Traditional Authority Research Articles

Navigating the Landscape of Organizational Process Mining Setups

AbstractProcess mining (PM) technology evolves around the analysis, design, implementation, and ongoing improvement of business processes. While it has experienced a lot of attention and significant technological advancements, contributions to the field have mostly revolved around technical matters, neglecting managerial and organizational aspects. Thus, researchers have called for a more holistic view of the application and adoption of PM in enterprises. To address this gap, this paper presents a taxonomy for organizational PM setups. Its applicability and usefulness are shown in three exemplary cases. This study extends the descriptive knowledge at the intersection of PM and business process management governance, highlighting the unique governance requirements associated with PM that cannot be effectively addressed through traditional governance approaches. The taxonomy provides practitioners with orientation when developing an effective PM setup and helps to characterize existing setups.

Emerging trends and key themes in public financial management: A bibliometric analysis from 1977 to 2024

This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of the literature on public financial management (PFM), aiming to identify key trends, influential publications, and emerging themes. Using data from Web of Science and Scopus, the study examines the evolution of PFM research from 1977 to 2024. The findings reveal a significant increase in PFM research output, particularly after 2010, with countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and China contributing the most publications. Central themes such as financial management, transparency, and accountability remain prominent while emerging topics like gender budgeting, health insurance, and blockchain technology reflect shifting priorities in the field. The study employed performance analysis and science mapping techniques to assess the structure and dynamics of PFM research. The analysis highlights key focus areas, including fiscal decentralization and sector-specific management, and identifies gaps in the existing literature, particularly regarding interdisciplinary and international collaboration. The results suggest that while PFM remains rooted in traditional governance and financial control, there is a growing emphasis on modern, innovative solutions to address contemporary challenges. This study’s insights provide a roadmap for future research, emphasizing the importance of transparency, technological integration, and inclusive financial policies. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis contributes to understanding PFM’s evolving landscape, offering scholars and policymakers a clearer perspective on current trends and future directions in the field. Future research should focus on expanding interdisciplinary approaches and exploring the practical impacts of emerging PFM trends across different regions.

Fertility awareness, perceived factors and approaches to improve contraceptive uptake among sexually active adolescent girls in Phalombe, Malawi: a mixed-methods study.

Healthcare practitioners and policymakers in Sub-Saharan Africa face a significant health challenge due to the insufficient fertility awareness and other perceived health outcomes in contraceptive use among adolescent girls. This has resulted in a rise in unplanned pregnancies and other adverse fertility-related health consequences for adolescent girls in Malawi. Consequently, this research examines fertility awareness, perceived factors, and strategies in contraceptive adoption among adolescent girls in Malawi's Phalombe district. The study utilized a mixed-methods approach, with the quantitative component employing structured questionnaires administered in person to collect data from school-going adolescent girls in three traditional authorities in Phalombe district, Malawi. The research employed multivariate logistic regression analysis, and its findings were corroborated with qualitative data obtained through focus group discussions involving adolescent girls in the same environment. The majority of adolescent females were unaware that their fertile period occurs in the middle of their menstrual cycle, indicating a lack of knowledge regarding their reproductive health. The study examined data from 102 sexually active adolescent females in the quantitative component and 72 adolescent girls in the qualitative component. For the quantitative strand, participants' ages ranged from 13 to 19years, with a mean age of 16.5 and a standard deviation of 1.5. In the qualitative portion, the study conducted interviews with adolescent females aged between 10 and 19years, with a median age of 15years. Services that were not tailored to youth needs served as barriers to contraceptive use. Factors that facilitated contraceptive use included a preference for receiving contraceptives from peers, which was associated with a higher probability of usage (AOR: 4.80, 95% CI 1.31-17.32). Moreover, adolescent females who were identified as Catholic (AOR: 14.01, 95% CI 2.50-78.47) or belonged to other Christian denominations (AOR: 5.85, 95% CI 1.20-28.25) exhibited a greater likelihood of using contraceptives compared to their Muslim counterparts. The focus group discussions suggested making contraceptives available in educational institutions, analogous to the distribution of iron supplements. Adolescent girls in the Phalombe district seemingly have low awareness and knowledge of their fertility, which may lead to unintended pregnancies. Adolescent girls are unable to access modern contraceptives, and there is a need for youth-friendly structures when delivering contraceptive services. Additionally, participants indicated that community midwives and health surveillance assistants should provide contraceptives within the communities to reduce distance.

Perceptions of Local and Traditional Government Leaders for Enhancing Community Development

Purpose: There are two key governance forms in Ghana, specifically traditional governance and democratic governance. Accelerating development in the local communities requires effective collaboration and the fusion of the two governances divide to harness the unique capabilities and opportunities embedded within each paradigm. The perceptions hold by local and traditional leaders about each other is fundamental to collaborative efforts. Such perceptions speak to the psychosocial, convictional and behaviour of local leaders. Methodology: This study through a field survey samples the views of two leadership divide about each other in terms of their ability to drive positive change in the community to drive accelerated community development. The study was conducted among three select districts specifically, the Accra Metropolis, Kumasi Metropolis and the Tamale Metropolis using key informant interviews, and focus group discussions to gather the data. The data was analysed using thematic analysis. Findings: The findings of the study indicated that there are shared perceptions of strengths of both systems of governance for developing local communities. The traditional leaders are seen to be strong on cultural legitimacy, moral authority, communication competence, and historical knowledge, all of which helps in social mobilization within the local communities. The local government leaders were found to exercise strength in the areas of access to money and resources, legal authority, and enforcement authority. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: We conclude that there are opportunities to harness each of these strengths such that a successful fusion of local and traditional systems of government will lead transformative leadership for sustainable local development.

Clash of Titans: Exploring the Contested Issues between Chiefs and Local Government Authorities in New Juaben, Ghana

Though post-colonial governments vowed to ban chiefs, they reconstructed governance systems to accommodate traditional governance structures due to the primacy of the institution. Chiefs and local government authorities have instrumental roles to play in community development. However, the relationship between them is characterised by tensions and conflicts. The hostilities between the two stakeholders and by extension officials of modern government are due to the role chiefs played in the indirect rule system. Chiefs prior to independence were labelled as collaborators of the imperial regime and obstacles to independence. In Ghana, agitations from the educated elites about allegations of corruption against Native Authorities characterised the pre-independence era. Chiefs have been debarred from local governance, creating a tempestuous relationship between the two stakeholders at the grassroots. However, the contested issues have not been given the needed attention. The article examined the contested issues between chiefs and local government authorities in New Juaben, Ghana. The study involved 25 participants selected through simple random and purposive sampling techniques. The contested issues between the two actors were over power and economic resources. Economically, chiefs contested for portions of the District Assembly Common Fund and land ownership. The desire for consultation in the nomination of government appointees, and election of MMDCEs were the politically contested issues. The article recommends the institutional representation of chiefs in the Assembly and the allocation of funds to chiefs to curtail the conflict between the two actors of community development.

Intelligent Data Governance Frameworks : A Technical Overview

This comprehensive article explores the transformative potential of AI-driven data governance frameworks in addressing modern data management challenges. The article examines the limitations of traditional governance methods in the face of exponential data growth, regulatory complexities, and diverse data sources. It delves into the architecture, core components, and benefits of intelligent governance systems that leverage advanced AI technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and reinforcement learning. The article highlights significant improvements in operational efficiency, compliance accuracy, and data quality achieved through AI-driven solutions. Furthermore, it investigates future directions, including the integration of explainable AI, federated learning, and blockchain technology, while acknowledging the challenges that need to be addressed for widespread adoption.

The closed fishing season policy in Ghana: Lessons from the coastal fisherfolk

Although the socio-economic significance of fishing is globally recognized, the protection of fish stock has not been adequately attended to in fisheries management, leading to fishing practices that threaten the sustainability of fish stock. This study examined the Closed Fishing Season (CFS) policy adopted in Ghana to reduce the excessive pressure on fish stock to ensure the sustainability of fishing-related livelihoods. Data were collected through interviews and focus group discussions with 80 participants, comprising coastal fisherfolk as critical stakeholders, traditional authorities, technocrats, and an academic in fisheries. The data were analysed thematically. The findings revealed that whereas the academic and technocrats had a scientific justification for the policy, the fisherfolk took a cultural view of it without necessarily discounting the scientific rationale. Compliance with the policy was high but there were isolated cases of violations occasioned principally by livelihood pressures. The fisherfolk perceived the livelihood support packages provided by the government to be inadequate, unfairly distributed, and untimely delivered. Also, they perceived their participation in decision-making to be low. Based on the fact that their expectation of a bumper catch immediately after the CFS was not met, the fisherfolk described the effectiveness of the policy to be weak. Although the fisherfolk were not opposed to the policy in principle, they maintained that it was more important to address issues of corruption in the distribution of premix fuel, plastic waste, trans-shipment, proliferation of fishing vessels, use of chemicals and light for fishing, and other illegal, unregulated, and unreported (IUU) fishing practices. Adopting the co-management approach in addressing issues of alternative livelihoods, IUUs, and misconceptions, coupled with a strategic integration of scientific and indigenous knowledge in the design and implementation of the policy would enhance its effectiveness.

Local goal-based governance: a novel approach to environmental sustainability in China?

Abstract The recent emergence of goal-based governance at global scale may be considered as a new approach to enhance environmental sustainability at local level. This article examines how local goal-based governance actually unfolds with a focus on its fundamental features and effectiveness. We build a conceptual framework for local goal-based governance which consists of three key elements: nature of problem, setting the goals, and achieving the goals. It provides a set of theoretical propositions: 1) the problems with two defining features are more amendable to goal-setting strategies, 2) setting a specified, practical, and learning-focused goal structure as the key premise, 3) goal attainment is built around a campaign-mode experimentation to try and find out locally appropriate approaches, a double-layered engagement between civil society and statutory institutions, and a system to track the goals through quantitative and qualitative measures. Based on semi-structured interviews and documents analysis, we adopt a case study of Chinese local waste management to test the theory and explain the unique process of local goal-based governance. This article also discusses how local goal-based governance differs from the traditional rule-based governance and further explores how these two governance strategies interact with each other to realize local changes. We highlight two complementary effects: enabling and compensating. Local goal-based governance has unique strengths to compensate for the weakness of rule-based system in promoting civic engagement; and meanwhile rule-based governance creates favorable social conditions within which local goal-based governance is initiated and developed. The inherent limitations of local goal-based governance are also discussed.

A Systematic Review of Alternative Service Delivery in Africa for Taming Wicked Risks

This research considers the role that alternative service delivery can play in addressing wicked problems. The aim of this research is, firstly, to determine which evidence and knowledge are available on alternative service delivery arrangements relevant to African countries to inform decisions about addressing wicked problems on the continent. Second, this research determines suitable mechanisms for an alternative service delivery model for mitigating wicked risks in Africa. This research is based on a systematic literature review. This systematic literature review reveals that most work on alternative service delivery has been done in developed countries, with developing African countries being left behind in research on alternative service delivery. Furthermore, most of the alternative service delivery efforts have not focused on addressing wicked problems. A large number of articles on alternative service delivery models show that alternative delivery is not a preferred approach in Africa. This research recommends an alternative service delivery model that is based on digital governance, service delivery innovation and partnerships. Robust governance responses are needed to mitigate these wicked risks, and alternative service delivery presents robust features to mitigate these risks given that it is more flexible, agile, adaptable, and decentralized in nature than simply relying on traditional government responses. Lastly, risk-informed decision-making should be placed at the center of the reform agenda for a smart and sustainable society.

Merenden Tedong di Mamasa: Integrasi Pendekatan Struktural dan Kultural dalam Memitigasi Konflik Sosial Keagamaan

The Mamasa community has the Merenden Tedong tradition which is rooted in customary law as an effective conflict resolution model in resolving social problems. This tradition is deeply rooted and has become a unique cultural icon in overcoming social challenges and conflicts in society. The integration of this traditional approach with a formal approach from the government has strengthened the mechanism for mitigating socio-religious conflict in social life. This article aims to describe the integration between two conflict resolution models, namely the cultural approach through customary law and the structural approach through government policy, as an effort to mitigate socio-religious conflict in Mamasa. This research used a phenomenological analysis approach involving in-depth interviews. Informants consisted of traditional leaders, community leaders, government officials and community members to gain a comprehensive understanding of the Merenden Tedong tradition as a model for conflict resolution. This research found that the integration of cultural and structural approaches in the Merenden Tedong tradition contributed significantly to mitigating social and religious conflict. Collaboration between traditional institutions and the government strengthened the role of customary law in conflict prevention, proving that an integrative approach is more effective than a unilateral model. Further research is recommended to explore the role of the younger generation in maintaining the identity of Pitu Ulunna Salu as a conflict mitigation strategy. Keywords: Merenden Tedong, Conflict Resolution, Integrative Approach, Mamasa

Empowering marginalised communities: Leveraging indigenous knowledge for sustainable energy development in South Africa

AbstractAmidst South Africa's volatile energy landscape—characterised by political turbulence, economic instability and Eskom's chronic financial and operational challenges—the imperative for transformative reform is both urgent and indispensable. Municipalities are confronted with deteriorating infrastructure, recurrent power disruptions and widespread electricity theft, which collectively exacerbate the national energy crisis. This paper investigates the integration of indigenous knowledge systems within the country's energy sector as a strategic response to these persistent challenges, promoting the empowerment of marginalised communities and advancing environmental sustainability. Anchored in the theoretical frameworks of environmental justice and indigenous rights, the paper advocates for Afrocentric paradigms such as traditional resource governance and community‐driven energy solutions. Employing thematic analysis of secondary data, it evaluates the viability and prospective benefits of this paradigm shift. The paper posits that the inclusion of indigenous knowledge in energy practices not only presents tangible solutions to the energy crisis but also cultivates socio‐economic empowerment and reinforces environmental stewardship.

The Role of Traditional Leaders in Local Governance: A Case Study of Jambi Province, Indonesia

Indonesia's decentralized governance system provides space for the integration of traditional leadership into local administration. This study examines the role of traditional leaders in local governance within Jambi Province, Indonesia, investigating their interactions with the formal public administration system, influence on policy implementation, and contribution to community development. This qualitative study employed a case study approach focusing on three districts in Jambi Province with varying degrees of adherence to traditional customs. Data collection involved semi-structured interviews with traditional leaders, government officials, and community members. Archival research, including local regulations and policy documents, supplemented the primary data. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes and patterns. Traditional leaders in Jambi continue to hold significant influence in local communities, particularly in rural areas. Their roles encompass conflict resolution, cultural preservation, and advocacy for community interests. While their authority is not formally recognized within the modern administrative structure, they play a crucial role in mediating between communities and the government. The study found varying degrees of collaboration and tension between traditional leaders and government officials, depending on factors such as the leaders' individual personalities, the prevailing cultural norms of the community, and the specific policy area in question. The findings highlight the complexities of integrating traditional leadership into modern governance systems. While traditional leaders can contribute valuable local knowledge and legitimacy, their involvement can also pose challenges to bureaucratic procedures and accountability mechanisms. The study underscores the importance of recognizing and accommodating traditional authority while ensuring transparency and adherence to democratic principles.

Redefining expertise: how proponents and opponents of alternative therapies evaluate expertise

ABSTRACT Traditionally, scientific education is considered a main guarantee for expertise. However, new self-taught therapy providers increasingly seek expert status in health and well-being. These ‘field experts’ sometimes challenge the authority of scientific experts, arousing public debates on expertise and expert qualifications. This expansion of expertise, a popular topic in science and technology studies in the last decades, is driven partly by changes in the media environment and increasing consumer interest. Current research on citizen engagement in science often presumes citizens hold a stakeholder position or (aim to) participate in knowledge production. However, ways of participation in expertise and science are constantly changing, partly due to the evolving media landscape enabling new forms of participation. Online debate around alternative therapies by a well-known Finnish health influencer, Maria Nordin, show that citizens and consumers set competing criteria for health and well-being experts and use online discussions to negotiate these criteria. Proponents of alternative therapies highlight consumers’ responsibility for their health in the freedom of choice frame and describe traditional epistemic authorities as corrupt in the distrust frame. Opponents of alternative therapies promote science-based expertise in explaining and treating symptoms in the biomedical frame and criticize alternative experts for misleading consumers in the hoax frame. Citizens and consumers are increasingly involved in contesting and legitimizing experts and negotiating criteria for expertise and, thus, participating in the expansion of expertise.

Research on the Functions and Obstacles of Rural Social Organizations in Rural Governance from the Perspective of Structural Functionalism

Since the reform and opening up, with the transformation of the national governance model, my country's rural social structure has undergone earth-shaking changes. The multi-center governance subject structure has gradually replaced the traditional single governance subject structure and has become the main model for the management of rural social public affairs in my country. As an important subject in governance activities, rural social organizations play a key role in promoting farmers' collective actions and nurturing grassroots democracy. As an important part of the rural social structure, rural social organizations not only have their structure and functions rooted in the transformation of the social structure, but their changes and development also play an important role in the transformation of the social structure. From the perspective of structural functionalism, analyzing the role and function of rural social organizations in the rural social structure has positive theoretical value and practical significance for achieving the effective fit of the structure and function of rural social organizations and building a benign management order in rural society under the background of the rural revitalization strategy.

Impact of low back pain and care-seeking behavior in an Indigenous community in Suriname: a qualitative approach.

Low back pain is a significant global public health issue affecting over half a billion people and contributing to disability worldwide. The impact of disability related to low back pain is growing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. In contrast with previous research, current evidence shows Indigenous Peoples also experience low back pain's disabling effects. A clinical ethnographic can contribute by attempting to understand the data through the perspective of Indigenous Peoples. A clinical ethnographic study was conducted in Galibi, a Kalinya rural Indigenous village in Suriname, with support of the local traditional authority. The main objective was to explore the impact of low back pain and care-seeking behavior from the perspective of Indigenous Peoples with low back pain. The findings were that low back pain had a significant physical and emotional impact. Despite aggravating their low back pain, participants continued many of their activities of daily life since these were essential for their (economic) survival. Furthermore, participants expressed anxiousness, financial worries, and concerns about the cause and future of their low back pain. To address their low back pain, the Kalinya Indigenous Peoples used both western and traditional care. Visits to western healthcare practitioners were limited due to logistical challenges and travel costs, and the experience was often negative. The study highlights the experiences of Kalinya Indigenous Peoples dealing with low back pain. Low back pain is a burden within Indigenous Peoples of Galibi but accepted as an integral part of their life. When in pain, Indigenous Peoples face many barriers to access western health care and visits to healthcare practitioners were often unhelpful. This contributed to a long-lasting negative impact on the Indigenous people with low back pain. Further research is needed to develop strategies that improve health outcomes related to low back pain while reducing its associated disability in Indigenous Peoples.

Opportunities for the use of artificial intelligence in supply chain management

Aim. To evaluate the potential of generative artificial intelligence technology in the context of supply chain management.Objectives. To analyze how artificial intelligence is changing traditional management practices and structures in supply chain management; to identify fundamental shifts brought about by AI, including automation, data-driven decision making, and human empowerment; to examine current statistics on the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in management processes and conclude the potential, promise of this technology in the logistics industry; to provide strategic insight and practicalMethods. The research combines qualitative and quantitative methods to provide a deeper understanding of the problems considered. Based on these methods, an array of relevant statistical data and expert opinions in the field of generative artificial intelligence has been studied.Results. In today’s business environment, supply chains face a number of challenges: globalization, market volatility, changing customer expectations, and force majeure (natural disasters, pandemics, or wars). To meet these challenges and strengthen their market position, companies are increasingly turning to new technologies and innovations. These technologies have the potential to revolutionize the approach to supply chain management, increasing transparency, efficiency and responsiveness. All emerging technologies, from artificial intelligence and blockchain to the Internet of Things (IoT) and robotics, potentially offer opportunities to streamline operations, improve decision-making, and enhance supply chain collaboration.Conclusions. In this article, the authors have shown how artificial intelligence is changing traditional governance structures in supply chain management. Current statistical data on the effectiveness of artificial intelligence in management processes are analyzed, and a conclusion is made about the potential and prospects of this technology in the logistics sphere. Strategic understanding is formed and practical recommendations for organizations seeking to implement new tools of generative artificial intelligence are given.

The Historiography of Forests use Types and Implication for Forest Conservation in the Montane Forests of Ngongbaa, Kilum, Kovifem and Kovkinkar

This study explores the timeline history of forest use types and beneficial relationship of forest, forest communities and conservation in the montane forests of Ngongbaa, Kilum, Kovifem and Kovkinkar from the mid-1970s to 2015. Data and/or information collected for this study comprise literary, questionnaire, interview, focused group discussions and observations. Data for the study was secured from person directly resident adjacent forest in 29 villages. The study shows that apart from being asource of food and medicine, forest first served as settlement and refuge sites for the Nso, Mbiame and Oku people. Today, forest serves as cemetery for the fons (kings), and host shrines which have become conservation hot spots and nurseries for engendered plants and animal species, where the Nso, Mbiame and Oku also performed sacrifices. These conservation hot spots help to sustain the forest in montane ecosystems where pressure on land and forest is high and on the rise. Due to population pressure and limited grazing the grassland compartments in the above forests have been transformed into grazing ground. The long period of intercourse between the Nso, Mbiame, Oku people and their forest enabled them to accumulate rich and useful knowledge of the forest and established customary (non- statutory or quasi-statutory) regulatory frameworks for effective management of forest resources to improve their livelihood and culture. Due to the depletion of forest and the adoption of stricter conservation policies, some forest activities particularly carving and hunting have decreased in intensity while some like Ngwa’a (royal hunt) has simply phased out due to the extinction of animal species which were hunted. The paper recommends that traditional systems of managing forest be reinforced to enhance the conservation of resources in sacred groves that are nurseries for threatened and extinct species in degraded ecosystems. The state should recognise and integrate non-statutory forestry policy frameworks established in the Nso, Mbiame and Oku into the national forestry policy as village-based institutions for the management of land and forest in forest communities. The government should also empower traditional authorities (Fon,Nwerong and Lanlords (ataangven) and support reforestation and forest restoration programmes formulated by them. This is because laws put in place by these institutions are respected in the most part by their subjects without being forced to do so, unlike in the Ngongbaa and Kilum forests managed by the state, where forestry laws are permanently violated by local people who consider forestry authorities as state agents who are depriving them of their right of tenure and usufruct. This would likely help to maintain biodiversity and knowledge attached to it, which is gradually disappearing due to forest depletion.

Mediation of Boundary Conflict between the Dani Tribe and the Mee Tribe in Nabire Regency

This study discusses the implementation of mediation in handling territorial boundary conflicts between the Mee and Danoi tribes in Nabire Regency. Territorial boundary conflicts in Nabire have become a serious concern, leading to horizontal and social conflicts. Mediation is one of the best alternatives for conflict resolution. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the dynamics of the conflict and the mediation efforts carried out by the government and other stakeholders. The research method used is descriptive qualitative, with data collection from literature, the internet, and applicable legislation. The findings of this study indicate that this conflict is a social conflict affecting regional stability. However, the role of the government as a mediator is crucial in resolving land disputes. The mediator functions as a neutral party with experience, capability, and integrity in problem-solving. It is recommended that territorial boundaries be recognized as triggers for horizontal conflicts between communities. Therefore, it is suggested that local and regional governments coordinate to form a working team to issue a Regent or Regional Regulation on Village Boundary Determination in cooperation with local village and traditional authorities.

Amir Temur's State and It’s Department

This study explores the governance system and administrative reforms implemented by Amir Timur, drawing from historical texts that highlight his consolidation of power and state-building efforts. Initially adopting Mongol administrative structures, Timur gradually reformed these systems to create a highly centralised state apparatus. Amir Timur’s state-building initiatives merged traditional Central Asian governance models with the Mongol administrative legacy. Initially adopting the Mongol structure, Timur later implemented extensive reforms to centralise authority and strengthen his empire. He established a complex administrative system divided into seven ministries, each responsible for functions such as taxation, trade, and justice. Timur's governance was deeply influenced by Islamic principles, emphasising sharia law and council deliberations to ensure stability. The "suyurgol" system allowed Timur to distribute land holdings among his descendants while retaining centralized control over key resources and military power. Through a blend of military conquests and diplomatic alliances, Timur expanded his empire, integrating vast territories and securing vital trade routes along the Silk Road, contributing to a unified and prosperous state.

Traditional clans and environmental governance: Evidence from China

This study combines genealogical data before 1990 and corporate pollution data in 2007 to empirically examine the impact of clan density on environmental governance. Our findings suggest that regions with strong clan power tend to suppress companies’ pollution. The use of historical wars as an instrumental variable strengthens our results. Preliminary analyses suggest that clans engage in environmental governance through organizational coordination and cultural education. Moreover, our study indicates that clans’ environmental governance effect can complement formal power in regions where it is lacking. Overall, as an informal organization, clans have a profound and important impact on environmental governance.