Traditional Extraction Technology Research Articles

Pre-fractionation of potassium ions from brine/bittern by selective electrodialysis: Effect of crucial factors and its preliminary application

The bittern from salt production process is an important potassium resource. The traditional extraction technology was complex and energy-intensive. A novel potassium extraction process based on monovalent ion exchange membrane separation technology was proposed in this research to reduce the mole ratio of magnesium to potassium (Mg2+/K+) in brine. The effects of Mg2+ concentration and operating conditions on the separation of K+ and Mg2+ were examined. The results showed that Mg2+ concentration was a key factor for the selectivity of ion exchange membrane, the increase of which would reduce the selectivity coefficient. The increase in operating voltage had little effect on the selectivity coefficient, but significantly increased the fluxes of K+ and Mg2+. The increase in temperature had a positive effect on the selectivity coefficient and ion flux. The effects of coexisting ions on the separation of K+ and Mg2+ were also explored. The increase in Na+ concentration will reduce the separation performance of K+ and Mg2+, while the increase of SO42- concentration could facilitate the separation performance. The extraction experiment results of potassium from sea salt bittern indicated that the Mg2+/K+ ratio decreased from 10.31 to 1.15 after 2.5 h. Potassium concentration was further increased and almost all the sulfates were rejected in the dilute solution, which was helpful to improve the purity of the KCl product.

The process and mechanism for cesium and rubidium extraction with saponified 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol

Cesium (Cs) and rubidium (Rb) separation from brine is an important and application-oriented topic. 4-tert-butyl-2-(α-methylbenzyl) phenol (t-BAMBP) has been used for Cs and Rb extraction. However, the traditional extraction technology is base and acid consumed. In the present work, an innovative process for Cs and Rb extraction with t-BAMBP is developed, which consists of saponification, extraction, scrubbing and stripping. Both infrared spectrum and electrostatic potential analysis indicate the hydrogen of phenolic hydroxyl is dissociated from t-BAMBP during saponification and the oxygen of phenolic hydroxyl is the binding site for alkali metal ions. Saponified organic phase shows an excellent extraction effect for Cs+ and Rb+. The extraction reaches equilibrium in 5 min, with 99.5% Cs+ and 46.7% Rb+ are loaded into the organic phase in the single-stage extraction. Slope method indicates the structure of the extraction complex is MOR·3ROH (M = Cs+, Rb+, K+), where the electrostatic attraction between M+ and the oxygen of phenolic hydroxyl is dominant, and the cation–π interaction has a significant effect also. The extraction complex of MOR·3ROH dissociates in the acid environment while scrubbing and stripping is completed. The Cs+ and Rb+ are separated from the mixture phase, the proton H bonds to the phenolic hydroxyl group, and the extractant is regenerated.

Elucidation of aroma compounds in passion fruit (Passiflora alata Ait) using a molecular sensory approach.

In this experiment, Guangxi passion fruit was used as the raw material for natural aroma extraction using the spinning cone column (Spinning Cone Column, SCC) technique. In combination with the semi-quantitative method, the aroma characteristics of the raw pulp (raw whole-fruit puree, PU) before SCC processing, residue (Residue, RS) and extract (Extract, EX) after SCC processing, and passion fruit juice (Juice, JU) were evaluated for their aroma characteristics using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GC-IMS), electronic nose, and sensory evaluation. As a result, a total of 110 aroma substances were detected in four samples, and 33, 38, 73, and 28 aroma components were detected from PU, RS, EX, and JU, respectively. There are 50 compounds in EX with concentrations greater than 10 μg/kg, and 19 of them had OAV values greater than 1, including β-Ionone and linalool, which contributed significantly to the aroma. The aroma profiles and characteristics were further analyzed for JU and EX using the e-nose sensor, and it was found that both showed similar aroma profiles. The sensory evaluation results were also in general agreement with the results obtained from the electronic nose, with EX having mainly "floral", "fruity," and "sweet" aromas. The results demonstrated that the spinning cone column technique can increase the fresh and natural fruity aroma of passion fruit in the extract, which has the effect of enriching the aroma and improving the aftertaste. This study will make a foundation for passion fruit SCC extract application in drinks. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Compared with traditional extraction technology, spinning cone column technology has the advantages of high mass transfer efficiency, short extraction time, a wide range of temperature control, and the most complete extracted flavor substances, which greatly reduces the damage degree of heat-sensitive flavor substances and condense aroma. It is widely used in beverages, wine, dairy products, fruit and vegetable, spice essential oil, and other industries. Passion fruit flavor prepared by SCC technology has the advantages of high purity and high concentration, which can be used in solid drinks, baked food, convenience food, tobacco, perfume, and other products. Besides, GC-IMS is an efficient and rapid new analytical technique, which has been widely used in the flavor analysis of volatile organic compounds in food and traditional Chinese medicine samples.

Cyclodextrins: a tool in plant cell and organ culture bioprocesses for the production of secondary metabolites

Plant cell culture bioprocesses have become an alternative source for bioactive compound production to the traditional extraction technology from plants grown in nature or through agricultural techniques. Thus, environmental conditions could make the supply of these secondary metabolites intermittent and heterogeneous. Therefore, plant cell cultures assure a continuous product supply, homogeneous production, fulfilling GMP requirements. Elicitation has been an extensively used strategy to boost secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures. Cyclodextrins, the naturally occurring cyclic oligosaccharides of glucose residues, has emerged as an elicitor that can trigger plant cell defense responses and secondary metabolite accumulation. Moreover, CDs can form complex with most of the plant secondary compounds, thus contribute to product removal, which results in the elimination of feedback inhibition of product biosynthesis and also prevents product degradation and toxicity against the plant cells. In the present manuscript, we collect and compare the effects of cyclodextrins on different secondary metabolite pathways in plant cell culture processes. We review different case studies, which includes the production of phenylpropanoids, terpenes, alkaloids, naphthoquinones and anthraquinones derivatives. In the present manuscript, we collect and compare the effects of cyclodextrins on different secondary metabolite pathways in plant cell culture, which include the production of phenylpropanoids, terpenes, alkaloids, naphthoquinones and anthraquinones derivatives. Cyclodextrins trigger secondary metabolite production in plant cell cultures and product release. Moreover, they form complexes with these bioactive compounds, reduce feedback inhibition biosynthesis and their degradation.

The Application of Supercritical Fluids Technology to Recover Healthy Valuable Compounds from Marine and Agricultural Food Processing By-Products: A Review

Food by-products contain a remarkable source of bioactive molecules with many benefits for humans; therefore, their exploitation can be an excellent opportunity for the food sector. Moreover, the revalorization of these by-products to produce value-added compounds is considered pivotal for sustainable growth based on a circular economy. Traditional extraction technologies have several drawbacks mainly related to the consumption of hazardous organic solvents, and the high temperatures maintained for long extraction periods which cause the degradation of thermolabile compounds as well as a low extraction efficiency of desired compounds. In this context, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) has been explored as a suitable green technology for the recovery of a broad range of bioactive compounds from different types of agri-food wastes. This review describes the working principle and development of SFE technology to valorize by-products from different origin (marine, fruit, vegetable, nuts, and other plants). In addition, the potential effects of the extracted active substances on human health were also approached.

Comprehensive Literature Review on Valuable Compounds and Extraction Technologies: The Eastern Baltic Sea Seaweeds

Abstract Seaweed valuables have been researched a lot in the last decades but there is a lack of information on brackish seaweed at the eastern part of the Baltic Sea. Previous research shows that Baltic seaweed can be used as a source for phycocolloids as well as for bioenergy. The amount of available usable biomass is not clear, also seaweed in brackish seawater does not reach the dimensions such as the same species in Western parts of the Baltic Sea where the salinity is higher. Therefore, the use of this biomass must be smart to create economic benefit. Three abundant Baltic brackish seaweed species were chosen, to represent green, brown and red seaweed groups and an in-depth information analysis was made to clarify possible focus substances that could be extracted from these species. In this paper we summarize literature of common seaweed components, traditional extraction technology, and potential amount in seaweed and give an overview of novel methods for extraction of seaweed bioactive compounds.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Sesquiterpene Lactones from Inula racemose

AbstractInula racemose, a traditional Tibetan medicine with strong antifungal and anti‐inflammatory activities, contains large amounts of sesquiterpene lactones. In the current study, subcritical water extraction was employed for the efficient extraction sesquiterpene lactones from I. racemose. Various parameters, such as extraction time (23.2‐56.8 min), temperature (129.5‐230.5 °C) and SW flow rate (1.3‐4.7 mL/min) was investigated for optimizing the recovery of the targeted compounds. The optimal conditions for SWE were determined as follows: extraction time of 45 min, extraction temperature of 190 °C, and SW flow rate of 3.0 mL/min, and a recovery of 71.97% was achieved. Four sesquiterpene lactone isomers were separated by prep‐HPLC from the SWE extract and identified as igalan, isoalantolactone, alantolactone, and alloantolactone. A comparison of SWE with traditional extraction technologies showed that subcritical water could be a green and efficient substitution for the extraction of sesquiterpene lactones from I. racemose.

Optimization and kinetic modelling of microwave-assisted extraction of phenolic contents and antioxidants from Turkish artichoke

ABSTRACT Replacing traditional extraction technology with ultrasonic or microwave-assisted extraction has attracted considerable attention. In order to maximize the yield of extracted polyphenolic compounds and antioxidants from Sakiz artichoke by-products, a central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) in the current study. The study found that the optimal conditions for MAE of Sakiz artichoke by-products were: extraction time 6 min; ethanol/water ratio 50:50 (v/v); (ethanol-water)/solid ratio 15:1 mL/g; microwave power 320 W; and temperature 80°C; resulting in the total phenolic compounds (TPC), DPPH, and CUPRAC antioxidant activity values of 607 mg GAE/100 g, 878 mg TE/100 g, and 2922 mg TE/100 g, respectively. The extraction of TPC, DPPH, and CUPRAC antioxidants from artichoke by-products was investigated by the first-order, second-order, Peleg’s, and Page’s kinetic models. These results confirmed that MAE has a great potential for the extraction of polyphenolic compounds and antioxidants from Sakiz artichoke by-products.

Subcritical fluid extraction ofLycium ruthenicumseeds oil and its antioxidant activity

SummaryThe effective, energy‐saving and green subcritical fluid extraction (SFE) technology was applied to obtain the oil fromLycium ruthenicumseeds (LRSO). The optimal conditions of extraction parameters were found using response surface methodology with Box‐Behnken experimental design. The maximum extraction yield of 21.20% was achieved at raw material particle size of 0.60 mm, extraction pressure of 0.63 MPa, temperature of 50 °C and time of 48 min. Other traditional extraction technologies were comparatively used. The physicochemical property ofLRSOwas analysed and the chemical compositions indicated that they were rich in unsaturated fatty acid, β‐carotene, tocopherols and total phenolics. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity ofLRSOwas evaluated by scavenging activity of three kinds of radicals (DPPH·, ·OHand O2‐·) and lipid peroxidationin vitro. And its results showed the oil had the potential to be a novel antioxidant agent for using in the field of food, pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Industrial countercurrent chromatography separations based on a cascade of centrifugal mixer-settler extractors

In hydrometallurgy, traditional extraction technologies, in particular, for isolation and purification of rare-earth metals include a number of processing steps using up to hundreds of mixer-settler extractors. These technologies could be greatly simplified by using the methods of countercurrent chromatography (CCC) separation. However, the current CCC equipment cannot process large volumes of feed material formed during the industrial production of these metals. In this paper, the cascade of centrifugal mixer-settler extractors assembled as a multi-stage unit is suggested for industrial application of CCC and discussed.

Optimization of ultrasonic‐microwave synergistic extraction of polysaccharides from Morchella conica

Ultrasonic-microwave synergistic extraction (UMSE) was used to extract from Morchella conica polysaccharide (MCP). The effect of three independent variables (microwave power, ratio of water volume to raw material weight (W/M ratio), extraction time) on extraction yield was optimized using response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design. The high R2 values (>.966) demonstrated the response and independent variables predicted by polynomial model were fitted. The optimal conditions for MCP extraction were microwave power of 210.61 W, W/M ratio of 41.07:1, and extraction time of 126.98 s. Under these conditions, the experimental yield was 7.53 ± 0.17%. By comparison of ultrasound assistant extraction (UAE) and microwave assistant extraction (MAE), the extraction efficiency of UMSE is the highest. Practical applications Morchella conica is a species of mushroom contained with amount of bioactive polysaccharide. Novel extraction technique UMSE was applied to extract MCP because the high synergistic energy promotes cell disruption and MCP release. Compared with the traditional extraction technology, UMSE requires shorter time and higher efficiency. These effects make UMSE economic to gain bioactive MCP. Thus, the application of UMSE can be useful for improvement on industrial extraction processes of food and natural products.

Rapid extraction of low concentration heavy metal ions by magnetic fluids in high gradient magnetic separator

A novel method for the extraction of low concentration heavy metal ions from aqueous solution by using magnetic fluids in the high gradient magnetic separator (HGMS) has been constructed. We dissolved the extractant tributyl phosphate (TBP) in the magnetic fluids, and selected the Au 3+ as the model of heavy metal ion to research the extraction efficiency of magnetic fluids containing TBP in this article. The magnetic fluids containing TBP, as stationary phase in the form of liquid-droplet, were immobilized on the surface of steel wires in the HGMS; the low concentration Au 3+, as mobile phase, flowed through the HGMS and was extracted from aqueous solution. The experiments investigated the dependence of the Au 3+ extraction efficiency of magnetic fluids on the pH value of aqueous solution, TBP concentration in magnetic fluids and flow rate of aqueous solution in magnetic separation column. Under the optimum conditions, the proposed method obtained a high extraction capacity and high treatment volume with a continuous extraction process. This method is especially suitable for the extraction of low concentration heavy metal ions solution that was very difficult to be recovered by use of traditional extraction technologies.