Traditional Synthesis Methods Research Articles

Ultrafast synthesis of highly graphitized carbon foams through water explosion method

In recent years, carbon foams have attracted considerable attention due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties, including high specific surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and robust chemical stability, which render them highly suitable for applications in energy storage, catalysis, and adsorption. However, conventional carbon foams are limited by low levels of graphitization and a lack of long-range structural order, restricting their use in high-performance applications. Traditional synthesis methods, such as templating, chemical activation, and hydrothermal processes, although effective in forming porous structures, are complex and inefficient. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a novel one-step water explosion method that combines Joule heating and steam activation to synthesize highly graphitized porous carbon foam. By rapidly vaporizing intercalated water molecules between graphite layers, the method overcomes van der Waals forces, leading to the exfoliation of the material. The process, conducted under ultra-high temperatures in less than 1 ​s, produces carbon foam with high porosity, large surface area, and excellent electrochemical performance. In lithium-ion battery tests, the carbon foam exhibited a high capacity of 516.2 mAh/g at 0.1 A/g and retained 92.77 ​% of its capacity after 1100 cycles. This efficient and scalable synthesis technique offers a promising pathway for the development of advanced anode materials in energy storage applications, significantly outperforming conventional graphite-based materials.

Large-scale and green synthesis of flower-like MgO from waste magnesite activated PMS for oxidation of doxycycline

Large quantities of MgO materials have been obtained by roasting waste magnesite. Compared with the traditional MgO synthesis method, the preparation method in this paper is simple, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, and can be produced on a large scale. XRD and XPS results show that the main component of the magnesite roasted product is MgO. The SEM results show that after hydration treatment and secondary roasting, the morphology of MgO changed from granular to flower-like. XRD and XPS before and after the reaction showed that a hydration reaction (Mg(OH)2) could take place when MgO activates PMS. The activity results showed that MgO was able to remove 96 % of the doxycycline within 30 min, which was significantly higher than that of the conventional MOF materials and comparable to the ZIF-67 activity of the cobalt-based MOF materials. In addition, MgO has superior catalytic activity for Congo red (90.59 %), methyl orange (40.04 %), and tetracycline (98.85 %). Quenching experiments revealed 1O2 as the main active species. The material has good potential for practical applications as shown by anion interference experiments, pH and cycling experiments. The optimum reaction condition is when the MgO content is 0.6 g/L and the PMS content is 0.6 g/L.

Laser ablation-induced convenient fabrication of surfactant-free platinum nanospheres with clean surface structures for enhanced electrocatalytic methanol oxidation

Platinum (Pt) is the most promising catalyst for hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction. However, the residual surface-stabilizing agents capped on Pt-based nanomaterials via traditional chemical approaches will significantly reduce their catalytic activity. Herein, a new one-step strategy for the facile synthesis of surfactant-free Pt nanospheres with clean surface structures is developed by laser ablation of Pt target in distilled water. The distinctive advantage is that the pure water-dispersed Pt nanospheres can be obtained without any extra purification procedures, and the obtained catalyst exhibits enhanced electrocatalytic activity compared with Pt nanospheres capped with polyvinyl pyrrolidone or cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide, which are most regular stabilizers or surfactants in traditional nanoparticles synthesis method. Importantly, the mass-normalized cyclic voltammetry (CV) curves for the methanol oxidation reaction show that the measured value of peak current is nearly 610 and 1050 times higher than that of Pt/PVP and Pt/CTAB samples. Moreover,the chronoamperometric (CA) measurements reveals that the steady-state current density is about 1.28 mA/cm2, while which of Pt/PVP and Pt/CTAB are 1.07 and 0.017 μA/cm2, respectively. It is no doubt that the application of laser beam as an environmental friendly tool for sculpting pure functional metal-based nanomaterials is a breakthrough in the additive problems that arise from standard chemical fabrication.

Controllable Microwave Heating for Energy-Efficient and Universal Synthesis of Atomically Dispersed Metals on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanofibers.

Carbon-supported single-atom catalysts (SACs) have shown great potential in electrocatalysis, whereas traditional synthesis methods typically involve energy-intensive carbonization processes and unfavorable atomic migration and aggregation. Herein, an energy-efficient and universal strategy is developed to rapidly fabricate various SACs on nitrogen-doped hierarchically porous carbon nanofibers (M-TM/NPCNFs, TM = Fe, Co, Ni, FeCo, and FeNi) by electrospinning and controllable microwave heating technique. Such microwave heating technique enables an ultrafast heating rate (ramping to 900°C in 5 min) to greatly suppress the random migration and aggregation of metal species. Meanwhile, the energy consumption and time can be reduced to 2.5% and less than half an hour, respectively, compared to traditional pyrolysis methods. As a proof of concept, the synthesized M-Fe/NPCNFs with abundant Fe-N4 sites exhibit remarkable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with a high half-wave potential (E1/2 = 0.88 V) in alkaline media, excellent performance in Zn-air battery with a large discharge specific capacity (801 mAh g-1) and long-term cycle durability (over 1000 h), demonstrating the great potential of the microwave heating technique in efficient fabrication of SACs for energy related applications.

Character Motion Synthesis: A Survey

Character Motion Synthesis is a huge cost when it comes to film, game, and design productions using traditional methods of motion synthesis. However, there are newly designed ways to generate motions, which are efficient and economical compared to traditional methods. This paper presents an overview of different types of novel methods to synthesize motions. This paper will introduce Audio-Driven and Music-Driven Motion Synthesis, Generative Models and Frameworks for Motion Synthesis, Human and Object Interaction. Character and Pet Motion Synthesis, Grasp and Hand Object Interactions, and Motion Retargeting and Editing, assembling and summarizing separate articles.

Reversible Grafting in Surface Organometallic Chemistry with a Late Transition‐Metal Amidinate Precursor

AbstractSupported catalysts are central to industrial catalytic processes. While traditional synthesis methods often yield poorly defined materials, thus complicating structural elucidation, Surface Organometallic Chemistry (SOMC) offers a solution, producing well‐defined structures. Recent advances in SOMC precursor development have shown that amidinate‐based complexes are a privileged class of precursors to generate supported metallic nanoparticles. In that context, this study investigates the grafting mechanism of a prototypical amidinate precursor, Ir(COD)(DIA) (1‐Ir), onto SiO2. Unique to amidinate complexes, grafting is shown to occur without ligand release, creating a reversible covalent bond. Using tris(tert‐butoxy)silanol as a molecular analogue for a silanol group on SiO2, the structure of the grafted species is elucidated by single X‐Ray diffraction, comparison of IR spectroscopy, and X‐Ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) data. The reversibility of the reaction with O−H groups is demonstrated using variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and is supported by DFT calculations. Notably, we show that a partial degrafting is also possible at elevated temperatures under vacuum.

Charge density-mediated crystallization kinetics for SSZ-13 transformed from coal fly ash-derived Al-rich analcite

Interzeolite transformation (IZT) is a powerful method for controlling the framework type, aluminum distribution, and hierarchical structures of zeolite. However, the in-depth mechanisms underlying IZT remain unexplored. In this study, we reveal a distinctive nucleation pathway and structural evolution of zeolite SSZ-13 during IZT that is different from the traditional hydrothermal synthesis methods. Utilizing two aluminum sources—al-rich zeolite analcite and aluminum sulfate—we accelerated the crystallization process with SSZ-13 seed crystals and TMAda-OH. Our findings indicate that the Al content, representing the charge density of the nucleation micro-environment, plays a critical role in shaping the framework and nucleation pathway. Nucleation occurred at the interface between analcite and the silica solution during IZT, characterized by a high-silica micro-environment with low charge density. In this environment, the precursor predominantly replicated the double six rings (D6R) of SSZ-13 seed fragments, forming double four rings (D4R) and CHA cages which resulted in a short induction period, fewer nucleation sites, and larger crystals size (∼1.5 μm). Conversely, when aluminum sulfate was mixed with silica sol, a uniform, Al-rich nucleation micro-environment with high negative charge density was established. the precursor primarily interacted with TMAda+ ions for charge compensation rather than with seed fragments. This slow interaction promoted the formation of CHA cages instead of D6R and D4R, leading to a longer induction period, increased nucleation sites, and smaller SSZ-13 crystal sizes (∼150 nm). This study elucidates how the charge density of micro-environment mediated interaction between precursors, organic structure-directing agent, and seed, providing valuable insights into the crystallization kinetics of IZT.

Paired Electro‐Synthesis of Remote Amino Alcohols with/in H2O

Amino alcohols, particularly remote amino alcohols and peptide alcohols, are valuable due to their functional diversity in biologically active compounds. However, traditional synthesis methods face significant challenges, making electrochemistry an attractive alternative. We have developed a mild and biocompatible sequential paired electrolysis strategy, leveraging copper‐electrocatalysis to synthesize diverse remote amino alcohols, including unnatural peptide alcohols. Both experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrate that water serves as both the hydroxyl source and the solvent, facilitating the generation of CuH with Cu(I) at the cathode, which in turn reduces the aldehyde intermediates formed during the reaction.

Paired Electro-Synthesis of Remote Amino Alcohols with/in H2O.

Amino alcohols, particularly remote amino alcohols and peptide alcohols, are valuable due to their functional diversity in biologically active compounds. However, traditional synthesis methods face significant challenges, making electrochemistry an attractive alternative. We have developed a mild and biocompatible sequential paired electrolysis strategy, leveraging copper-electrocatalysis to synthesize diverse remote amino alcohols, including unnatural peptide alcohols. Both experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations demonstrated that water serves as both the hydroxyl source and the solvent, facilitating the generation of CuH with Cu(I) at the cathode, which in turn reduces the aldehyde intermediates formed during the reaction.

Influence of Sintering Temperature and Holding Time on the Properties of DLP-Fabricated Si3N4/SiAlON Ceramics

Si3N4/SiAlON ceramics are extensively utilized in aerospace, mechanical, and biomedical fields. Traditional synthesis methods, such as direct synthesis, are well-established but limited in producing complex shapes and structures due to mold design constraints and high hardness. Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly digital light processing (DLP), offers greater design freedom and reduced costs without the need for molds. This study investigates the use of DLP to fabricate Si3N4/SiAlON ceramic green bodies and optimizes their sintering process. The results indicate that the sintering regime greatly affects the phase composition, microstructure and overall properties of composite ceramics. Holding the ceramics at 1800 °C for 2 h during gas pressure sintering produces β-Si3N4/β-SiAlON composites with optimal properties, including a high density of 91.96 ± 3.45%, flexural strength of 374.59 ± 9.50 MPa, Vickers hardness of 20.66 ± 1.39 GPa, and fracture toughness of 6.57 ± 0.24 . These findings provide valuable insights for future research and industrial applications of Si3N4/SiAlON ceramics via DLP.

Efficient green synthesis of biocompatible MPN fluorescent microspheres via hydrophobic-force-driven strategy for enhanced immunochromatographic assays

The unique fluorescence properties of aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent microspheres (FMs) make them ideal signal markers. Traditional synthesis methods are complex, labor-intensive, and hazardous, leading to AIEFMs that lack biocompatibility and require further modification for immunoprobe preparation. This study introduces a novel hydrophobic force-driven method for rapid synthesis of highly biocompatible FMs (H-FMs), demonstrating their benefits in immunochromatographic assay (ICA) applications. The metal-polyphenol network (MPN) shell around the AIEgen core structure of H-FMs is quickly and safely formed by depositing MPN onto AIEgen nano-aggregates, achieving high dye utilization, affordability, and design flexibility, while producing H-FMs with fluorescence across 300–800 nm. The excellent biocompatibility of H-FMs eliminates the need for additional modifications, allowing antibodies to be coupled swiftly (within 10 min) with a high coupling efficiency of 93.4 %. The resulting immunoprobes exhibit strong target recognition and 90.6 % fluorescence retention over 30 days. These features support their application in double antibody sandwich and competitive ICA formats, with detection limits of 9.62 × 10² CFU/mL for E. coli O157:H7 and 0.0081 ng/mL for AFM1. This study provides new insights into designing fluorescent probes for safety monitoring of hazardous materials in the environment.

Construction of a Cell Factory for the Targeted and Efficient Production of Phytosterol to Boldenone in Mycobacterium neoaurum

ABSTRACTBoldenone (BD), a protein anabolic hormone, is commonly used to treat muscle damage, osteoporosis, and off‐season muscle building in athletes. Traditional BD synthesis methods rely on chemical processes, which are costly and environmentally impactful. Therefore, developing a more sustainable and economical biosynthetic pathway is crucial for BD production. This study aimed to achieve efficient production of BD. Firstly, the catalytic performance of 17β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and 3‐ketosteroid‐Δ1‐dehydrogenase was improved through enzyme engineering, and their expression in the new strain of Mycobacterium neoaurum was enhanced using metabolic engineering. These improvements significantly increased BD production to 4.05 g/L, with a significant decrease in by‐product generation. To further increase the yield, a multi‐enzyme fusion expression system was constructed, and a key cell wall gene kasB was knocked out, resulting in a spatial‐time yield of BD reaching 1.02 g/(L·d). Subsequent optimization of the transformation system further increased the BD production to 5.56 g/L, with a spatiotemporal yield of 1.39 g/(L·d). The green biosynthetic route of phytosterol one‐step conversion to BD developed in this study lays the foundation for industrial production.

Biosynthesis and investigation of antibacterial properties of green silver nanoparticles using fruit extracts of Wild barberry, Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.), and Hawthorn

The biological method of synthesizing nanoparticles is a valuable alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methods, offering a fast, environmentally friendly, and cost-effective technique. In this study, the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out using fruit extracts of Wild barberry (Bar-Ag), Medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) (Med-Ag), and Hawthorn (Haw-Ag) as reducing and stabilizing agents. AgNPs were characterized by various analysis methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis spectroscopy, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and Dynamic Light Diffraction (DLS). The XRD results showed the presence of pure silver crystals with average sizes of 35.6, 23.7, and 35.6 nm for Bar-Ag, Med-Ag, and Haw-Ag, respectively. FESEM and TEM images illustrated the formation of nearly spherical and stable particles with sizes ranging from 30 to 80 nm. In addition to confirming the particle sizes, the DLS result indicated their uniform distribution. FTIR analysis revealed that AgNPs contain three main groups of agents: phenols, carboxylic acids, and amines, which play a role in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Evaluating the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria showed that AgNPs synthesized with these fruit extracts exhibited significant antibacterial performance. The results of this study demonstrate that AgNPs biosynthesized with fruit extracts have considerable potential for biomedical applications.

Precise synthesis of cyclopropyl methyl ketone via proton transfer of 5-chloro-2-pentanone driven by hydrogen bonds

The traditional synthesis methods of cyclopropyl methyl ketone (CPMK) have some disadvantages such as low yield, slow reaction rate and unclear catalytic mechanism. To solve these problems, a new strategy is developed to synthesize CPMK from 5‑chloro-2-pentanone (CPE) using 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‑7-ene (DBU). Experiment results show that the yield of CPMK reached a maximum of 96.5 % in DBU at 40 °C for 30min. The mechanism study shows that the hydrogen bond between DBU and CPE is the key to drive the deprotonation and cyclization of CPE. The hydrogen bond is formed between the N atom on C = N of DBU and the α-H on the methylene group associated with the carbonyl group on CPE. The catalyst DBU is converted into [DBUH]+Cl−, which can be reclaimed and recycled completely. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation confirmed the existence of molecular hydrogen bonds and proved that the hydrogen bond driving force is the key to the reaction. The hydrogen bond driven mechanism provides a new idea for the basic research of cyclization reaction.

A review on the green metal nanotechnology in monogastric animal health: current trends and future prospects.

Green nanotechnology is the emerging field of research in recent decades with growing interest rapidly. This integrates green chemistry with green engineering to avoid using toxic chemicals in the synthesis of organic nanomaterials. Green nanotechnology would create a huge potential for the use of nanoparticles for more sustainable utilization in improving animal health. Nanoparticles can be synthesised by physical, chemical and biological processes. Traditional methods for physical and chemical synthesis of nanoparticles are toxic to humans, animals and environmental health, which limits their usefulness. Green synthesis of nanoparticles via biological processes and their application in animal health could maximize the benefits of nanotechnology in terms of enhancing food animal health and production as well as minimize the undesirable impacts on Planetary Health. Recent advances in nanotechnology have meant different nanomaterials, especially those from metal sources, are now available for use in nanomedicine. Metal nanoparticles are one of the most widely researched in green nanotechnology, and the number of articles on this subject in food animal production is growing nowadays. Therefore, research on metal nanoparticles using green technologies have utmost importance. In this review, we report the recent advancement of green synthesized metal nanoparticles in terms of their utilization in monogastric animal health, elucidate the research gap in this field and provide recommendations for future prospects.

Exploring sustainable synthesis paths: a comprehensive review of environmentally friendly methods for fabricating nanomaterials through green chemistry approaches.

This comprehensive review delves into the burgeoning field of nanotechnology, where the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is strategically tailored to specific applications. Embracing the principles of green chemistry, nanotechnology increasingly utilizes environmentally friendly materials, such as plant extracts or microorganisms, as capping or reducing agents and solvents in the synthesis process. Notably, plant-based synthesis demonstrates enhanced stability and faster rates compared to microorganisms. The synthesized materials exhibit unique properties ranging from antimicrobial and catalytic effects to antioxidant activities and they are finding applications across diverse fields. Green synthesis processes, characterized by mild conditions in terms of temperature and reagents, stand in stark contrast to traditional chemical synthesis methods. This review focuses on the synthesis of various metal and metal oxide NPs, including Ag, Au, Zn, Fe, Mg, Ti, Sn, Cu, Cd, Ni, Co, and Ag NPs and their oxides, using plant extracts and microorganisms. We provide a comprehensive analysis of the advantages, disadvantages, and applications associated with each synthesis method. Additionally, we explore the future prospects of green synthesis and its limitations and challenges, offering insights into its evolving role in nanotechnology.

Photogeneration of β-Borylsilyl Radical via Decarboxylation of N-Hydroxyphthalimide Esters.

Gem-borylsilylalkanes are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis, and the traditional synthesis methods have mainly focused on metal reagents, the insertion reactions of diazo compounds, and hydrosilylation/hydroborylation reactions of unsaturated bonds. Herein, a novel, efficient gem-borylsilylalkanes synthesis via a radical approach is reported. This method introduced a β-gem-borylsilyl NHPI ester as the precursor of the β-borylsilyl radical that, coupling with radical acceptors under photo conditions, and the corresponding gem-borylsilylalkanes bearing unsaturated bonds, facilitate subsequent transformations.

Optimization, imaging and LHE analysis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles synthesized with carambola extract as natural dye sensitizer

This work explores the enhancement of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by using magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) that have been green-synthesized, with carambola extract acting as a natural dye sensitizer. Green synthesis minimizes the negative effects of traditional synthesis methods on the environment by providing a sustainable and ecologically friendly way to produce MgO NPs. To increase their effectiveness in DSSC applications, the synthesized nanoparticles underwent optimization. The morphology and size distribution of MgO NPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which revealed spherical forms with a consistent size distribution. The crystalline nature of the MgO NPs was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), which revealed distinctive peaks that correspond to the bulk MgO crystal planes. A band gap of 3.5 eV, appropriate for UV region absorption, was found using UV–visible spectroscopy. FT-IR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy revealed information about their molecular compositions. Positive electronic characteristics, such as a negative total energy change (ΔE_T) and a high electrophilicity index (ω), which indicates effective charge transfer, were found through computational analysis. The light harvesting efficiency (LHE) value of 0.00459 signifies optimal light absorption capability by the dye molecule. The outcomes show that MgO NPs that have undergone green synthesis have the potential to be efficient and stable sensitizers for DSSCs. In addition to highlighting the significance of green synthesis techniques in nanomaterial research for renewable energy applications, this work advances the development of efficient and sustainable solar energy systems.

Molecular Characterization of Endophytic Fungal Strains for Green Synthesis of ZnO and Au Nanoparticles

Abstract Introduction/Objective Introduction: Traditional methods for nanoparticle synthesis often involve hazardous compounds, posing environmental risks and limiting their biomedical applications due to instability. The exploration of green synthesis approaches using natural products and eco-friendly solvents presents a challenging yet imperative pursuit in nanoparticle research. Methods/Case Report Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy Eucalyptus sideroxylon plants collected from the Desert Research Center. Cultivation of fungi in malt extract broth was conducted at 28°C with agitation for 96 hours. Subsequently, fungal DNA was extracted, and ITS-rDNA regions were PCR-amplified for identification. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were performed to characterize the fungal isolates. Fungal filtrates were utilized for the biosynthesis of ZnO and Au nanoparticles (NPs) from ZnSO4 and HAuCl4 solutions, respectively. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) Results: Among the 13 fungal isolates, Fusarium chlamydosporum (FI-03) exhibited the most efficient synthesis of ZnO and Au NPs. Sequencing confirmed the identity of the fungal strain. The synthesized NPs displayed uniform spherical shapes, with ZnO NPs averaging 19.3 nm and Au NPs averaging 22.1 nm in size. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis further elucidated the morphology of the NPs. Conclusion Conclusion: Fusarium chlamydosporum emerged as a promising candidate for the green synthesis of ZnO and Au NPs. This environmentally friendly approach offers a cost-effective and biocompatible alternative to conventional nanoparticle synthesis methods.

Biosynthesis of novel non-proteinogenic amino acids β-hydroxyenduracididine and β-methylphenylalanine in Escherichia coli.

Non-proteinogenic amino acids (npAAs) are valuable building blocks for the development of advanced pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals. The surge in interest in their synthesis is primarily due to the potential to enhance and diversify existing bioactive molecules. This can be achieved by altering these bioactive molecules to improve their effectiveness, reducing resistance compared to their natural counterparts or generating molecules with novel functions. Traditional production of npAAs in native hosts requires specialized conditions and complex cultivation media. Furthermore, these compounds are often found in organisms that challenge genetic manipulation. Thus, the recombinant production of these npAAs in a model organism like Escherichia coli paves the way for groundbreaking advancements in synthetic biology. Two synthetic operons, comprising of five heterologous proteins were genomically integrated into E. coli for the synthesis of npAAs β-methylphenylalanine (BmePhe), β-hydroxyenduracididine (BhEnd), and enduracididine (End). Proteomic and metabolomic analysis confirmed production of these compounds in E. coli for the first time. Interestingly, we discovered that the exogenous addition of pathway precursors to the E. coli system enhanced the yield of BmePhe by 2.5 times, whereas it concurrently attenuated the production of BhEnd and End, signifying a selective precursor-dependent yield enhancement. The synthetic biology landscape is broadened in this study by expanding the repertoire of amino acids beyond the conventional set of 22 standard proteinogenic amino acids. The biosynthesized npAAs, End, BhEnd, and BmePhe hold promise for engineering proteins with modified functions, integrating into novel metabolites and/or enhancing biological stability and activity. Additionally, these amino acids' biological production and subsequent purification present an alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methods, paving a direct pathway for pharmacological evaluation.