Traditional ECC Research Articles

Characterization of cost-effective green engineered magnesium oxysulfide cement-based composites (MOSC-ECC) prepared by replacing MgO in magnesium oxysulfate cement with slag

A cost-effective green engineered magnesium oxysulfide cement-based composites (MOSC-ECC) which was prepared with magnesium oxysulfate cement (MOSC) and large-volume solid waste (slag) in this paper. The macro and micro mechanical properties, thermal conductivity, water resistance, evolution of hydration products and microstructure of MOSC-ECC were studied. The energy consumption, carbon emissions, and cost of MOSC-ECC were calculated and compared with traditional ECC. Test results showed that adding slag instead of light-burned MgO can increase the strain-hardening strength and energy indices of MOSC-ECC, and improve the ductility. In addition, the incorporation of slag lowered the proportion of 5Mg(OH)2·MgSO4·7 H2O phase (517 phase), led to a decrease in the strength, density and thermal conductivity of the MOSC-ECC. Compared with traditional OPC-based ECCs, the prepared MOSC-ECC showed a reduction in embodied energy by approximately 32 %, a reduction in CO2 emission of around 60 %, and a reduction in material costs more than 38 %. Therefore, slag can be used as the main component of MOSC-ECC, and the dosage can be up to 50 % by weight of MgO, which has obvious economic and environmental benefits.

Ultra-low carbon lightweight engineered cementitious composite: Design and material characterization

Lightweight engineered cementitious composites (LWECC) are prized for their exceptional tensile performance, durability, and low self-weight. However, the elevated cement usage in ECC results in a substantial carbon footprint, thus placing significant ecological pressures. This study employed calcium sulfoaluminate-activated supersulfated cement (CSA-SSC) to develop the ultra-low carbon LWECC. The influence of silica fume, lightweight filler, PE fiber contents and water-to-binder ratio on the mechanical characteristics of ULL-ECC were investigated, in terms of density, tensile and compressive properties. The fracture toughness test, single-crack tensile test, mercury intrusion porosimeter (MIP), scanning electronic microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis were conducted to establish a connection between macro behavior and micro-scale performance. The results reveal ULL-ECC's remarkable tensile behavior, demonstrating a tensile strength of 7.1 MPa and an impressive strain capacity of 12.6%, with compressive strengths ranging from 50.3 MPa to 65.1 MPa. The carbon footprint of ULL-ECC accounts to only 35% of conventional concrete and 22% of traditional ECC. Through the synergistic utilization of eco-friendly FAC, CSA-SSC, and high-strength PE fiber, ULL-ECC not only showcases exceptional mechanical properties but also embodies a substantial improvement in sustainability, coupled with a reduction in self-weight.

Revisiting Residue Codes for Modern Memories

<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">This paper shows how residue codes, traditionally used for compute rather than storage error correction, can be applied to memories with surprising results. We show that adapting residue codes to modern memory systems offers a level of error correction comparable to traditional schemes such as Reed-Solomon but with fewer bits of storage. For instance, our adaptation of residue codes –</i> MUSE ECC <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">– can offer ChipKill protection using approximately 30% fewer bits. We use the storage gains to hold metadata needed for emerging security functionality such as memory tagging or to provide better detection capabilities against Rowhammer attacks. In a system with memory tagging and</i> MUSE <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">, we achieve a 12% reduction in memory bandwidth utilization with the same error correction level as a traditional ECC baseline and without a noticeable performance loss. Thus, our work demonstrates a new, flexible primitive for co-designing reliability with security and performance.</i>

A privacy preservation data collection and access control using entropy-based conic curve

Because significantly complex crypto procedures such as holomorphic encryption are robotically applied, despite the fact that consumer gadgets under our software circumstances are not, computational overhead is outrageously high. Simply hiding customers with the aid of nameless communications to act to protect the server and adversaries from linking suggestions made with the aid of the same customer makes the traditional method, which computes with the aid of any server based on the amount of provided services, impossible, and customers with charge features widely publicised with the aid of the server cause additional security concerns, impossible. To overcome the above existing drawbacks, this research study presents a Privacy Preservation Data Collection and Access Control Using Entropy-Based Conic Curve. To safeguard the identity of clients and their requests, EBCC employs a unique group signature technic and an asymmetric cryptosystem. First, we ought to implement our EBCC method for data acquisition while maintaining privacy. Second, we consider looking at the properties of secure multiparty computation. EBCC employs lightweight techniques in encryption, aggregation, and decryption, resulting in little computation and communication overhead. Security research suggests that the EBCC is safe, can withstand collision attacks, and can conceal consumer distribution, which is required for fair balance checks in credit card payments. Finally, the results are analysed to illustrate the proposed method performance in addition to the more traditional ABC, AHRPA, ECC, and RSA methods. The proposed work should be implemented in JAVA.

Quantitative transport mapping (QTM) for differentiating benign and malignant breast lesion: Comparison with traditional kinetics modeling and semi-quantitative enhancement curve characteristics.

PurposeTo test the feasibility of using quantitative transport mapping (QTM) method, which is based on the inversion of transport equation using spatial deconvolution without any arterial input function, for automatically postprocessing dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) to differentiate malignant and benign breast tumors. Materials and methodsBreast DCE-MRI data with biopsy confirmed malignant (n = 13) and benign tumors (n = 13) was used to assess QTM velocity (|u|) and diffusion coefficient (D), volume transfer constant (Ktrans), volume fraction of extravascular extracellular space (Ve) from kinetics method, and traditional enhancement curve characteristics (ECC: amplitude A, wash-in rate α, wash-out rate β). A Mann-Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis were performed to assess the diagnostic performance of these parameters for distinguishing between benign and malignant tumors. ResultsBetween malignant and benign tumors, there was a significant difference in |u| and Ktrans, (p = 0.0066, 0.0274, respectively), but not in D, Ve, A, α and β (p = 0.1119, 0.2382, 0.4418,0.2592 and 0.9591, respectively). ROC area-under-the-curve was 0.82, 0.75 (95% confidence level 0.60–0.95, 0.51–0.90) for |u| and Ktrans, respectively. ConclusionQTM postprocesses DCE-MRI automatically through deconvolution in space and time to solve the inverse problem of the transport equation. Comparing with traditional kinetics method and ECC, QTM method showed better diagnostic accuracy in differentiating benign from malignant breast tumors in this study.

Group security using ECC.

Nowadays security is main issue during transmission of data. Among many cryptographic methods, ECC is the public key asymmetric cryptosystem which provides faster computation over smaller size in comparison to other asymmetric key cryptosystems. In this paper, we have proposed a group security algorithm using the ECC cryptography algorithm. The group security is applied to ECC in terms of m-gram selection called ECC m-gram selection. Due to the group security implementation in terms of common grams, processing speed will be faster in comparison to individual item security. We have also made the comparison study between the traditional ECC algorithm with the proposed group security algorithm using generalized frequent-common gram selection for depicting lesser time requirements to achieve better security for the whole process.

Heavy Slow Resistance Versus Eccentric Training as Treatment for Achilles Tendinopathy

Background: Previous studies have shown that eccentric training has a positive effect on Achilles tendinopathy, but few randomized controlled trials have compared it with other loading-based treatment regimens. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of eccentric training (ECC) and heavy slow resistance training (HSR) among patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. Methods: A total of 58 patients with chronic (>3 months) midportion Achilles tendinopathy were randomized to ECC or HSR for 12 weeks. Function and symptoms (Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment–Achilles), tendon pain during activity (visual analog scale), tendon swelling, tendon neovascularization, and treatment satisfaction were assessed at 0 and 12 weeks and at the 52-week follow-up. Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis. Results: Both groups showed significant (P < .0001) improvements in Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment–Achilles and visual analog scale from 0 to 12 weeks, and these improvements were maintained at the 52-week follow-up. Concomitant with the clinical improvement, there was a significant reduction in tendon thickness and neovascularization. None of these robust clinical and structural improvements differed between the ECC and HSR groups. However, patient satisfaction tended to be greater after 12 weeks with HSR (100%) than with ECC (80%; P = .052) but not after 52 weeks (HSR, 96%; ECC, 76%; P = .10), and the mean training session compliance rate was 78% in the ECC group and 92% in the HSR group, with a significant difference between groups (P < .005). Conclusion: The results of this study show that both traditional ECC and HSR yield positive, equally good, lasting clinical results in patients with Achilles tendinopathy and that the latter tends to be associated with greater patient satisfaction after 12 weeks but not after 52 weeks.

Embedded RAIDs-on-chip for bus-based chip-multiprocessors

The dual effects of larger die sizes and technology scaling, combined with aggressive voltage scaling for power reduction, increase the error rates for on-chip memories. Traditional on-chip memory reliability techniques (e.g., ECC) incur significant power and performance overheads. In this article, we propose a low-power-and-performance-overhead Embedded RAID (E-RAID) strategy and present Embedded RAIDs-on-Chip (E-RoC), a distributed dynamically managed reliable memory subsystem for bus-based Chip-Multiprocessors. E-RoC achieves reliability through redundancy by optimizing RAID-like policies tuned for on-chip distributed memories. We achieve on-chip reliability of memories through the use of Distributed Dynamic ScratchPad Allocatable Memories (DSPAMs) and their allocation policies. We exploit aggressive voltage scaling to reduce power consumption overheads due to parallel DSPAM accesses, and rely on the E-RoC Manager to automatically handle any resulting voltage-scaling-induced errors. We demonstrate how E-RAIDs can further enhance the fault tolerance of traditional memory reliability approaches by designing E-RAID levels that exploit ECC. Finally, we show the power and flexibility of the E-RoC concept by showing the benefits of having a heterogeneous E-RAID levels that fit each application's needs (fault tolerance, power/energy, performance). Our experimental results on CHStone/Mediabench II benchmarks show that our E-RAID levels converge to 100% error-free data rates much faster than traditional ECC approaches. Moreover, E-RAID levels that exploit ECC can guarantee 99.9% error-free data rates at ultra low Vdd on average, where as traditional ECC approaches were able to attain at most 99.1% error-free data rates. We observe an average of 22% dynamic power consumption increase by using traditional ECC approaches with respect to the baseline (non-voltage scaled SPMs), whereas our E-RAID levels are able to save dynamic power consumption by an average of 27% (w.r.t. the same non-voltage scaled SPMs baseline), while incurring worst-case 2% higher performance overheads than traditional ECC approaches. By voltage scaling the memories, we see that traditional ECC approaches are able to save static energy by 6.4% (average), where as our E-RAID approaches achieve 23.4% static energy savings (average). Finally, we observe that mixing E-RAID levels allows us to further reduce the dynamic power consumption by up to 55.5% at the cost of an average 5.6% increase in execution time over traditional approaches.

Evaluation of shrinkage induced cracking performance of low shrinkage engineered cementitious composite by ring tests

In this study, shrinkage induced cracking performance of low shrinkage engineered cementitious composite (LSECC) and traditional ECC is evaluated comparatively by ring tests. The development of free shrinkage and interior humidity of LSECC and traditional ECC under plastic film sealed and drying conditions were experimentally measured. The anti-cracking performance of both materials under shrinkage load was examined with ring tests by measuring the compressive strain along circle direction in the steel ring and by observation on the ring specimen. The experimental results show that the shrinkage of LSECC is significantly reduced comparing with that of traditional ECC. Under the same restraint and environmental drying conditions, LSECC presents super anti-cracking performance that behaves as no visible cracks on the ring specimen can be observed. By contrast, there are number of fine cracks are observed on traditional ECC specimen. The mechanisms of super anti-cracking performance of LSECC are interpreted by shrinkage induced stress analyses with ECC-steel composite ring specimen.

Accurate and Simplified Prediction of L2 Cache Vulnerability for Cost-Efficient Soft Error Protection

Soft errors caused by energetic particle strikes in on-chip cache memories have become a critical challenge for microprocessor design. Architectural vulnerability factor (AVF), which is defined as the probability that a transient fault in the structure would result in a visible error in the final output of a program, has been widely employed for accurate soft error rate estimation. Recent studies have found that designing soft error protection techniques with the awareness of AVF is greatly helpful to achieve a tradeoff between performance and reliability for several structures (i.e., issue queue, reorder buffer). Considering large on-chip L2 cache, redundancy-based protection techniques (such as ECC) have been widely employed for L2 cache data integrity with high costs. Protecting caches without accurate knowledge of the vulnerability characteristics may lead to the over-protection, thus incurring high overheads. Therefore, designing AVF-aware protection techniques would be attractive for designers to achieve a cost-efficient protection for caches, especially at early design stage. In this paper, we propose an improved AVF estimation framework for conducing comprehensive characterization of dynamic behavior and predictability of L2 cache vulnerability. We propose to employ Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART) method to accurately model the variation of L2 cache AVF and to quantitatively explain the important effects of several key performance metrics on L2 cache AVF. Then we employ bump hunting technique to extract some simple selecting rules based on several key performance metrics for a simplified and fast estimation of L2 cache AVF. Using the simplified L2 cache AVF estimator, we develop an AVF-aware ECC technique as an example to demonstrate the cost-efficient advantages of the AVF prediction based dynamic fault tolerant techniques. Experimental results show that compared with traditional full ECC technique, AVF-aware ECC technique reduces the L2 cache access latency by 16.5% and saves power consumption by 11.4% for SPEC2K benchmarks averagely.

ShortPK

Broadcast authentication is an important functionality in sensor networks. Energy constraints on sensor nodes and the real-time nature of the broadcasts render many of the existing solutions impractical: previous works focusing primarily on symmetric key schemes have difficulties in achieving real-time authentication. Public Key Cryptography (PKC), however, can satisfy the real-time requirements, and recent trends indicate that public key is becoming feasible for sensor networks. However, PKC operations are still expensive computations. It is impractical to use PKC in the conventional ways for broadcast authentication in sensor networks. To reduce costs, we propose ShortPK , an efficient Short-term Public Key broadcast authentication scheme. The basic idea is to use short-length public/private keys, but limit their lifetime to only a short period of time. To cover a long period of time, we need to use many public/private key pairs; distributing these public keys to sensors is a challenging problem. We describe a progressive key distribution scheme that is secure, efficient, and packet-loss resilient. We compare our scheme with the traditional 160-bit ECC public key schemes, and show that our scheme can achieve a significant improvement on energy consumption.

Tensile Properties of Low Shrinkage Engineered Cementitious Composite

This paper reports the tensile properties of a new class of engineered cementitious composite with characteristic of low drying shrinkage. Experimental results show that drying shrinkage of the composite is greatly reduced as using the low shrinkage cementitious material in matrix, while the composite remains strain-hardening and multiple cracking characteristics. The measured drying shrinkage strain at 28 days is only 10910-6 to 24210-6 for low shrinkage ECCs. For traditional ECC, the shrinkage strain at 28 days is nearly 120010-6. The average tensile strain capacity after 28 days curing is 2.5% of the low shrinkage ECC with tensile strength of 4-5MPa.