Traditional Gender Norms Research Articles

Beyond the Binary: Exploring the Lived Experiences of Gender Dysphoric Adolescents in Indonesia

Introduction: Gender dysphoria among adolescents is increasingly recognized globally, yet research on the lived experiences of transgender youth in Indonesia remains limited. This study aimed to explore the unique challenges, coping mechanisms, and support needs of Indonesian adolescents navigating gender dysphoria within a sociocultural context characterized by traditional gender norms and limited access to specialized healthcare. Methods: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 adolescents (aged 13-19) who identified as experiencing gender dysphoria. Participants were recruited through LGBTQ+ youth organizations and community centers in Jakarta and Surabaya. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify key themes and patterns within their narratives. Results: Four major themes emerged: (1) Early Recognition and Internal Conflict: Participants described an early awareness of their gender identity incongruence, often accompanied by feelings of confusion, shame, and fear due to societal expectations and potential rejection. (2) Navigating Disclosure and Social Support: Coming out to family and peers was a significant challenge, with varied responses ranging from acceptance to rejection. Support networks, primarily found within online communities and LGBTQ+ organizations, played a crucial role in fostering resilience. (3) Barriers to Accessing Healthcare: Participants reported significant obstacles in accessing gender-affirming care, including limited availability of specialized healthcare providers, financial constraints, and lack of family support. (4) Resilience and Hope for the Future: Despite the challenges, participants expressed resilience, hope, and a strong desire to live authentically. They emphasized the importance of self-acceptance, peer support, and advocacy for greater understanding and acceptance of gender diversity in Indonesia. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the experiences of gender dysphoric adolescents in Indonesia. Findings highlight the urgent need for increased awareness, improved access to gender-affirming care, and supportive interventions to promote the well-being of this vulnerable population.

FEMINISM IN SUZANNE COLLINS’ NOVEL THE HUNGER GAMES

This study explores the feminist themes embedded within Suzanne Collins' The Hunger Games, focusing on the character of Katniss Everdeen as a symbol of resistance and empowerment. The research aims to analyze the different types of feminism manifested in the novel, examining how Collins challenges traditional gender roles and societal expectations through her protagonist. The study applies sociology of literature approach, which considers the social context and implications of literary works, and utilizes feminist theories, including liberal and radical feminism, to interpret Katniss’s journey. The findings suggest that Katniss embodies both liberal and radical feminist ideals, using her defiance of oppressive authority to fight for personal freedom and gender equality. Katniss’s actions, from assuming the role of family provider to resisting the Capitol’s control, exemplify the themes of self-determination, independence, and the rejection of traditional gender norms. The portrayal of Katniss as a resourceful and brave figure, often adopting traits typically associated with masculinity, reveals the novel's critique of gender stereotypes and its call for a more inclusive understanding of strength and leadership. Ultimately, The Hunger Games serves as a powerful narrative for discussing feminism, challenging the boundaries of gender roles, and highlighting the potential for individual actions to spark social change.

The power of women in the success of business family: A case study of Kosovo, Albania and North Macedonia

The main objective of this research is to emphasize the significant role women hold in leading family businesses in transitional countries such as Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Albania. It aims to demonstrate how women’s leadership can positively influence business performance, economic advancement and social development in these regions where traditional gender norms are shifting. Additionally, this study explores how empowering women in leadership roles can foster innovation, strengthen resilience, and ensure long-term sustainability for family-owned businesses ultimately contributing to the broader economic progress of these transitioning economies. This research aims to analyze family support, cultural factors and the influence of education on the advancement of women in leadership positions with a particular focus on family businesses. In this empirical research, 490 women from the countries above were included and the sample was randomly selected due to a lack of formal data. The results of the analyses were presented through descriptive analysis, Pearson correlation, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) and T-test. The results indicate that family support has already a significant impacted advancement. Similarly, cultural factors have a positive influence. These factors have changed and are no longer obstacles to women's advancement as in the past, although in some rural countries this is still seen as an obstacle. Another important factor is education where women prioritize before taking leadership positions and continue with various training even after taking positions to be fully prepared to achieve their business objectives.

A multimodal understanding of the role of sound and music in gendered toy marketing.

Literature in music theory and psychology shows that, even in isolation, musical sounds can reliably encode gender-loaded messages. Musical material can be imbued with many ideological dimensions and gender is just one of them. Nonetheless, studies of the gendering of music within multimodal communicative events are sparse and lack an encompassing theoretical framework. The present study attempts to address this literature gap by employing a critical quantitative analysis of music in gendered toy marketing, which integrated a content analytical approach with multimodal affective and music-focused perceptual responses. Ratings were collected on a set of 606 commercials spanning a ten-year time frame and strong gender polarization was observed in nearly all of the collected variables. Gendered music styles in toy commercials exhibit synergistic design choices, as music in masculine-targeted adverts was substantially more abrasive-louder, more inharmonious, and more distorted-than in feminine-targeted ones. Thus, toy advertising music appeared deliberately and consistently in line with traditional gender norms. In addition, music perceptual scales and voice-related content analytical variables explain quite well the heavily polarized affective ratings. This study presents a empirical understanding of the gendering of music as constructed within multimodal discourse, reiterating the importance of the sociocultural underpinnings of music cognition. We provided a public repository with all code and data necessary to reproduce the results of this study on github.com/marinelliluca/music-role-gender-marketing.

A Thematic Exploration of Gender Inequality in the Gujjar Community of Kotranka Tehsil, Rajouri District

The study looks into the gender disparities that exist among the Gujjar clan in Kotranka Tehsil, Rajouri District in Jammu and Kashmir. It investigates the socio-cultural and economic constraints that women confront in their communities, examining how traditional norms influence their autonomy, involvement, and access to resources. Data from 35 respondents were acquired using a descriptive study method, with structured interviews and questionnaires. The research indicates considerable limitations on women's daily lives, particularly in decision-making, mobility, and educational prospects. The findings show that male dominance prevails in financial and family decisions, but social conventions continue to limit women's roles. While some respondents acknowledge a shift toward more gender-equitable practices, traditional gender norms are nonetheless deeply established, restricting women's potential and increasing dependency. Despite government efforts and changing societal perceptions, Gujjar women in Kotranka Tehsil continue to encounter obstacles as a result of established socio-cultural expectations. The study emphasizes the crucial need for comprehensive policies and community-based programs to achieve gender equality and empower women in the Gujjar tribe.

INEQUALITY EXPERIENCED BY WOMEN AS REFLECTED IN LOUISA MAY ALCOTT’S 'LITTLE WOMEN'

This study explores women's roles and societal expectations in the 19th century, mainly as portrayed in Little Women by Louisa May Alcott. The analysis focuses on three main areas: family, education, and societal roles. In family life, women were largely confined to domestic roles, with ideals such as ‘the angel in the house’, which glorified self-sacrificial wives and mothers. Jo March, the main character in the novel, however, challenges this norm by assuming the responsibilities of the ‘man of the family’ in her father’s absence. In education, women’s access was limited, reflecting broader inequalities. Mrs. March, or Marmee, becomes a pivotal moral teacher to her daughters, instilling values that transcend material wealth. Despite societal constraints, Jo and her sisters navigate personal and financial challenges, with Jo ultimately breaking traditional gender norms by pursuing a career as a writer. This study further reveals how women’s opportunities were shaped by class and how marriage was often seen as the only path to social mobility. Overall, this paper highlights how Little Women reflects the limitations and opportunities for women in the 19th century, challenging prevailing gender stereotypes through its portrayal of women’s independence, ambition, and resilience.

Reimagining motherhood:Media narratives and gender dynamics in contemporary Kenyan magazines

This study investigates the portrayal of motherhood in contemporary Kenyan media, focusing on how women's conventional roles within the family are depicted. Through critical discourse analysis (CDA), the research examines narratives from The Parents Magazine and True Love East Africa magazines, revealing how motherhood is framed as a natural and preferred life choice for women. The analysis uncovers the emotional and challenging aspects of motherhood, societal expectations, and the reinforcement of traditional gender norms. The study also highlights the evolving concept of millennial motherhood in Kenya, emphasising how modern Kenyan women navigate career and family challenges while defying traditional roles. Additionally, the study explores the construction of the ideal and authentic woman through media representations, challenging patriarchal structures and redefining gender roles, illustrating a shift towards a more liberated and self-sufficient model of motherhood. The findings underscore the complex power dynamics and persistent traditional norms that shape women's identities and social roles in contemporary Kenyan society.

The impact of education and training on promoting gender equality while simultaneously contributing to sustainable peacebuilding

The interplay between education, training, and gender equality is crucial in the context of peacebuilding. This paper investigates how educational initiatives can foster gender equality while simultaneously contributing to sustainable peace in conflict-affected societies. By examining the transformative role of education, This research investigate the potential to empower women and girls, challenge traditional gender norms, and facilitate social cohesion. Giving access to quality of education enables women to gain essential skills and knowledge, which are vital for their participation in peacebuilding processes. Educational programs that incorporate gender sensitive curricula not only promote awareness of gender issues but also encourage critical thinking and dialogue about conflict resolution and civic engagement. Such programs can help dismantle harmful stereotypes and foster a culture of respect and collaboration between genders. vocational training initiatives aimed at women can enhance their economic independence, which is crucial for their active involvement in peace processes. Empowered women can act as catalysts for change, advocating for their rights and contributing to community resilience. Some case studies from various regions illustrate how education and training have been instrumental in mobilizing women as leaders in peacebuilding efforts. This research discusses the importance of involving men and boys in educational programs that promote gender equality. By engaging all genders in discussions about peace and equality, communities can work towards a more inclusive approach to conflict resolution. The findings indicate that education serves as a critical foundation for building a peaceful society where gender equality is prioritized. The integrating education and training focused on gender equality into peacebuilding strategies can lead to more sustainable outcomes. Investing in the education of both women and men is essential for creating a culture of peace, reducing violence, and fostering inclusive governance. Ultimately, this approach not only benefits individuals but also strengthens communities and contributes to broader societal stability.

The impact of parenthood on well-being: a qualitative study of mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions across European countries

Abstract Background Parenthood significantly impacts the well-being of mothers and fathers. Yet, their experiences may differ according to societal roles and expectations. Parenthood can bring joy and fulfillment, but also emotional strain, particularly for mothers. Fathers’ involvement in caregiving has been recognized as crucial for family well-being, but studies on its health impact remain scarce. This study analyzed mothers’ and fathers’ perceptions of how parenthood affected their personal and professional well-being. Methods We conducted 30 semi-structured interviews with Portuguese mothers and fathers living in Portugal, Sweden, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, the UK, Spain, and Italy. Thematic content analysis was performed to analyze the interviews. Results After becoming parents, male interviewees reported career benefits such as higher pay and career growth due to increased workload, while female interviewees reported greater family overload that spilled over into their professional lives. In Portugal, women faced work-life conflict as they felt more competent than their male partners in providing care and maintained their full-time paid work. In countries like Germany and Spain, women assumed the role of main caregivers but reduced their work commitments, either by working fewer hours or leaving the workforce. Self-reported health declined for both after parenthood, but differently. Some fathers engaged in less healthy behaviors, resulting in weight gain. In contrast, mothers, particularly in Portugal, were more prone to express emotions such as guilt, pressure, and anxiety due to role conflicts as workers, mothers, and wives. Conclusions Traditional gender norms still shape parental roles in work and family life, differently affecting women’s and men’s well-being. To address gender inequalities in parenthood, equal access to supportive measures such as shared parental leave is needed, as well as flexible working arrangements and childcare services.

Research on the Impact of Gender Role Perceptions on Women's Educational Opportunities in Urban and Rural China

This study explores the impact of gender role perceptions on womens educational opportunities in urban and rural China, focusing on how socio-cultural, familial, societal, and personal factors contribute to educational disparities. Through a comprehensive review of existing research, the study tests three hypotheses: (H1) perceptions of gender roles in urban areas correlate with higher educational attainment among women compared to rural areas; (H2) exposure to progressive media positively influences educational ambitions across both urban and rural contexts; and (H3) increased access to technology narrows the gender gap in education between urban and rural women. The findings underscore the persistence of traditional gender norms in rural areas, which hinder womens educational progress, while urban areas benefit from more progressive views that support higher educational attainment. The study also highlights the significant role of media and technology in challenging traditional gender norms and promoting educational equality. By addressing these factors, policymakers and educators can develop targeted strategies to reduce educational disparities and foster gender equality in both urban and rural China.

Research on the Character Traits of Female Protagonists in Games: An Example from the Otome Games

Abstract: With the development of the game industry, the role of gender in game design has increasingly come to the fore, with particular attention being paid to the way female players are represented in games. In the domain of gaming, the otome genre, which is characterized by its distinct narrative and characterization, has garnered a significant female player base. However, for a considerable period of time, the portrayal of female characters in games has frequently been influenced by traditional gender concepts, thus resulting in the emergence of certain stereotypes and inequalities. As such, the examination of the character traits of female protagonists in otome games not only facilitates a more profound comprehension of the influence of game culture on gender perceptions, but provides insights and inspiration for the creation of games with more egalitarian and diverse gender images. In this paper, the characteristics of female protagonists in otome games developed by some Japanese game developers are analyzed, and their impact on gender equality is explored. By comparing the characteristics of the female characters across different types of games, the paper elucidates that, despite their frequent portrayal as independent, strong, and assertive, these characters are still shaped by traditional gender norms to varying degrees. Accordingly, the analysis presents recommendations for advancing more egalitarian and diverse gender images within the gaming industry.

Online Discourse and Gender Roles in Parenting: Evidence From Mothering.com Forums

This research investigates the reinforcement and challenge of traditional gender roles in contemporary parenting by analyzing discussion threads from the online forum Mothering.com. Drawing from West and Zimmerman's theory of “doing gender” and Connell and Messerschmidt's gender theory, the study explores how users navigate gender norms in their discussions on parenting. The analysis uncovers a nuanced relationship between adhering to and resisting conventional gender roles. While many participants uphold traditional expectations of mothers as primary caregivers and fathers as breadwinners, there is also notable advocacy for more equitable parenting practices. The results underscore both the persistence of traditional gender norms and a growing movement toward gender equality in family dynamics. This research contributes to understanding about the impact of digital platforms on discussions of gender roles in parenting while offering useful considerations for the changing perceptions about motherhood and fatherhood within the digital age.

Reassessing Early Childhood Literature for Quality Education and Gender Equality in the Context Of SDGs

Objective: The objective is to study the gender stereotypes learnt knowingly or unknowingly by children through nursery rhymes and to highlight the problematic areas to revamp for providing quality education which focuses on a more gender equal society considering the Sustainable Development Goals. Theoratical Framework: We engage in the theory of social construction by Butler and the developmental theory of Vygotsky to propose that if the literature taught in childhood is rich and diverse the chances of developing gender sterotypes by individuals reduces to a great extent. Method: The focus of the study is the nursery rhymes taught at pre-schools and primary schools. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaire with teachers at various schools in Ahmedabad (a city in the state of Gujarat, India). The method of critical discourse analysis is used to analyse the rhymes and bring forth the implicit gender hegemony. Results & Discussion: The analysis underscores the subtle yet potent role of language, especially nursery rhymes, in reinforcing traditional gender norms and expectations, thus influencing children's understanding of appropriate behaviours based on gender. The study highlights gender stereotypes, particularly about the interaction of one gender with the other, focusing on the depiction of dependency and power dynamics in relationships. It depicts women as dependent and men as dominant reflecting societal gender inequalities. Research implications: This study calls for a reassessment of nursery rhymes to promote diversity and positive values through quality education, urging educators to update content to align with modern views on gender equality. Originality/ Value: There has not been sufficient research done on nursery rhymes taught in schools with the aim of reducing/removing gender stereotypes aiming for quality education with the goal of achieving a gender fair society in the context of Sustainable Development Goals.

Constraints on Female Labor Force Participation in Qatar: Understanding the Effects of Marriage, Family, and Traditional Values

Abstract This paper examines constraints to female labor force participation in Qatar, a country where state revenue from natural resource rents means any citizen can secure a public sector job should they seek employment. Using data from an original survey and focus groups, we find that although Qataris are generally in support of female labor force participation – both in principle and for their own relatives – concerns remain about the impact of women working for marriage, family, and traditional values. These concerns may be especially salient for younger Qatari men – a constituency particularly impacted by erosion of traditional gender norms at a time when they are establishing their own households. We also find that Qataris with a larger percentage of male children tend to be less supportive of women working outside of the home, suggesting forms of family-level variation in investment in patriarchal values and child rearing practices.

Drug consumption stigma and patient legitimacy: experiences of people who use drugs seeking care for chronic non-cancer pain in Nigeria

ABSTRACT This study explored how people who use drugs (PWUD) experience and respond to stigma in biomedical chronic non-cancer pain management. Thematic analysis of in-depth interviews with PWUD (n = 26) who had sought care for chronic non-cancer pain in public hospitals in Uyo, Nigeria, drew on the idea of stigma as process of social reproduction and the concept of borderwork. Accounts framed stigma as a normalised feature of healthcare that emerged under different circumstances and operated to position chronic non-cancer pain patients who were PWUD as illegitimate subjects underserving of care. Stigma was widely seen as something to be expected, and was often tolerated by PWUD due to its ubiquity. However, they enacted borderwork marking-off stigma experiences that violated values of fairness and humaneness as well as those that spurned traditional gender norms. Participants responded to intolerable stigma through various acts of resistance, including dropping out of care. Stigma creates barriers to adequate pain management and establishes a context where basic care is accessed at the cost of fundamental human rights and dignity. Routine toleration of stigma helps to naturalise the phenomenon and render it invisible. Resistance to stigma provides a basis for interventions to address all forms of stigma in healthcare.

Reconsidering gender norms in childcare within Chinese migrant families in Portugal.

Historically, Chinese societies have been characterized by patriarchal structures (Confucianism and filial piety) that assign distinct roles to men and women within the family unit. These norms typically dictate that women take on the primary responsibility for childcare and household duties, while men are expected to be the primary breadwinners. As the authors observe the second generation of Chinese immigrants settling in Portugal, the immigrants grapple with the significant challenge of striving to preserve cultural heritage with the adaptation to Western norms. Therefore, there is a growing recognition of the need to reassess these traditional gender norms. Women in these families are increasingly participating in the workforce, challenging the notion that childcare should be solely to their domain. This study focuses on the experiences of Chinese immigrants, including both married couples and single individuals residing in Portugal. Through qualitative research methods such as interviews (involving 25 participants) and observations, the research aims to gain a nuanced understanding of the attitude and engagement toward childcare, and the ways it differs between men and women in these immigrant families. Participants' responses indicate that men's anticipation of women dedicating more time to childcare is notably influenced by educational attainment and financial circumstances. Conversely, women generally believe that being exempt from labor is not a viable alternative irrespective of their educational qualifications. The traditional distribution of caregiving duties does not consistently apply to Chinese female immigrants. By exploring the influence of traditional Confucian culture on migrants' perspectives and challenges in assuming parental responsibilities, this study highlights gender disparities among Chinese immigrants and propose solutions to address this gender conflict on division.

‘And All Is Semblative a Woman’s Part’: Japan’s All-Male As You Like It

ABSTRACT The practice of cross-gender casting, which has been a long-standing convention in Japanese theatre, has shaped the audience’s expectations of actors performing the opposite gender. Consequently, the audience’s lived experience in Japan is distinct from that of Western audiences. It is challenging to assess the kinaesthetic experience of viewers from different cultural backgrounds, given that the reception of a performance is influenced by culturally determined frames of reference. Traditional cross-gender casting relies on contrast, which may inadvertently reinforce gender stereotypes. This may be how the Japanese approach to cross-gender theatre is perceived, but the current cross-gender theatre is not constrained by the traditional forms of stylisation in male or female impersonation. Surprisingly, gender stereotyping and gender ambiguity/fluidity appear to be able to coexist in Japanese culture, which is reflected in cross-gender theatre. Following a discussion concerning the impact of gender representation in subculture and culture on contemporary Japan, I examine Studio Life’s latest Shakespeare production of As You Like It. It is noteworthy that this production does not reinforce traditional gender norms but instead challenges them, presenting a reimagined portrayal of female characters through the male body.

Melodies of empowerment: exploring the impact of Taylor Swift’s music on lifelong learning in Thailand

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how Taylor Swift’s music influences language acquisition, gender representation, emotional well-being and cultural awareness among Thai university students within the context of lifelong learning. By exploring these dimensions, the study aims to uncover the transformative potential of integrating popular culture, particularly music, into lifelong learning frameworks, thereby offering insights into the role of music in fostering continuous education, cultural sensitivity and personal growth.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative study employed semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions to explore the impact of Taylor Swift’s music on language acquisition, gender representation, emotional well-being and cultural awareness within the context of lifelong learning. Around 32 university students from six prominent universities in Thailand participated in the study. Thematic analysis was used to identify and interpret the recurring themes related to how Taylor Swift’s music influences these aspects of lifelong learning, providing an in-depth understanding of her music’s role in educational and personal development.FindingsThe study found that Taylor Swift’s music significantly impacts language acquisition by providing an immersive and engaging learning environment. Her music also challenges traditional gender norms, promoting self-expression and empowerment. Additionally, the emotional resonance of her songs contributes to students' emotional well-being, offering solace and encouragement. Furthermore, her advocacy for diversity and inclusivity enhances cultural awareness, fostering empathy and cross-cultural understanding. Overall, Taylor Swift’s music serves as a powerful tool for promoting lifelong learning, cultural awareness and emotional resilience among university students.Research limitations/implicationsThis study primarily focused on Thai university students, which may limit the generalizability of the findings to other cultural contexts. Future research could explore the impact of Taylor Swift’s music on a broader demographic, including different age groups and cultural backgrounds. Additionally, a longitudinal approach could provide deeper insights into how sustained engagement with music influences lifelong learning and personal development over time. The findings underscore the need for further exploration of popular culture’s role in education and its potential to enhance learning outcomes across diverse contexts.Practical implicationsThe findings suggest that integrating popular music, like Taylor Swift’s, into educational curricula can enhance language learning, promote cultural awareness and support emotional well-being. Educators are encouraged to incorporate music-based activities into their teaching strategies to create a more engaging and relatable learning environment. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of using music as a tool for challenging traditional gender norms and fostering inclusivity, suggesting that educational programs should leverage popular culture to promote social empowerment and personal growth among students.Social implicationsThe study demonstrates that Taylor Swift’s music plays a significant role in promoting social empowerment, gender equality and cultural sensitivity among university students. By challenging traditional norms and advocating for inclusivity, her music encourages listeners to embrace diversity and engage in lifelong learning. The findings suggest that popular culture, particularly music, can be a powerful force for social change, fostering a more inclusive and empathetic society. This underscores the potential of music to contribute to broader social objectives, including gender equality, cultural awareness and emotional resilience.Originality/valueThis study is unique in its comprehensive examination of Taylor Swift’s music as a tool for lifelong learning among university students in Thailand. While previous research has explored music’s role in language acquisition or emotional well-being, this study integrates multiple dimensions – language learning, gender representation, emotional well-being and cultural awareness – within the context of lifelong learning. By focusing on a global pop icon’s influence in a non-Western setting, the research provides valuable insights into the transformative potential of popular culture in education, offering educators innovative strategies to engage students through music.

Far-right actors and education: The global circulation of their ideas, agendas, and policies

The rise of far-right political actors globally may trigger notable changes within education systems, marked by the promotion of authoritarian, nativist, and economically neoliberal agendas. Far-right parties, including those in Argentina, Austria, Brazil, Germany, and Turkey, increasingly shape curricula and educational structures, frequently challenging inclusive, egalitarian principles. This issue of On Education examines how far-right actors worldwide leverage educational policy to propagate ideological agendas, from enforcing traditional religious values and gender norms to restructuring school systems. Most articles adopt a country-specific focus, exploring the varied and complex ways far-right agendas infiltrate educational domains across Europe, Latin America, and Asia. By analysing these trends, this issue sheds light on the ideological entanglements shaping contemporary education and highlights the implications for democratic values, human rights, and global educational equity.

"Actually, I don't do different": Black parents' perceptions of gender socialization of sons versus daughters.

This study expanded on research examining families' roles in youth gender development that has investigated boys' versus girls' family experiences by using a within-family design to study the gender socialization of brothers versus sisters from the same families. We drew from archival data collected in 2001-2002 from an ethnic homogeneous sample of Black American mother-father families (N = 128) who were raising at least one son and one daughter; the majority of youth were adolescents (range 2-31 years). In separate home interviews, mothers and fathers described whether and how they socialized their sons versus daughters about education, their futures, and racism and discrimination. Across these three domains, most parents reported that they did not socialize their sons and daughters differently. Nonetheless, several themes emerged that illuminated race and race-gender intersectionality in parents' socialization, both resistance and accommodation to traditional gender norms, and the role of children's personal characteristics in parents' socialization, with similar themes evident among parents who did and who did not report socializing sons and daughters differently. This study advances understanding of parents' gender socialization and has implications for family-focused interventions aimed at promoting the well-being and achievement of Black American boys and girls. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).