Traditional Healing Practices Research Articles

Integrating Indigenous and Western Health Practices as Synergy for African Development in the Globalization Era: The Nigerian Example

The health policy of colonial rule precipitated structural and institutional changes in the healthcare system of the colonized Africans, as Western medicine was imposed across Africa as a better system of health management. This development fundamentally altered the professional and practical acceptability of indigenous medicine even beyond the colonial era. The much-acclaimed theoretical incompatibility of western and indigenous medical systems is one of the major causes of the strain in the levels of acceptance between indigenous medicine and western medicine in post-colonial Africa. In the case of Nigeria, a majority of the populace, especially in the rural areas, still consult the indigenous medical care providers. This consultation is arguably as a result of some factors, including the people’s thin financial resources,the mythical belief in the therapeutic efficacy of indigenous medicine, and closeness of the indigenous healthcare centres to the patients, among others. Given this, it becomes imperative to explore the historical development and value of Adepoju Adewale Toyin and Onagun Rasheed: Integrating Indigenous and… 415 indigenous healthcare practices in Nigeria and determine the possibility of its integration with western medicine. Towards accomplishing this, we explore historical-analytic method, using primary and secondary sources to examine the current state of indigenous traditional health practice in Nigeria, identify the factors that drive (mis)communication between patient and practitioner, and suggest solutions that can be implemented to address existing challenges. In addition, with illustrations drawn from successful examples of integration of indigenous and modern health practices in developing countries, the paper argues in the context of globalization that an advantageous synergy between indigenous and western health practices is feasible as a development strategy for Africa.

A Comparative Analysis on Bugkalot of Elders and GenZ Perception on the Ethnobotanical Knowledge and Practices in Wasid, Nagtipunan, Quirino

This qualitative, ethnographic study explores the use of medicinal plants within the Bugkalot community for healing purposes. It aims to evaluate the younger generation’s knowledge of these plants, alongside the methods of their preparation and administration. Utilizing semi-structured interviews with key informants, the research underscores the importance of ethical considerations, securing permissions from both the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples and individual participants. The study engages with a diverse age group, including Generation Z members aged 13 to 25 and seniors aged 70 to 85, involving a total of nine participants. Data collection was enriched by recorded discussions subsequent to questionnaire dissemination, maintaining confidentiality regarding participant profiles. Through qualitative thematic analysis of interview transcripts, organized into thematic units, the study interprets the collected data to shed light on the Bugkalot community’s ethnobotanical knowledge. This research not only contributes to the understanding of traditional healing practices but also suggests a framework for their preservation and potential integration into wider healthcare systems. It opens future research pathways into the medicinal properties of specific plants, the fusion of traditional and modern healthcare practices, and the documentation of cultural significance within the Bugkalot healing tradition. Keywords: Medicinal plant, Bugkalot, Healing practices, Ethnobotanical, Indigenous people, Cytotoxixity, patability

An exploratory study on becoming a traditional spiritual healer among Baganda in Central Uganda.

Traditional medicinal knowledge and healing practices of indigenous spiritual healers play important roles in health care, and contribute towards achieving Universal Health Care. Traditional spiritual healers (TSHs) are grouped into three categories. One category of Baganda TSHs, Balubaale, engage ancestral spirits during health management. Balubaale are socially significant but not legally accepted. Their initiation and training practices have not been documented in Uganda. The study purpose was to understand and establish the training of traditional spiritual healers. Twelve (10M, 2F); practicing TSHs in Central Uganda were purposively selected and recruited between 15th July 2019 and 29th April 2020, and were prospectively interacted with for 24 months. Transcribed data was coded and thematically analyzed using ATLAS ti. 22 computer software and presented based on an inductive approach. Findings show key areas of TSHs training include connecting with ancestral spirits and the spiritual powers of non-materials and materials such as living and non-living things through rituals. Spiritual healers train in diagnosis and health management based on ancestral spirits and they finally pass out in a communal ceremony witnessed by family and community members. We conclude that TSHs undergo training and are supervised and supported by experienced spiritualists, family and the community. We recommend similar studies among other ethnic groups to contextualize the process of becoming a TSH, compare and harmonize findings to facilitate inter-medical systems communication and policy considerations.

Ethnobotany and diversity of Citrus spp. (Rutaceae) as a source of “Kem-kem” traditional medicine used among the Karo sub-ethnic in North Sumatra, Indonesia

The Karo sub-ethnic is one of five Batak sub-ethnicities in the Karo Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. They are famous for their local knowledge about the traditional use of medicinal plants to treat various diseases. The “Kem-kem” traditional medicine is one of the traditional healing practices that involve using plants passed down through generations from their ancestors. One of the plant genus group in the Rutaceae family utilized in the traditional “Kem-kem” healing practice is a citrus known as “Rimo”. This study aims to document the local knowledge about the diversity of Citrus spp. as Kem-kem's herbal medicinal plant. This study was conducted from April to July 2023 in the Kabanjahe and Berastagi districts, Karo Regency, North Sumatra. Data was collected using interviews with traditional healers, herbal medicine vendors, and direct observations at traditional markets, involving a total of 8 Citrus spp. The Karo uses “Rimo” with different local names as sources of traditional medicinal ingredients in practicing “Kem-kem”. There are 15 local names comprising eight species of Citrus. Four are hybrids, i.e., Citrus x aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle, Citrus × aurantium L, Citrus × junos Siebold ex Yu.Tanaka, and Citrus × taitensis Risso. Two of the remaining species are recognized in infraspecific rank, one variety (Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis (Hoola van Nooten) Swingle) and one form (Citrus × aurantium f. deliciosa (Ten.) M.Hiroe). They were used as material sources for Kem-kem traditional medicine to treat at least nine health problems. There are two species with six local names included in the Least Concern (LC) category, namely C. medica (Rimo Gawang, Rimo Hantuantu, Rimo Kayu), C. medica var. sarcodactylis (Rimo Kuku Harimau), and C. medica (Rimo Telur Buaya), C. maxima (Burm.) Merr. (Rimo Malem). Nine local names are included in the Not Evaluated (NE) category, namely C. × junos (Rimo Kejaren), C. × taitensis (Rimo Jungga), C. × aurantium f. deliciosa (Rimo Keling), C. × aurantium (Rimo Kersik), Citrus hystrix DC. (Rimo Mukur), C. × taitensis (Rimo Puraga), C. × aurantium (Rimo Kalele), Citrus swinglei Burkill ex Harms (Rimo Pagar), and C. x aurantiifolia (Rimo Bunga). Rimo Kejaren (C. × junos) is a species that has the most benefits.

Economic self-sufficiency (ESS) as a barrier to health self-sufficiency (HSS) for Burmese refugees in the United States: a culture-centered analysis

From displacement to resettlement, Burmese refugees bear high disease burdens; first as forced migrants escaping conflict and then as second-class citizens in host countries like the United States. This relegation of refugee bodies to the margins upon resettlement, warrants an examination of the contradictions of the process as a humanitarian enterprise yet in violation of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 10 of Reduced Inequalities, particularly through a health inequities lens. In the present study, the researcher conducted 15 semi-structured in-depth interviews with key stakeholders within the resettlement ecosystem of the city of Indianapolis, Indiana in the U.S., including Burmese community members, leaders, and health practitioners. Narrative data reveal an inverse relationship between the federally mandated metric of economic self-sufficiency (ESS) defined as job placement upon resettlement, and health self-sufficiency (HSS) defined as the ability to meaningfully engage with healthcare structures and resources. Participants articulate the precarious nature of such low-wage employment in predatory industries like meatpacking, requiring little to no language or vocational training and subjecting refugee employees to coercive practices including mandatory overtime. These practices are outlined as both dangerous to the health of employees and detracting from their time resources which would otherwise be allocated toward linguistic and vocational training—both required for socioeconomic mobility, as well as to meaningfully navigate labyrinthian healthcare structures. Faced with these structural constraints, Burmese community members demonstrate health self-sufficiency through a combination of treatment with over-the-counter (OTC) medications, traditional healing practices, and by activating familial and community networks as communal resources for accessing healthcare structures.

Traditional Healing Practices and Folk Medicines in Thailand: A Case Study of Huai Yot District, Trang Province

Traditional Healing Practices and Folk Medicines in Thailand: A Case Study of Huai Yot District, Trang Province

Global perspectives on substance use treatment: A review of cross-cultural approaches and conceptual solutions for public health

Substance use disorders represent a significant public health challenge worldwide, necessitating a nuanced understanding of cultural variations in treatment approaches. This review examines global perspectives on substance use treatment, focusing on cross-cultural approaches and conceptual solutions aimed at enhancing public health outcomes. Cross-cultural perspectives underscore the importance of recognizing diverse cultural beliefs, values, and practices in addressing substance use disorders. Cultural factors such as stigma, religious beliefs, and societal norms profoundly influence individuals' perceptions of substance use and treatment-seeking behaviors. Understanding these cultural nuances is crucial for developing effective interventions tailored to specific populations. Moreover, this review explores various treatment modalities that have been implemented across different cultural contexts. From traditional healing practices rooted in indigenous knowledge to evidence-based interventions adapted for cultural relevance, a spectrum of approaches exists to address substance use disorders globally. Integrating traditional healing methods with modern evidence-based treatments showcases promising outcomes in promoting recovery and reducing substance-related harm. Furthermore, conceptual solutions for enhancing public health outcomes emphasize the importance of a comprehensive and holistic approach. This includes addressing social determinants of health, promoting community engagement, and fostering collaboration between diverse stakeholders, including governments, healthcare providers, and community organizations. This review highlights the necessity of adopting culturally sensitive approaches to substance use treatment to effectively address the complex interplay between culture, health beliefs, and treatment outcomes. By recognizing and respecting cultural diversity, we can develop more inclusive and effective strategies to mitigate the impact of substance use disorders on individuals and communities worldwide.

Traditional healing for physical and mental problems in the Arab region: past and current practices.

Exploring traditional healing practices in the Arab world unveils a diverse range of methods deeply rooted in ancient beliefs. Traditional healing practices encompass natural remedies, spiritual rituals and physical treatments. These historical practices persist today, reflecting their enduring relevance in Arab culture and their influence on healthcare approaches. Factors such as accessibility to traditional healing services, a lack of affordable medical treatment, cultural familiarity and a strong belief in the efficacy of traditional healing methods in treating mental problems contribute to their continued use. However, potential challenges arise when an exclusive reliance on traditional methods might hinder access to critical medical interventions. Thus, the need for further documentation and research into these deeply ingrained healing traditions is emphasised. Some research has focused on integrating these traditional approaches with the modern medical system, recognising their combined value in healthcare. This balanced approach holds the potential to bridge the gap between culturally informed traditional practices and contemporary medical treatments.

Determining the use of traditional and complementary health practices by adults during the COVID-19 pandemic

The research was conducted in a descriptive manner to determine the use of traditional and complementary health practices among adult individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sample group of the study consisted of 385 adult individuals aged between 20-65 registered at Mucur Primary Health Care Centers. Data were collected using a "Data Collection Form" prepared by the researchers based on relevant literature review. Number, percentage, and mean were used in the analysis of the data. The mean age of the participants was 42.03±13.51, with 54.3% being female and 45.7% male. 66.0% of the individuals believe in the effectiveness of traditional and complementary health practices in COVID-19 disease, and 40.3% stated that they use traditional and complementary health practices every day during the COVID-19 pandemic. The most commonly used phytotherapy method (herbal treatment) during the COVID-19 pandemic by individuals is vitamin, citrus fruits, and garlic. It was found that individuals mostly practice breathing exercises, movement therapies, and music therapy among body and mind practices. Other complementary health approaches practiced by individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic include reading prayers, performing prayers, and seeking amulet-based therapies. It is recommended that healthcare professionals collect data on traditional and complementary health practices during the COVID-19 pandemic, and provide education and counseling services to the community on this issue.

Perception and Use of Herbal Medicine in General Practice Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study in Saudi Arabia.

In Saudi Arabia, herbal medicine is an essential component of traditional health practices, reflecting a deep cultural appreciation for natural remedies. Despite widespread use, comprehensive data on perceptions and utilization among general practice patients are scarce. This study aims to elucidate the patterns of herbal medicine use, associated beliefs, and communication with healthcare professionals in this context. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using an online questionnaire distributed through social media and professional networks, targeting adult residents of Saudi Arabia. The survey encompassed questions on demographic characteristics, use of herbal medicine, reasons for use, sources of herbal products, perceptions of efficacy and safety, and discussions with healthcare professionals about herbal medicine usage. The survey was completed by 1,184 participants, with 736 (62%) reporting the use of herbal medicines in the past 12 months. Among these users, the age group 30-39 was most represented (328/1,184, 27.8%), while participants over 60 were the least (66/1,184, 5.6%). Herbal medicines were primarily used for general wellness (332/736, 45%) and treatment of specific ailments (221/736, 30%). The majority obtained their herbal medicines from pharmacies (427/736, 58%), and 294 (40% of users) used them as alternatives to prescribed medications. Only 259 (35% of herbal medicine users) had discussed their usage with healthcare professionals. Most users believed in the safety (515/736, 70%) and effectiveness (478/736, 65%) of herbal remedies, with a significant portion (626/736, 85%) advocating for more scientific research. This study reveals a significant engagement with and positive perception of herbal medicine among general practice patients in Saudi Arabia, alongside a notable gap in communication between patients and healthcare providers. The findings highlight the need for integrating discussions on herbal medicine into patient care, encouraging evidence-based, safe use through better-informed healthcare practices.

CROSS-CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON PAIN: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH

Cross-cultural perspectives on pain offer valuable insights into how different societies understand, experience, and manage pain. This comprehensive review of anthropological research explores the diverse cultural beliefs, practices, and experiences related to pain. It highlights the importance of considering cultural context in understanding pain perception and management. Anthropological research has revealed that pain is not solely a physiological phenomenon but is deeply intertwined with cultural beliefs, social norms, and individual experiences. Different cultures may have varying concepts of pain, with some viewing it as a natural part of life, while others see it as a punishment or a test of endurance. These cultural beliefs can influence how pain is expressed, perceived, and treated within a society. The review examines how cultural factors shape pain communication and expression. For example, some cultures may encourage stoicism and discourage the open expression of pain, while others may view pain expression as a way to seek sympathy and support. These cultural norms can impact how individuals seek help for their pain and how they interact with healthcare providers. Furthermore, the review explores cultural variations in pain management strategies. While some cultures may rely heavily on traditional healing practices such as herbal remedies or spiritual rituals, others may prioritize biomedical interventions. Understanding these cultural differences is essential for healthcare providers to provide culturally sensitive care and improve patient outcomes. Overall, this review underscores the importance of taking a holistic and culturally informed approach to pain management. By recognizing and respecting cultural differences in the experience and expression of pain, healthcare providers can deliver more effective and compassionate care to individuals from diverse cultural backgrounds.
 Keywords: Cross-Cultural, Perspective, Pain, Anthropological, Research.

Free Radical Scavenging, Anti-inflammatory and Antibacterial Activity of Acorus calamus Leaves Extract Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus.

Background Herbal medicine, or phytotherapy, has been used for centuries in traditional healing practices to harness the therapeutic properties of different plant-derived elements. Acorus calamus, a perennial herbaceous plant, has significant historical importance in traditional medicine, specifically in Ayurveda, where it is referred to as "Vacha."This study investigates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial characteristics of the A. calamus dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) extract. The objectives of the research are to provide valuable knowledge about the preparation of A. calamus DMSO extract and to explore its potential anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. Materials and methods The A. calamus DMSO extract was derived from leaves, and its antioxidant activity was evaluated through the use of the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay (H2O2 assay), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the Bovine serum albumin (BSA) denaturation assay, egg albumin (EA) denaturation assay, and membrane stabilization assays. The antimicrobial activity was analyzed using the agar well diffusion technique and the time-kill curve assay. Results In DPPH and H2O2 tests, the DMSO extract of A. calamus showed significant antioxidant activity, near that ofstandard ascorbic acid. The FRAP assay demonstrated a correlation between the dose and the activity of reducing ferric ions. The A. calamusDMSO extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory properties in BSA and EA denaturation assays, similar to the standard diclofenac sodium. The anti-inflammatory potential of the A. calamus DMSO extract was further confirmed through the membrane stabilization assay. The DMSO extract of A. calamus exhibited a significant inhibition zone against the pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the antimicrobial evaluation, surpassing the efficacy of the standard antibiotic. The time-kill curve assay validated the antibacterial efficacy, which was dependent on the concentration. Conclusion The A. calamus DMSO extract exhibited promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, supporting its traditional use in alternative medicine. The findings suggest its potential as a natural resource of compounds with bioactive properties for use in pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.

Herbal medicines for treatment of socially significant diseases in current Bulgarian society

Abstract Socially significant diseases are defined as widespread diseases causing great economic, social and demographic damage. Nowadays traditional health practices have gained increasing interest. The aim of this online survey was to establish the knowledge of a random sample of Bulgarian people about traditional medicines in order to find out: 1) the knowledge about the use of medicinal plants for some socially significant diseases; 2) the attitudes of respondents towards the medicinal plants safety; 3) the statement whether the herbs can replace conventional drugs. In present survey the most used medicinal plants reported was Crataegus monogyna Jacq., Zingiber officinale Roscoe, Allium sativum L., Valeriana officinalis L., Sambucus nigra L., Cinnamomum verum J. Presl and Curcuma longa L. Current scientific studies proved appropriate use reports of these plants. One of the reasons for the renewed interest in phytotherapy is the assumption that anything natural is safe, but there are data that herbal chemical constituents could exert toxic effects. The demographic features of our respondents revealed the importance of the level of education for the self-health care. So, more efforts should be focused on the spread of disease prevention information in low educated populations.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of kerokan (Coining) to Relieve Dizziness and Colds in Parungponteng District

This research investigates the effectiveness of coining treatment as a traditional method in relieving cold symptoms in Parungponteng Regency, Tasikmalaya Regency. The research population involved people who had used or had experience with kerokan treatment. Ethnography-based research method with observation, interviews and qualitative data analysis. The research results show that colds are a common health problem in this region, and people tend to choose traditional treatments, such as kerokan, as the main solution. Kerokan treatment is considered effective in relieving cold symptoms, and people have a holistic view of health. Traditional medicine is considered cheap, easily accessible, and preserves cultural traditions. This research highlights the importance of understanding society's holistic view of health and the preservation of traditional healing practices in the context of health care.

Incorporating First Nations, Inuit and Métis Traditional Healing Spaces within a Hospital Context: A Place-Based Study of Three Unique Spaces within Canada's Oldest and Largest Mental Health Hospital.

Globally and historically, Indigenous healthcare is efficacious, being rooted in Traditional Healing (TH) practices derived from cosmology and place-based knowledge and practiced on the land. Across Turtle Island, processes of environmental dispossession and colonial oppression have replaced TH practices with a colonial, hospital-based system found to cause added harm to Indigenous Peoples. Growing Indigenous health inequities are compounded by a mental health crisis, which begs reform of healthcare institutions. The implementation of Indigenous knowledge systems in hospital environments has been validated as a critical source of healing for Indigenous patients and communities, prompting many hospitals in Canada to create Traditional Healing Spaces (THSs). After ten years, however, there has been no evaluation of the effectiveness of THSs in Canadian hospitals in supporting healing among Indigenous Peoples. In this paper, our team describes THSs within the Center for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Canada's oldest and largest mental health hospital. Analyses of 22 interviews with hospital staff and physicians describe CAMH's THSs, including what they look like, how they are used, and by whom. The results emphasize the importance of designating spaces with and for Indigenous patients, and they highlight the wholistic benefits of land-based treatment for both clients and staff alike. Transforming hospital spaces by implementing and valuing Indigenous knowledge sparks curiosity, increases education, affirms the efficacy of traditional healing treatments as a standard of care, and enhances the capacity of leaders to support reconciliation efforts.

Outlining Strategies for Increasing Health Accessibility in Rural Areas of Indonesia

This study examines strategies for increasing health accessibility in rural areas of Indonesia by addressing the multifaceted challenges faced by rural communities. The study looks at the main things that make healthcare hard to get, such as socioeconomic factors, cultural beliefs, geographical limitations, and flaws in the current healthcare delivery systems. It does this using qualitative research methods and secondary data. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature and data sources, the study identifies key barriers to healthcare access and explores opportunities for promoting health equity in rural Indonesia. Findings reveal that poverty, transportation barriers, traditional healing practices, and geographic isolation significantly hinder health accessibility in rural communities. Furthermore, weaknesses within the healthcare system, such as limited resources and fragmentation, exacerbate disparities in access to quality care. However, the study also highlights opportunities for leveraging community engagement, technology, and public-private partnerships to overcome these challenges and enhance healthcare delivery in rural Indonesia. By addressing these barriers and capitalizing on available resources, policymakers can develop tailored strategies to improve health accessibility and promote equitable healthcare outcomes in rural areas. Keywords: community engagement, health accessibility, public-private partnerships, rural areas

Ethno Botanical Survey of Medicinal Plants at Ayurveda Base Hospital North Matale, Sri Lanka-2021

Indigenous medicinal systems contribute to the preservation of the health of nations by using the resources of medicinal plants and numerous medicinal plants have many therapeutic effects and cure diseases. The study aimed to explore the therapeutic potentials of medicinal plants identified and documented indigenous uses of medicinal plants at T.B.Tennakoon Memorial Ayurveda Base Hospital and Study Center, North Matale, Sri Lanka. The study was followed over six months from March 2021 to September. Authorization was granted by the MOIC hospital and during this period the therapeutic effects of medicinal plants were classified among the plants studied. An investigation conducted through direct observation in the field, discussion, and via quessionaire. Collected plant samples and images of plants, herbarium leaves, and botanical plaques, were identified by healers in hospitals and old mounds in the region, and information gathered on medicinal plants was recorded and documented. A total of 130 medicinal plants belonging to 47 families have been identified in the region. Microsoft Excel 2013 version 15.04 was used for data analysis. The most common medicinal plant families are Fabaceae (19%), other more identified medicinal plants are Euphorbiaceae (15%), Rutaceae (10%), and Santalaceae (1%). Some rare medicinal plants have also been reported. According to this study, this area contains rich green floristic diversity, and the plants have grown well in the regional climatic conditions and the natives have used the plants for multiple purposes. Therefore, these medicinal plants are used for various diseases such as Loco-motor disorders, urinary disorders, circulatory disorders, respiratory disorders, nervous disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, skin disorders, gynecological disorders, hormonal disorders, and poisonous bites. These plants, which are used in various diseases and have different therapeutic potentials, are freely harvested in this hospitable region and some plants are also abundant. The conservation of these plant species is essential to improve traditional health practices within the hospital. However, plant breeding and conservation education are used in primary health care, conservation of their diversity, as well as clinical practice, and scientific research. 
 Keywords: Disease, Diversity, Medicinal plant, North Matale, Therapeutic potential 

THE UTILIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS FOR HEALTHCARE PURPOSES BY THE RESIDENTS OF TURMIK VALLEY, GILGIT-BALTISTAN PAKISTAN

People in Turmik valley, which is located in one of the more isolated areas of Gilgit-Baltistan, continue to rely on natural treatments to fulfill their main healthcare requirements. However, the folk wisdom that has been passed down through generations is gradually disappearing as a result of the development of contemporary allopathic medicines. For this reason, it is essential to document the indigenous wisdom for the benefit of children and grandchildren. The purpose of this study is to investigate the use of medicinal plants in the investigation area for the treatment of a variety of illnesses. The research findings revealed the presence of 27 plant species belonging to 17 distinct families in the studied area. Among these, the Asteraceae family was found to be the most prevalent, comprising seven different species. Leaves and flowers emerged as the most frequently utilized plant parts, constituting 40% of the overall usage, and were typically prepared as decoctions (accounting for 24% of preparations). In terms of species dominance, Thymus emerged as the most prominent, followed by Cicer microphyllum Royle, while Sassurea graminifolia was identified as the least dominant species. However, it is important to note that the medicinal plants in the region face a range of threats, including overgrazing, uprooting, unsustainable harvesting practices, and the adverse effects of climate change. These challenges underscore the pressing need for conservation efforts, which should involve both government agencies and local communities, in order to safeguard these crucial medicinal species. The study recommends implementing awareness sessions and training programs, ideally through academic institutions, to raise awareness about the importance of conserving these medicinal plants and to equip individuals with the knowledge and skills needed for sustainable practices. Notably, Thymus, Benth, Hippophae rhamnoides ssp., and Convolvulus arvensis L. were identified as the most commonly used medicinal plants in the region, emphasizing their significance in traditional healing practices.

Social Dimensions of Antimicrobial Resistance and an Anthropological Approach: Analytic Review

Purpose: The objective of this paper is to devise a comprehensive and layered framework to tackle antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It aims to weave together the strands of ethnomedicine, healthcare system analysis, and anthropological perspectives on illness, aligning with universal healthcare principles to encourage community participation and address the societal roots of health inequalities. The framework seeks to address AMR through a lens that views health disparities not merely as medical issues, but as complex phenomena shaped by cultural, social, and structural factors.
 Methodology: The research employs a single-case study design to synthesize and analyse interdisciplinary insights into AMR. This approach facilitates an in-depth understanding of how various elements, such as cultural beliefs, healthcare practices, and community dynamics, interact and influence the spread and management of AMR. By focusing on a single case, the study intends to meticulously document and interpret the nuanced interactions between these factors, providing a detailed narrative that captures the essence of the AMR challenge in a global health context.  The study utilizes 66 varied references, such as journal articles, book excerpts, theses, reports, and websites, sourced from academic venues and the internet, published between 1946 and 2023.
 Findings: Through its investigation, the study presents a healthcare approach that marries the traditional wisdom of ethnomedicine with the precision of biomedicine, underscoring the significance of cultural competence in formulating AMR mitigation strategies. It dissects the intricate relationship between the three primary health sectors—popular, professional, and folk—and disentangles the sociocultural concepts of 'disease' and 'illness' as distinguished by medical anthropologists. The research calls for a reconceptualization of healthcare systems that goes beyond the biomedical model, advocating for an integration of the sociocultural, economic, and political dimensions that influence health and illness manifestations.
 Unique contribution to theory: This study's unique theoretical contribution lies in its interdisciplinary approach to health disparities and AMR. It proposes a model that balances the rigor of scientific research with the insights gleaned from traditional health practices, placing a premium on the dynamics of community involvement and the myriad influences on health. By doing so, it offers a more equitable, sustainable, and contextually relevant paradigm for health practices and policies. This paradigm shift is intended to provide actionable insights for policymakers and health practitioners, enabling them to devise strategies that are not only scientifically sound but also culturally sensitive and broadly applicable. The framework envisages a future where health interventions are tailored to the lived experiences of diverse populations, potentially transforming the landscape of global health and AMR strategy.

A Comprehensive Review of Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Toxicity of Prunus africana (Hook. F.) Kalkman from Africa.

Prunus africana, a widely utilized medicinal plant in various African ethnic communities, continues to hold significant importance in traditional healing practices. Research has identified phytochemical compounds in this plant, exhibiting diverse pharmacological activities that offer potential for pharmaceutical development. Notably, P. africana is employed in treating various ailments such as wounds, diabetes mellitus, malaria, benign prostatic hyperplasia, chest pain, and prostate cancer. Its pharmacological properties are attributed to a spectrum of bioactive compounds, including tannins, saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phytosterols, and fatty acids. Multiple studies have documented the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiandrogenic, antiangiogenic, antioxidant, antidipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity, analgesic, and astringent properties of P. africana extracts. This review offers a comprehensive compilation of ethnomedicinal applications, phytochemical composition, pharmacological effects, and toxicity assessments of P. africana, serving as a foundation for future preclinical and clinical investigations. By understanding its traditional uses and chemical constituents, researchers can target specific medical conditions with greater precision, potentially expediting the development of safe and effective pharmaceuticals. Moreover, toxicity assessments provide crucial insights into the safety profile of P. africana extracts, ensuring the development of safe pharmaceuticals to treat various diseases.