres of relations at both federal and regional levels for their compliance with the spiritual and moral values of the peoples.

Mammoth bone collecting as a traditional occupation of the indigenous population of the East Siberian Arctic (17th — early 20th c.)

The paper is concerned with the history of collecting and trade of fossil mammoth bones as a traditional occupa-tion of the indigenous population of the East Siberian Arctic in the 17th — early 20th c. For a long time the indigenous peoples of the North practiced individual collecting, incidental in the course of hunting, of fossil bones for their house-hold needs. Meanwhile, archaic ideas about the mammoth as a sacred chthonic animal served as a regulator of eco-logical balance of the traditional nature management, introducing constraints on the scope of the search and size of the spoils. Starting from the 17th c., the search for and quarry of fossil bone are most closely connected with the history of the colonization and exploration of the Arctic regions of Eastern Siberia by Russian pioneers. In the context of the de-velopment of commodity-money relations on the sea islands, artels were formed from among the northern Yakuts and Russian Arctic old-settlers, supplying tusk to the merchants who traded in furs and mammoth tusks. The extraction of fossil mammoth bones reached its peak in the middle of the 19th c., when the “Russian, or Moscow ivory” was current on the world market as the fifth grade, with the total assortment of six grades. At the turn of the 19th–20th cc. the mam-moth ivory industry in Yakutia was experiencing a crisis; the demand for the products of mammoth ivory within the coun-try was decreasing, merchants could not find markets, and ivory harvesting in Africa increased. However, despite these factors, this occupation preserved in places until the 1930s. In the modern conditions of the development of the Arctic, inclusion of collection and extraction of mammoth tusks in the list of traditional economic activities will help to solve economic and legal problems in this region in the interests of the indigenous population.

INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF THE STATE ECONOMY TAKING INTO ACCOUNT ETHNO-NATIONAL PECULIARITIES

The article deals with the issues of increasing the efficiency of the state economy, taking into account ethno-national characteristics. The goal is to achieve a sustainable development of society using traditional nature management. The content, forms and methods of achieving traditional nature management are determined by the historical conditions of the economic, socio-ecological and cultural-national development of society, the peculiarities of the legal culture of the people, and the form of government. Six different marketing concepts have been identified, each of which is related to the problem of introducing traditional forms of nature management in Ukraine. Traditional forms of management are mostly extensive and labor-intensive, which requires the use of special marketing mechanisms for their implementation and maintenance.

Информационные ресурсы для оценки экологического потенциала геосистем (на примере территории Енисейского севера)

The experience of using open data to create thematic maps for the territory of the Yenisey Siberia on the most important components of the ecological assessment of landscapes is considered. An assessment of the ecologically significant properties of landscapes, revealing their environmental role, is the basis for substantiating the protection of nature and ethnoecosystems in the face of increasing anthropogenic impact. In this regard, the possibilities of using geospatial data for solving problems of this type in the boreal cryolithozone (on the example of the territory of the Yenisei Siberia) are discussed. To achieve this goal, taking into account the availability of open data, the most informative indicators (continuity and temperature of permafrost, net primary production, latent heat flux, uniformity of the habitat of plants and animals) characterizing the ecologically significant properties of the landscape were selected. The permafrost continuity characteristics determine not only the inertia of the state of permafrost landscapes under external influences, but also the potential for the activity of cryogenic processes. The temperature of frozen rocks diagnoses the nature of the response of permafrost geosystems to climatic influences. The environmental protection potential of landscapes is estimated using the combined accounting of net primary production and latent heat flux. Bioproduction characteristics make it possible to compare territories in terms of their vulnerability to external influences and their ability to recover. The calculated values of the latent heat flux largely indicate the homeostatic function of forests. The homogeneity of the habitat of plants and animals is considered as an indirect indicator of the diversity of natural resource conditions for traditional nature management. Mapping of geocryological conditions was made using vector data presented in the information system “Land Resources of Russia”. Processed data from the MODIS spectroradiometer were used to create maps of net primary production and latent heat fluxes. Mapping of the homogeneity of biogeocenotic conditions was made based on the results of calculating statistical patterns in the distribution of the improved vegetation index (EVI) from the Global Habitat Heterogeneity database. The results of comparing the homogeneity of biogeocenotic conditions with the geomorphological features of the region under study are considered. The inconsistency of the conclusions obtained solely on the basis of the analysis of geospatial data without involving the results of field studies is shown. The difficulties of using geospatial data for landscape-ecological analysis of territories with a layered relief structure (the Central Siberian Plateau, the Yenisei Ridge, etc.) are discussed.

Original ancient Circassian civilization of the Caucasus and features of traditional nature management

Original ancient Circassian civilization of the Caucasus and features of traditional nature management

Methods of functional zoning of protected areas for development of ecological tourism

The influence of territorial structures on the formation of functional zones in protected areas is analysed. The need to identify spatial combinations of the most valuable elements of the territorial structure is formulated. The zone configuration is determined by areal, linear and single territorial structures. These are also components of specialized frames. Influence on the location of functional areas is produced by: environmental framework (reserves, specially protected areas, educational tourism zone, protected area); eco-cultural frame (area of protection of historical and cultural objects, area of traditional nature management); natural recreational frame (recreational area, area of visitor services, especially protected area); transport frame (economic area and area of visitor services). Currently, research in the field of spatial development of ecotourism territories is fragmentary. Therefore, there is a need to develop a theoretical model of urban development of ecological tourism territories, the spatial organization of which should be based on the principle of active prevention of environmental violations in the development of recreational activities.

Primary elements of the indigenous peoples’ right to self-determination and their reflection in international cases

The article touches upon the issues of law enforcement and court practice related to the collective rights of aboriginal communities.The purpose of the article is to reveal the content of the right to self-determination through the prism of the most significant cases related to indigenous peoples.The methodological basis of research is the general principles of scientific knowledge, widely used in works in the field of law: system-structural, formal-legal, comparative-legal, historical, methods of analysis and synthesis, analogies, etc. Particular attention was paid to the formal legal method, which was used by the authors of the study to analyze international judicial practice on the rights of indigenous peoples, as well as, in some cases, the national legislation of the countries participating in a particular case.The main results, scope of application. The right to self-determination of indigenous peoples is multicomponent and includes a number of specific elements and facets of interpretation. The authors have made an attempt to reveal the fundamental elements of the right to self-determination of indigenous peoples, which, in their opinion, consist of: the right to sovereignty as such, or autonomy and recognition as collective subjects of law, the right to land and resources, traditional nature management, autonomous education, mothertongue and culture.For each of the above-mentioned elements, a specific case is described, which was considered in international courts, primarily in the International Court of Justice, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the ECHR and etc.Conclusions. International recognition of a state through inclusion in the UN General Assembly is impossible without the permission of the Security Council; the issue of “effective occupation” has played and continues to play a large role in the issue of governance and sovereignty over a specific space and territory, and not only settlers, but also traditionally living indigenous peoples play a significant role;Indigenous peoples living in the coastal zone should have the right to dispose of income from the exploitation of the continental shelf; the relationship with the land is not only a matter of ownership and production, but a material and spiritual element that indigenous peoples must fully enjoy, if only to preserve their cultural heritage and pass it on to future generations; the status of “national minority” deprives the indigenous people of priority in the use of land for traditional reindeer herding; means of ensuring freedom of expression of indigenous peoples is an important element for the promotion of identity, language, culture, self-identification, collective rights.

Indigenous peoples of Taimyr: “The right to live on their own land”

The main source for the preparation of the article was the field materials collected by the authors in Taimyr in April ― May 2021. The in-depth interviews obtained during the expeditionary research, coupled with a blitz sur-vey, reveal the problems and reasons for the difficult economic and ethno-cultural situation of indigenous peoples in their own interpretation. For a long time, inaccessibility of Taimyr contributed to the preservation of its surface and underground resources, which supported the existence of the traditional economic complexes of five indige-nous peoples (Dolgans, Nenets, Nganasans, Evenks, Enets). The beginning of the active development of the Taimyr Arctic by industrial companies in the last decade has become a challenge for the indigenous population: all ethno-preserving industries ― hunting for wild reindeer, fishing, reindeer breeding ― have been threatened. The sharp decline of wild reindeer population in Taimyr is perceived by local residents as a catastrophe. Among the main reasons, along with the deterioration of the environmental situation associated with the accidents at the Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Plant and the appearance of new subsoil users in the Taimyr tundras, poaching and shooting of wild reindeer by local residents that significantly exceeds the quotas are listed. The measures taken by the state (quotas for hunting wild deer and fishing, social benefits) do not solve the problems of preserv-ing the traditional nature management and lifestyle, with which the indigenous population of Taimyr is directly connected by the ideas of “the right to work”, “the right to live on one's own land” and “the right to identity”. De-spite the insignificance of the preferences, benefits for people leading the traditional way of life are causing dis-content in the ethnic communities. The growth of social tension is also due to the chronic problem of unemploy-ment and a deplorable state of many Taimyr villages, the prospect of preserving of which directly depends on the state of the biological resources.

The Implementation of the Project "Camp School-Garden" for Indigenous Peoples' Children of the North (Results of Monitoring in 2022)

This article presents the preliminary results of sociological monitoring for 2022 related to the implementation of the pilot project "Camp School-garden" for primary education for children from among the indigenous peoples of the North living in remote areas of traditional nature management. The subject of the study is the problem of actualization of new forms of preschool education in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug – Yugra, using remote information and educational technologies. The purpose of the study is to identify the level of conditions for the development of a new form of preschool education by children from among the indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North living in remote territories and unable to attend a preschool educational institution. According to the results of the study, taking into account the totality of individual positive indicators, conclusions are drawn about the relevance of the pilot project "Camp school-garden": satisfaction with the quality of educational services, positive choice of children, timely receipt of information about tasks, etc. At the same time, less positive and even negative indicators are indicated, which should be taken into account for the further implementation of the project: not always high-quality and acceptable operation of the Internet, a difference of opinion about the organization of distance learning on the project, etc. It is proved that the implementation of the project "Camp School-garden" can contribute to the mitigation of the revealed discrepancy between the forms of basic education and the peculiarities of life associated with traditional environmental management in remote areas through the systematic introduction of new information and educational technologies.

АНАЛИЗ ЭТНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ОСОБЕННОСТЕЙ ТРАДИЦИОННЫХ ВИДОВ ХОЗЯЙСТВЕННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ В МИРЕ, В РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The traditional economy became the subject of analysis by domestic and foreign researchers involved in both economics and ethnography. On the one hand, a traditional economy is often understood as a traditional economy, that is, a whole system in which traditions and customs determine the practices of using and distributing resources. On the other hand, in a narrow sense, a traditional economy is a part of the economic system, individual practices based on traditional culture. The article presents an overview of the ethnological features of the traditional nature management of the indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation and foreign countries. The main proposals for solving the main problems of the development of traditional types of economic activities of the indigenous peoples of the North of the Russian Federation are fixed, and some signs are noted that are characteristic of the considered examples of traditional nature management that exist in the modern global system.