Traditional Infrastructure Research Articles

Enhancing E-learning satisfaction in digital education: a comprehensive analysis of influential factors in Punjab’s E-learning institutes

ABSTRACT This study explores the critical factors influencing E-learning satisfaction in digital education environments in Punjab, Pakistan, a region marked by significant disparities in educational accessibility. E-learning has emerged as a crucial tool for addressing educational gaps, particularly in areas with limited traditional infrastructure. A survey of 250 students across primary, secondary, and tertiary education levels from urban and rural areas, both public and private institutions, this research provides a comprehensive analysis of diverse E-learning experiences. The study employs a conceptual framework encompassing six dimensions: student characteristics, instructor behaviors, course content, technology use, design quality, and environmental influences. Using detailed statistical analysis through SPSS, key determinants of E-learning satisfaction were identified, with instructor responsiveness, course flexibility, and technological usability emerging as the most significant factors. Interestingly, student computer anxiety was found not to significantly affect satisfaction, indicating growing digital literacy among learners. The study also highlights disparities in technology integration based on gender, geographical location, and type of institution, emphasizing the need for tailored educational strategies. This research provides actionable insights for policymakers and educational institutions to enhance E-learning systems, ensuring they meet the diverse needs of students and contribute to reducing the digital divide in Punjab.

Digitalization the necessary evil: integrating digital technologies in businesses of BOP countries

ABSTRACT In an era of rapid digitalization, firms in Bottom of the Pyramid (BOP) countries face unique challenges in adopting and integrating digital technologies (DTs). This study investigates how firms in Ghana and Nigeria navigate digitalization, examining both the drivers of DT adoption and the critical factors influencing successful integration. Through in-depth interviews with 12 CEOs of digital SMEs, the research reveals that while experience/exposure and problem-solving imperatives are primary adoption drivers, successful integration depends heavily on efficiency, quality, and cost considerations. The findings demonstrate that DT benefits manifest differently in BOP contexts compared to developed markets. While operational efficiency gains are universal to both contexts, benefits like financial inclusion and bridging institutional voids are distinctly valuable in BOP settings. The study extends RBV theory by showing that DTs can fundamentally alter organizational path dependencies in resource-constrained environments, enabling firms to bypass traditional infrastructure limitations.

Navigating Cloud Computing: Exploring Fundamental and Advanced Concepts, Architectures, and Security Mechanisms

This comprehensive article explores the evolution and current state of cloud computing, addressing fundamental concepts, advanced architectures, and security mechanisms. The article examines the transformation from traditional infrastructure to modern cloud environments, highlighting key technological advancements in virtualization, containerization, and service delivery models. It investigates critical aspects of cloud security, management mechanisms, and specialized cloud architectures while analyzing various deployment patterns and their implications. The article encompasses technical and operational perspectives, providing insights into infrastructure components, automation strategies, and delivery model considerations. Through a detailed examination of reference architectures, design patterns, and implementation strategies, this study offers a holistic view of cloud computing's impact on enterprise operations and its role in driving digital transformation.

UAV-assisted dual-hop RF communication: Performance analysis of outage probability and altitude optimization for multi-user systems

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are growingly used as communication relays in this modern era due to their unique capabilities and advantages which includes enhanced connectivity, cost effectiveness, flexibility, risk reduction and real time data surveillance. UAVs offer a versatile and efficient solution for enhancing communication networks, especially in situations where traditional infrastructure is inadequate or unavailable. In this manuscript, we present the dual hop UAV enabled wireless communication system where the data is broadcasted from Source (S) to Destination (D) through a UAV working as decode and forward (DF) relay (R). The data is transmitted from S to R via Radio frequency (RF) link and then the decoded data from R is forward to D with multiple users. Closed form analytical expressions of outage probability is analyzed which is further utilized to do the optimization analysis to find the optimum altitude of the UAV in order to exaggerate its system performance. Numerical results shows that there is need to find out the optimal altitude of the UAV so as to keep down the overall outage probability of the proposed system and to enhance the system quality. We also find the outage probability at higher Signal-to-Noise ratio (SNR) to study the system behavior deeply. It is clearly observable from the numerical analysis that the exact outage probability and asymptotic outage probability are exactly matching at higher SNR values concluding the validity of the proposed system. The derived expressions are authenticated by simulated results via Monte Carlo simulations.

A Cloud Infrastructure for Health Monitoring in Emergency Response Scenarios.

Wearable devices have a significant impact on society, and recent advancements in modern sensor technologies are opening up new possibilities for healthcare applications. Continuous vital sign monitoring using Internet of Things solutions can be a crucial tool for emergency management, reducing risks in rescue operations and ensuring the safety of workers. The massive amounts of data, high network traffic, and computational demands of a typical monitoring application can be challenging to manage with traditional infrastructure. Cloud computing provides a solution with its built-in resilience and elasticity capabilities. This study presents a Cloud-based monitoring architecture for remote vital sign tracking of paramedics and medical workers through the use of a mobile wearable device. The system monitors vital signs such as electrocardiograms and breathing patterns during work sessions, and it is able to manage real-time alarm events to a personnel management center. In this study, 900 paramedics and emergency workers were monitored using wearable devices over a period of 12 months. Data from these devices were collected, processed via Cloud infrastructure, and analyzed to assess the system's reliability and scalability. The results showed a significant improvement in worker safety and operational efficiency. This study demonstrates the potential of Cloud-based systems and Internet of Things devices in enhancing emergency response efforts.

Beacon-Based Uplink Transmission for LoRaWAN Direct to LEO Satellite Internet of Things

Direct-to-satellite IoT (DtS-IoT) communication structure is a promising solution to provide connectivity and extend the coverage of traditional low-power and long-range technologies, especially for isolated and remote areas where deploying traditional infrastructure is impracticable. Despite their bounded visibility, the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites complement the terrestrial networks, offering broader gateway coverage and terrestrial network traffic offloading. However, the dynamics of LEO and the nature of such integration come with several challenges affecting the efficacy of the network. Therefore, this paper proposes Beacon-based Uplink LoRaWAN (BU-LoRaWAN) to enhance satellite-terrestrial communication efficiency. The proposed scheme exploits the LoRaWAN class B synchronization mechanism to provide efficient uplink transmission from LoRaWAN devices placed on the ground to satellite gateways. BULoRaWAN proposes an uplink transmission slot approach to synchronize ground devices’ uplink traffic with LEO-based orbiting gateways. It also uses a queue data structure to buffer end devices’ ready-to-send packets until the appropriate moment. BU-LoRaWAN avoids possible transmission collision by optimizing a random transmission slot for an end device within the beacon window. The proposed system is implemented and evaluated using OMNeT++ network simulator and FLoRaSat framework. The result demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed system. BU-LoRaWAN achieves better performance compared to the standard LoRaWAN, which manages to deliver almost double the traffic delivered by the standard one.

Vertical growth rate of planted vegetation controls dune growth on a sandy beach

The integration of coastal dunes planted with vegetation and dikes combines traditional infrastructure with dynamic aeolian sediment and ecological processes to enhance coastal resilience. The functioning of such dune-dike hybrid Nature-based Solution strongly depends on aeolian sediment transport and the vertical growth rate of vegetation. We used the AeoLiS numerical model to investigate the relative importance of aeolian and vegetation dynamics in the evolution of a 120 m long and 20 m wide marram grass-planted dune field on a Belgian sandy beach backed by a seawall, constructed in 2021. AeoLiS proved to be a promising tool for predicting these systems, effectively capturing aeolian sediment deposition, vegetation growth, and profile development three years post-construction. Seasonal variations in vegetation trapping efficiency, driven by sediment burial, and seasonal plant growth emerged as important factors controlling dune growth. Profile development discrepancies were attributed to unaccounted biotic and abiotic factors, highlighting the complexity of coastal eco-geomorphological processes. Dunes planted with vegetation wider than 20 m were identified to enhance sediment trapping without an increase in dune height. These findings offer actionable insights for coastal management, promoting strategic dune design and planting approaches to reinforce shoreline resilience. Additionally, the findings underscore the necessity for advancing eco-morphodynamic models and deepening our knowledge of coastal dune dynamics.

An efficient three-dimensional node localization using recurrent neural networks in unmanned aerial vehicle-assisted wireless networks: an optimization perspective

PurposeUnlike many existing methods that are primarily focused on two-dimensional localization, this research paper extended the scope to three-dimensional localization. This enhancement is particularly significant for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) applications that demand precise altitude information, such as infrastructure inspection and aerial surveillance, thereby broadening the applicability of UAV-assisted wireless networks.Design/methodology/approachThe paper introduced a novel method that employs recurrent neural networks (RNNs) for node localization in three-dimensional space within UAV-assisted wireless networks. It presented an optimization perspective to the node localization problem, aiming to balance localization accuracy with computational efficiency. By formulating the localization task as an optimization challenge, the study proposed strategies to minimize errors while ensuring manageable computational overhead, which are crucial for real-time deployment in dynamic UAV environments.FindingsSimulation results demonstrated significant improvements, including a channel capacity of 99.95%, energy savings of 89.42%, reduced latency by 99.88% and notable data rates for UAV-based communication with an average localization error of 0.8462. Hence, the proposed model can be used to enhance the capacity of UAVs to work effectively in diverse environmental conditions, offering a reliable solution for maintaining connectivity during critical scenarios such as terrestrial environmental crises when traditional infrastructure is unavailable.Originality/valueConventional localization methods in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), such as received signal strength (RSS), often entail manual configuration and are beset by limitations in terms of capacity, scalability and efficiency. It is not considered for 3-D localization. In this paper, machine learning such as multi-layer perceptrons (MLP) and RNN are employed to facilitate the capture of intricate spatial relationships and patterns (3-D), resulting in enhanced localization precision and also improved in channel capacity, energy savings and reduced latency of UAVs for wireless communication.

New-type infrastructure and urban economic resilience: Evidence from China

Rising global uncertainties pose challenges to the resilience of economic development, and new-type infrastructure, referring to a system that is supported by next-generation information technology, can be a crucial stabilizing factor in the digital era to overcome uncertainties. This study uses 5244 observations from 276 cities in China from 2003 to 2021 to investigate the impact of new-type infrastructure on urban economic resilience. The empirical findings indicate that new-type infrastructure can effectively enhance regional economic resilience, and urban economic resilience can be improved in the digital age. New-type infrastructure can effectively mitigate the adverse impact of Corona Virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on economic resilience. The effect of new-type infrastructure on economic resilience is larger in central regions, cities with medium and large economic scales, and cities with well-developed traditional infrastructure. New-type infrastructure exhibits threshold effects with changes in mechanism variables, decreasing as the threshold of resource dependence is crossed and increasing as the threshold of capital deepening and human capital is crossed. New-type infrastructure can enhance economic resilience by promoting innovation, including digital and green innovation. In addition, new-type infrastructure can cultivate emerging industries, advance industrial structure optimization, and promote collaborative agglomeration, which also contributes to enhancing economic resilience.

Blockchain Technology and Its Potential to Benefit Public Services Provision: A Short Survey

In the last few years, blockchain has emerged as a cutting-edge technology whose main advantages are transparency, traceability, immutability, enhanced efficiency, and trust, thanks to its decentralized nature. Although many people still identify blockchain with cryptocurrencies and the financial sector, it has many prospective applications beyond digital currency that can serve as use cases for which traditional infrastructures have become obsolete. Governments have started exploring its potential application to public services provision, as confirmed by the increasing number of adoption initiatives, projects, and tests. As the current public administration is often perceived as slow, bureaucratic, lacking transparency, and failing to involve citizens in decision-making processes, blockchain can establish itself as a tool that enables a process of disintermediation, which can revolutionize the way in which public services are managed and provided. In this paper, we will provide a survey of the main application areas which are likely to benefit from blockchain implementation, together with examples of practical implementations carried out by both state and local governments. Later, we will discuss the main challenges that may prevent its widespread adoption, such as government expenditure, technological maturity, and lack of public awareness. Finally, we will wrap up by providing indications on future areas of research for blockchain-based technologies.

Can information infrastructure break the imbalance between urban and rural development? Empirical evidence from China

ABSTRACT In confronting the urgent challenges within the realm of international development, it has become imperative to explore novel pathways for economic growth, diminish the income disparity among diverse societal segments, and alleviate the discrepancies between urban and rural regions. However, previous research has yet to comprehensively investigate whether information infrastructure holds the potential to narrow the urban-rural development gap. Furthermore, the distinctive contributions of traditional infrastructure and information infrastructure to economic development have been insufficiently explored and compared. Drawing upon data from the China Household Panel Study (CFPS) spanning the period 2010–2018, this study extensively examines the role and advantages of information infrastructure in bridging the urban-rural development gap. By employing the fixed effect model and employing the ‘Broadband China’ strategy as a proxy variable for information infrastructure enhancement, the study reveals that the improvement of information infrastructure significantly amplifies the total income of Chinese households, with a pronounced impact in rural areas. The emergence of a ‘catch-up effect’ serves to diminish the income disparity between urban and rural areas. Moreover, when contrasted with contemporaneous investments in traditional infrastructure, which have reached a state of relative saturation in China, the positive effect of information infrastructure upgrading surpasses that of traditional infrastructure investment. Hence, upgrading information infrastructure effectively addresses the imbalances in urban and rural development and narrows the income gap. These findings carry considerable implications for government bodies in formulating development policies.

Does e‐commerce infrastructure increase enterprise productivity? Evidence from China's e‐commerce demonstration city

AbstractThis study leverages the National E‐commerce Demonstration City Pilot (NEDC) as a quasi‐natural experiment in e‐commerce infrastructure development. Utilising panel data from non‐financial firms listed on China's A‐share market from 2005 to 2022, we pioneered employ a multi‐period difference‐in‐differences (DID) approach to explore the direct and indirect effects of e‐commerce infrastructure on total factor productivity (TFP). Our findings reveal that: (1) The NEDC initiative significantly enhances firm‐level TFP. This result remains robust after addressing endogeneity issues through IV‐2SLS and propensity score matching and difference in differences methods and undergoing a series of robustness tests. (2) Channels tests indicate that the NEDC policy indirectly boosts firm TFP primarily by fostering technological innovation and augmenting human capital. (3) Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the NEDC policy effectively stimulates TFP growth in state‐owned enterprises, firms with high equity concentration, manufacturing and low‐tech industry firms. The policy's impact is more pronounced in cities with high administrative levels, in the eastern and central cities, and in cities with superior traditional infrastructure. The empirical evidence provided by this study not only supports the role of e‐commerce infrastructure in driving economic growth but also offers valuable insights for bridging the income disparity between developing and developed nations, and mitigating income inequality.

A Survey on Cyber-Resilience Approaches for Cyber-Physical Systems

Concerns for the resilience of Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS)s in critical infrastructure are growing. CPS integrate sensing, computation, control, and networking into physical objects and mission-critical services, connecting traditional infrastructure to internet technologies. While this integration increases service efficiency, it has to face the possibility of new threats posed by the new functionalities. This leads to cyber-threats, such as denial-of-service, modification of data, information leakage, spreading of malware, and many others. Cyber-resilience refers to the ability of a CPS to prepare, absorb, recover, and adapt to the adverse effects associated with cyber-threats, e.g., physical degradation of the CPS performance resulting from a cyber-attack. Cyber-resilience aims at ensuring CPS survival by keeping the core functionalities of the CPS in case of extreme events. The literature on cyber-resilience is rapidly increasing, leading to a broad variety of research works addressing this new topic. In this article, we create a systematization of knowledge about existing scientific efforts of making CPSs cyber-resilient. We systematically survey recent literature addressing cyber-resilience with a focus on techniques that may be used on CPSs. We first provide preliminaries and background on CPSs and threats, and subsequently survey state-of-the-art approaches that have been proposed by recent research work applicable to CPSs. In particular, we aim at differentiating research work from traditional risk management approaches based on the general acceptance that it is unfeasible to prevent and mitigate all possible risks threatening a CPS. We also discuss questions and research challenges, with a focus on the practical aspects of cyber-resilience, such as the use of metrics and evaluation methods as well as testing and validation environments.

Crack _ PSTU: Crack detection based on the U-Net framework combined with Swin Transformer

Cracks serve as a significant indicator of aging infrastructure. While the surfaces of traditional infrastructures are visually inspected manually, this approach is labor-intensive, highly subjective, and often surpasses the capabilities of available inspection personnel. Although some researchers have employed traditional image processing and machine learning techniques to address these challenges, the presence of irregular crack shapes, complex lighting conditions, and limitations in detecting only a single type of surface crack complicate automatic crack detection. Recent research indicates that deep learning methods are increasingly leading in image-based feature extraction, object detection, and pixel attribute analysis. This paper introduces a method, Crack_PSTU (Pre-trained Swin Transformer U-Net), which leverages the U-Net framework and Swin Transformer model for infrastructure crack classification and detection tasks. Specifically, we utilize a pre-trained Swin Transformer network as the encoder and implement the decoder using convolution, pooling, and other operations, creating a "U"-shaped model architecture. Our experiments encompassed 11,298 crack images from varied scenes, with 9603 designated for training and 1695 for validation. The findings reveal that our approach surpasses other algorithms for this dataset.

Impact of Climate Change on Infrastructure Resilience and Adaption Strategies

Infrastructure networks have an severe effect by the physical impacts of climate mutability and change, but will also play an crucial role in building resilience to those impacts. Furthermost events explains the extensiveness of this potential exposure. For example, OECD [Organization For Economic And Development ] modelling of the potential impacts of a major flood in Paris found that 30% to 55% of the direct flood damages would be tolerated by the infrastructure sector, while 35% to 85% of business losses were caused by disturbance to the transportation and electricity supply and not by the flood itself. Climate change has very diverse effect on the infrastructure. If the infrastructure will be climate resilient will help to reduce direct losses and reduce the indirect costs of disturbance created by the sudden climate change. New infrastructure should be hierarchic, planned, designed, built and set off in such a way to resist the climate changes that may occur over anytime during their lifetimes. The old Existing infrastructure may need to be rebuilt , or managed differently according to the given climate change. Lastly, additional infrastructure, such as sea walls, will need to be constructed to address the physical impacts of climate change. This additional infrastructure should or may be include traditional infrastructure, such as hard safeguarding and other engineered solutions, as well as natural infrastructure, such as wetlands and other naturally-based solutions. A wide range of actors, both in the public and private sectors, are taking action to strengthen climate resilience. This report highlights appears good practices and remaining challenges across OECD[Organization For Economic And Development] and G20 countries. It provides non-prescriptive guidance to countries as they find the way to enhance resilience in line with their national circumstances and priorities. Key Words: Infrastructures , Climate changes , Resilience , OECD , Challenges , Impacts , Design , Sustainable , Adaptation , Strategies .

Evaluating the impact of cloud computing on accounting firms: A review of efficiency, scalability, and data security

Cloud computing has emerged as a transformative force, revolutionizing the landscape for accounting firms. This comprehensive review delves into the profound impact of cloud computing on accounting firms, focusing on key dimensions such as efficiency, scalability, and data security. Examining the shift from traditional infrastructure to cloud-based solutions, the review navigates through the tangible benefits and potential challenges that cloud adoption brings to the accounting domain. Efficiency stands out as a cornerstone of cloud computing's influence on accounting firms. The agility and accessibility offered by cloud-based platforms streamline routine tasks, facilitating seamless collaboration among accounting professionals. The scalability afforded by cloud services empowers firms to dynamically adjust their computing resources, adapting to fluctuations in workload and business demands. This ensures that accounting firms can efficiently handle diverse workloads without being constrained by rigid infrastructure limitations. Scalability further intersects with efficiency, enabling accounting firms to optimize resource allocation and enhance overall productivity. The scalability of cloud solutions aligns with the dynamic nature of the accounting profession, allowing firms to scale up during peak seasons and scale down during lulls, ultimately fostering cost-effectiveness and operational agility. However, the review also critically evaluates the nuances of data security in the cloud computing paradigm. Addressing concerns related to data privacy, confidentiality, and compliance, the review navigates the intricate landscape of securing financial data in a cloud-based environment. It probes into the robustness of encryption protocols, authentication mechanisms, and compliance frameworks, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of the security implications inherent in cloud adoption by accounting firms. In conclusion, this review encapsulates the multifaceted impact of cloud computing on accounting firms. Efficiency gains and scalability advantages are juxtaposed against the imperative of fortifying data security. This examination provides a roadmap for accounting professionals, offering insights into harnessing the full potential of cloud technologies while ensuring the integrity and security of sensitive financial data. As accounting firms increasingly pivot towards cloud adoption, this review serves as a strategic guide, equipping practitioners with the knowledge to navigate the evolving landscape of cloud computing in the realm of accounting.

Impact of Broadband China Infrastructure Strategy on Fintech: A Quasi-Natural Experiment

Fintech has made an important contribution to the inclusive and sustainable balanced development of the digital economy, and how to improve its development has become a research hotspot. This paper utilizes the Broadband China strategy approved in 2013 as the policy shock, and constructs a DID model to analyze the impact of new infrastructure construction on fintech. The study shows that new infrastructure construction is conducive to the improvement of fintech, and this impact is realized through the all-encompassing expansion of the breadth of fintech coverage and further exploration of the depth of its use. Moreover, heterogeneity studies find that the driving effect of new infrastructure construction on fintech is more prominent in eastern cities, sub-provincial cities, large-scale cities and cities with low levels of traditional infrastructure. This study not only provides evidence for assessing the policy effect of new infrastructure construction, but also provides theoretical and empirical support for how the state promotes the development of fintech, which has certain policy implications.

Life cycle management of natural infrastructure: assessment of state of practice and current tools

Design alternatives for traditional infrastructure are often compared in terms of expected–and often narrowly defined–costs and benefits to justify the selected plan. Taking a broader life cycle perspective in the benefit-cost evaluation process helps account for potentially rare, indirect, or accruing project benefits. Natural infrastructure design alternatives are generally difficult to compare to conventional alternatives due to their distinctly different costs and benefits. Natural infrastructure differs from conventional infrastructure in terms of performance and benefit development over time, lifespan, materials, intensity of intervention needs, and social and environmental benefits. This paper presents a life cycle framework that expands conventional life cycle analysis to capture other important and relevant aspects of natural and conventional infrastructure, enabling a more complete and equitable comparison of project costs and benefits. The framework consists of four dimensions: risk mitigation performance (e.g., traditional benefit of flood risk management), co-benefits, financial costs (life cycle cost analysis), and environmental costs (life cycle assessment). The framework takes current benefit cost analysis practice for both infrastructure types into account, is informed by existing life cycle evaluation methods and tools and is responsive to the unique needs and characteristics of natural infrastructure. Components of this framework have been advanced elsewhere, including in business product management, asset management, building code development, environmental certifications, ecosystem goods and services accounting, and others, but are generally not developed for natural infrastructure. Our proposed framework provides a roadmap for development of supporting resources to conduct life cycle evaluation for natural infrastructure. Systematically grasping the temporal flow of costs and benefits of natural infrastructure, in comparison to conventional flood risk management projects, will be important as societies address vast infrastructure needs in the face of climate change.

The Impact of New Infrastructure Construction Investment on High Quality Economic Development in the Yangtze River Delta Region

This article aims to explore in depth the impact mechanism of new infrastructure investment on high-quality economic development in the Yangtze River Delta region, providing useful references for policy makers. The Yangtze River Delta region has invested a large amount of funds in the field of new infrastructure, including 5G networks, data centers, intelligent transportation, new energy, and other fields. These investments not only promote the optimization and upgrading of regional industrial structure, but also lay a solid foundation for high-quality economic development. The impact of new infrastructure investment on high-quality economic development is reflected in the following aspects: promoting traditional infrastructure reform and promoting the transformation of old and new driving forces; Promote supply side structural reform and optimize resource allocation; Promote diversification of financing channels and stabilize capital structure; Generate spillover effects, increase employment opportunities, and improve people's well-being. Finally, we propose several policy recommendations.

Shifting from traditional infrastructure planning to a collaborative approach: lessons from the Freetown sanitation master plan

Abstract Planning frameworks, usually in the form of master plans, provide the direction for investment priorities necessary to achieve development objectives in many sub-Saharan African countries. Traditionally, master plans were developed using engineering methodologies with little stakeholder participation. There is little understanding of how master plans for sanitation infrastructure and services can be collaboratively designed. Through the application of a case study from Freetown, Sierra Leone, the paper proposes a framework for shifting infrastructure planning from conventional models to participatory, evidence-based methods. Findings highlight that the commitment of government and funding institutions created a sense of urgency and importance around sanitation issues and unlocked opportunities for increased financing and a better enabling policy and regulatory environment. Active engagement of the community and evidence-based decision-making ensured that the master plan aligned with the specific needs, preferences, and aspirations of all stakeholders. It was however challenging to use the principles of citywide inclusive sanitation (CWIS) for participatory planning because the implementing agencies and stakeholders lacked adequate capacity to do so. These findings hold significant implications for decision-makers, sanitation planners, and municipal authorities engaged in the development of sanitation master plans.