Traditional Drying Methods Research Articles

Quality Characteristics and Essential Oil Properties of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria Dried under Different Conditions

The drying of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) is one of the main preservation methods for these products that can prolong their shelf life, if performed properly. The current study aimed to examine the effects of different drying conditions (sun, shade, and oven drying at 42 °C) on the quality characteristics of Thymus capitatus, Mentha piperita, and Sideritis cypria; their essential oil (EO) yield; and their biological properties (antioxidant and antibacterial activities). According to the results of the current study, oven drying resulted in faster moisture loss for all investigated species and slightly darker products. For T. capitatus, sun drying resulted in higher EO carvacrol content, whereas EOs obtained from shade and oven drying (at 42 °C) presented high total phenolic content and great antimicrobial activity. For M. piperita, shade drying resulted in a higher EO yield and higher iso-menthone content, whilst the EO obtained from oven-dried mint plants presented great antibacterial activity against the investigated foodborne pathogens. S. cypria plants dried in an air-ventilated oven produced an EO rich in β-caryophyllene and α-pinene, which also presented great antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The findings of the current study indicate that traditional drying methods, such as sun and shade, can result in good-quality dried MAPs that can yield EOs with significant biological activities, along with minimum energy consumption and lower carbon dioxide production (lower environmental carbon footprint), as opposed to oven drying. However, the drying-process duration could be a limitation at the industrial scale.

Impact of freeze drying on the properties of palmitic acid extracted from Plantain stalk waste

The challenge of effectively preserving and concentrating palmitic acid from plantain stalk waste is compounded by the loss and degradation of the compound during traditional drying and extraction methods, which may lead to reduced yield and altered properties of the extracted palmitic acid. This study was aimed at evaluating the impact of the freeze-drying process on the properties of palmitic acid extracted from plantain stalk waste. The study involved preparing plantain stalks, applying freeze-drying or non-freeze-drying methods, extracting palmitic acid, and characterizing the samples using GC-MS, FTIR, XRD, EDX, and SEM. The GC-MS analysis revealed that freeze-drying significantly increased the concentration of palmitic acid compared to non-freeze-drying, as indicated by the higher peak area and height. FTIR spectra demonstrated that freeze-drying better preserved the structural integrity of palmitic acid, while XRD analysis showed enhanced crystalline structure and increased crystallite size in the freeze-dried sample. Additionally, EDX showed that freeze-drying increased the carbon content and decreased the oxygen content of the material, while SEM analyses indicated that freeze-drying resulted in a more porous and irregular surface compared to the denser, smoother structure of the non-freeze-dried sample. The mass, energy, and cost analysis revealed that freeze-drying resulted in a higher yield of palmitic acid compared to non-freeze-drying methods, which, despite being more cost-effective and requiring less energy, demonstrated a notable trade-off in extraction efficiency. The study showed that freeze-drying significantly improved the preservation, concentration, and structural integrity of palmitic acid extracted from plantain stalk waste compared to the non-freeze-drying method.

Enzymatic catalytic dynamics of lactic-acetic acid co-fermentation: Effect of cellulase on the physicochemical, phytochemicals, volatiles, and antioxidant activity of jujube puree extracts

The processing of jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) is imperative due to its esteemed status and rich pharmacological properties despite its sensory challenges and short shelf-life. Traditional drying methods preserve jujube quality but complicate bioactive compound extraction due to the conjugated polysaccharide matrix. This study addresses the gap in research on enzymatic pretreatment by investigating the use of cellulases to break down the rigid cellulose structure, thus enhancing the efficiency of subsequent fermentation processes. Besides, this research explored the catalytic dynamics of cellulase pretreatment in lactic-acetic acid co-fermentation to improve jujube puree's functional and quality properties. Methodologies involved applying cellulase at concentrations of 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % (v/v) at 40 °C for 4 hours, followed by fermentation with Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC 3346 and Acetobacter pasteurianus (Ap CICC 20001, CGMCC 1.41). Results indicated that fermentation and enzyme hydrolysis significantly influenced jujube puree's physicochemical and sensory attributes. Fermentation increased densities and moisture content, while unfermented and enzyme-treated samples had higher total soluble solids (TSS) values (11.00–11.50 °Brix). Enzyme concentration affected the reducing sugar and protein content, with higher enzyme concentrations (5 %EF) producing lighter products (L* = 52.00). Total phenolic content increased with fermentation, particularly in the 3 %EF treatment (351.89 mg GAE/100 g FW), while flavonoid and flavonol contents peaked in the 5 %EF (426.33 mg RE/100 g FW) and 3 %EF (25.80 mg QE/100 g FW) treatments, respectively. Proanthocyanidin content was highest at moderate enzyme concentrations, notably in the 3 %EF treatment (715.95 mg CE/100 g FW). Fermentation also enhanced antioxidant properties and altered flavor profiles by decreasing acetoin levels and increasing acid and ester production. This study highlights the significance of the combinative effect of enzyme concentration and fermentation processes in augmenting jujube puree extracts' nutritional and sensory qualities.

Assessing health hazards of dried fish consumption from coastal markets in a developing nation

Dried fish is a crucial protein source for coastal populations in developing countries, but it is becoming increasingly contaminated with heavy metals due to the use of traditional drying methods. This study assessed Cd, Cr, Pb, and Mn levels and their health risks in four commonly consumed dried fish species (Harpodon nehereus, Trichiurus lepturus, Penaeus affinis, and Amblypharyngodon mola) from the central coast of Bangladesh. Results showed Mn levels (17.47 ± 4.69 mg/kg) exceeded FAO limits (4.35 mg/kg), with the highest concentrations in H. nehereus. Cd levels (0.24 ± 0.16 mg/kg) in A. mola were also above safety thresholds. Lead was found in all species except P. affinis, with the highest concentration in A. mola (0.432 ± 0.06 mg/kg), which was within safe limits. Risk assessments revealed higher health risks for children, with elevated Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Hazard Index (HI) values compared to adults. H. nehereus had the highest THQ values for Cr (0.0014 mg/kg) and Mn (0.00044 mg/kg). Multivariate analyses indicated contamination from both anthropogenic and natural sources. The study stressed the need for better monitoring and mitigation to ensure the safety and nutritional value of dried fish.

Expression of the changes in essential oil components of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.) as affected by various drying methods

The purpose of this research was to investigate the impact of various drying techniques on the quality characteristics of Shirazi thyme (Zataria multiflora Boiss.) using a completely randomized design with three replications. The treatments included fresh samples, shade-drying (SHD), sun-drying (SD), oven and vacuum-drying (OD and VD) each at three different temperatures (45, 55, and 65 °C), and microwave-drying (MD) at three different power levels (200, 400, and 600 W). The results indicated that vacuum and oven-drying at 45 °C were effective in preserving valuable secondary metabolites compared to traditional drying methods. The essential oil (EO) content was lowest in the microwave-drying at 600 W (1.3 %), and highest in vacuum-drying at 45 °C (2.99 %). Vacuum-drying at 45 °C also produced the highest levels of carvacrol (72.5 %) and thymol (7.21 %) content, while the lowest levels were found in fresh samples. The main components in the EO were monoterpene hydrocarbons (11.47–27.33 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (74.81–86.9 %), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (76.50–86.50 %). The results showed that the amount of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were higher at low temperatures. Furthermore, the color parameters showed changes based on the drying methods, with vacuum-drying at 45 °C increasing the L* parameter (lightness), vacuum-drying at 65 °C increasing the a* parameter)brightness(, and oven-drying at 45 °C increasing the b* parameter)greenness). Understanding the different methods and operations of drying Shirazi thyme can provide valuable insight for its professional application and development in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Performance evaluation and economic analysis of inclined solar dryer for Capsicum annuum L. (Red chilli) drying

This study presents an assessment of the performance and economic viability of solar dryers for drying perishable agricultural products. The dryer was constructed using locally sourced materials such as galvanized iron sheet, M.S. angle, glass, and S.S. wire mesh. The ability to tilt the dryer allows for optimal solar radiation absorption throughout the year in Jodhpur, India. It is well-established that a tilted surface captures more solar radiation compared to a horizontal plane, hence the utilization of a solar dryer in this research. A drying experiment was carried out in January 2023 using the dryer to dehydrate red chilli (Capsicum annuum L.). The maximum stagnation temperature inside the drying chamber was recorded at 65°C, which decreased to 55°C when loaded with 10 kg of chilli, while the outside ambient temperature was 26°C on a clear sky day (from 08:00 h to 18:00 h) in January 2023. Over the course of seven days, the moisture content of the chilli decreased from 80% (wet basis) to approximately 9%. The open sun drying method took 14 days for reducing the moisture content of red chillies to the same level. The dryer's thermal efficiency was calculated to be 16.25%. The economic analysis of the solar dryer indicated a high internal rate of return (IRR) of 82.5% and a short payback period of 1.50 years, highlighting its cost-effectiveness. The cost-benefit ratio was found to be 1.98, demonstrating the potential of solar dryers as a substitute for traditional drying methods. Economic parameters such as net present value (₹40220) and system annuity (₹5430) confirmed the economic feasibility of the system. Inclined solar dryers in remote or rural areas have the potential to significantly reduce postharvest losses and carbon emissions. The adoption of solar dryers would greatly benefit farmers in the arid region of Rajasthan.

In Pursuit of Optimal Quality: Cultivar-Specific Drying Approaches for Medicinal Cannabis.

A limited number of studies have examined how drying conditions affect the cannabinoid and terpene content in cannabis inflorescences. In the present study, we evaluated the potential of controlled atmosphere drying chambers for drying medicinal cannabis inflorescence. Controlled atmosphere drying chambers were found to reduce the drying and curing time by at least 60% compared to traditional drying methods, while preserving the volatile terpene content. On the other hand, inflorescences subjected to traditional drying were highly infested by Alternaria alternata and also revealed low infestation of Botrytis cinerea. In the high-THC chemovar ("240"), controlled N2 and atm drying conditions preserved THCA concentration as compared to the initial time point (t0). On the other hand, in the hybrid chemovar ("Gen12") all of the employed drying conditions preserved THCA and CBDA content. The optimal drying conditions for preserving monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes in both chemovars were C5O5 (5% CO2, 5% O2, and 90% N2) and pure N2, respectively. The results of this study suggest that each chemovar may require tailored drying conditions in order to preserve specific terpenes and cannabinoids. Controlled atmosphere drying chambers could offer a cost-effective, fast, and efficient drying method for preserving cannabinoids and terpenes during the drying process while reducing the risk of mold growth.

Evaluating the efficacy of coconut oil as thermal storage media for enhancing solar drying performance of wood fuels

The appropriate storage, transportation, and utilization of wood-based fuels, including woodchips, pellets, and sawdust, in the energy production process, depends on their efficient drying. Traditional drying methods include limitations such as high thermal losses, inefficient heat transfer, and sustainability issues. These barriers, coupled with the high costs and complexities of maintaining the desired moisture content, underscore the need for innovative solutions. This study introduces a novel approach to wood fuel drying through the integration of phase-change materials (PCMs) with hybrid solar drying systems, aimed at enhancing thermal efficiency and sustainability. Employing coconut oil as the PCM, experiments were performed under a consistent artificial radiation of 755 W m−2. The hybrid system demonstrated the capability to retain approximately 200 watts of useful heat for three hours post-radiation, marking a significant improvement in heat storage. Our findings reveal peak thermal and exergy efficiencies of 30–35% and 13–14%, respectively. An economic and environmental analysis predicts a system lifespan of five years, with the cost of generating one kilogram of hot air at 0.0058 EUR and an annual CO2 emission of 64.09 kg. This research offers a cost-effective and environmentally friendly method for wood fuel drying, presenting a significant advancement for large-scale producers and setting a benchmark for further exploration of wood fuel drying technologies.

Emergence of long-range attractive interactions between colloidal particles during curing of dispersion media.

Compared to traditional drying methods, curing processes result in lower emissions of volatile organic compounds and reduced energy consumption. Consequently, curing processes are widely used in the manufacturing of various polymer products, including inks, coatings, composites, and adhesives. In recent years, the functionality of these polymer products has been enhanced by incorporating colloids with antiviral and conductive properties. Despite the significant influence of colloidal arrangement on physical properties, the kinetics of colloidal particles during curing remains poorly understood. To explore the effective interactions between colloidal particles during curing, we investigated the dynamics of soft particles within dispersing media using molecular dynamics simulations. The likelihood of particle aggregation during curing significantly surpasses that of random contact. Our calculations reveal an effective potential, indicating a long-range attractive interaction between the large particles. This attraction results from the heterogeneity in the crosslink network of the dispersing media, distinguishing it from the classical depletion force. Since the structure of particle aggregation could be controlled by the interplay between curing rate and particle diffusion, our findings offer promising prospects for advancing the manufacturing processes of increasingly functional polymeric products.

Economical Assessment of NSPRI Parabolic Shaped Solar Dryer for Cowpea Flour Production

Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a crucial staple crop in sub-Saharan Africa, providing essential nutrients but facing challenges in storage and processing. This study presents an economic assessment of the NSPRI Parabolic Shaped Solar Dryer (PSSD) for cowpea flour production, focusing on its potential impact on food processing and economic development. Cowpea, a vital legume in sub-Saharan Africa, offers nutritional benefits but faces challenges in storage and processing due to traditional drying methods. The research explores the utilization of solar drying technology to enhance cowpea preservation and value addition. The study area, Stop Hunger Women Cooperative Investment and Credit Society Limited in Ibadan, Nigeria, served as the research site. The NSPRI PSSD, with its innovative design optimized for solar radiation absorption, provided an efficient drying environment for cowpeas. Economic analysis, including Return on Investment (ROI) of 64%, Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) of 1.64, and Payback Period (PBP) of approximately one year and seven months, was determined to assess the viability of bean flour production using the solar dryer. The study underscores the economic viability of adopting solar drying technology for food processing, offering benefits such as reduced post-harvest losses, improved food quality, and potential employment generation. These findings provide valuable insights for stakeholders seeking sustainable solutions to enhance food security and economic growth in agricultural communities.

Comparative evaluation of freeze-dried and hot air-dried Spirulina Platensis extracts as green inhibitors for mild steel corrosion

ABSTRACT Spirulina, a commercially farmed cyanobacteria, offers potential as a nontoxic corrosion inhibitor. However, traditional drying methods deteriorate its protective feature and this challenge must be overcome to enhance corrosive resistance. The present study compares the corrosive inhibitor performance of Spirulina extracts from freeze (SP1) and hot air drying (SP2). The electrochemical and microscopic techniques revealed that freeze-dried-derived Spirulina inhibited over 90% of corrosion through the chemisorption process where freeze-dried-derived Spirulina maximises the inhibitory compounds binding to steel. Polarisation measurements showed that SP1 provided higher inhibition efficiencies of over 93% at certain concentrations compared to around 88% for SP2. At the optimal concentration of 2 g/L, Rp values increased from 35.17 Ω/cm2 (uninhibited) to 531.3 Ω/cm2 for SP1 and 282.7 Ω/cm2 for SP2. Negative ΔGads values (−42.4 kJ/mol for SP2, −46.3 kJ/mol for SP1) and Langmuir isotherm fit indicated chemisorption-controlled adsorption. SEM/EDX showed SP1 and SP2 formed barrier layers inhibiting surface damage compared to blank steel. SP1 layer provided better protection. In short, through innovative applications of marine resources, greener corrosion management is enabled.

THE EFFECT OF ECONOMIZER APPLICATION ON ENERGY ECONOMY IN STENTER MACHINES USED

This study investigates the impact of economizer application on reducing energy consumption in the textile industry. It starts by analyzing the influence of traditional drying methods on both energy usage and operational costs. Next, it explains the operation of ramie machines and economizer technology. The primary focus is on the contributions of economizer application to energy efficiency. This includes highlighting the reduction in energy consumption and cost savings in operations. The study also underscores the importance of economizer application for environmental sustainability by helping to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Furthermore, it discusses the investment cost and payback period of economizers, emphasizing how they can enhance a company's economic competitiveness. Real-world examples and success stories are provided to demonstrate the practicality of implementing economizers. In conclusion, this research underscores the significance and potential of economizer applications in improving energy economics within the textile sector. This technology not only enables energy savings but also contributes to environmental sustainability, supporting the creation of a more sustainable future in the textile industry. It also compares the energy consumption of a single-pass ramie machine with and without economizer use, assuming a 24-hour daily operation for 300 days, while thoroughly evaluating the associated advantages and disadvantages.

Kinetic analysis, mathematical modeling and quality evaluation of mint drying in greenhouse solar dryer

The goal of this study is to evaluate the potential of the Greenhouse Solar Dryer (GSD) for drying the mint leaves and compare it with other traditional drying methods. The top 10 mathematical models introduced by literatures were selected to describe the drying kinetics of mint leaves. The results showed that the average drying time in the GSD is 32 % and 50 % less than the open sun and shade place drying, respectively. Wang and Singh model with R2 = 0.9944, RMSE = 0.02021 and χ2 = 0.00052, logarithmic model with R2 = 0.9918, RMSE = 0.02556 and χ2 = 0.00078, and Henderson-Dabbie with model with R2 = 0.9774, RMSE = 0.04189 and χ2 = 0.00175 were determined as the best models for GSD, sun and shade place drying, respectively. The amount of changes in the color of the dried mint according to the index of total changes (ΔE) was recorded as 0.53 in the shade place, 0.60 in the GSD, and 0.89 in the open sun drying, respectively. The average of dried mint essential oil that was extracted by hydro-distillation method was 0.0254, 0.0237 and 0.0101 for shade place, GSD and open sun drying, respectively. Comparison of the average amount of extracted dried mint essential oil using ANOVA test, two LSD and Tukey HSD (Honestly Significant Difference) tests showed that there is no significant difference between the two treatments of drying in the shade place and GSD, while both of them have a significant difference with the open sun.

Effect of Microwave Treatment on Strength and Permeability of Wood: A Snapshot Review

Microwave treatment is a promising technique for modifying the properties of wood. It has gained popularity as an alternative method to conventional treatments for improving the properties of wood. Microwave drying has shown that it reduces the drying stresses and improve the quality of wood compared to traditional drying methods. This efficient heating reduces the risk of deformation, cracking, and other defects that can occur with prolonged exposure to high temperatures during traditional drying and also helps in increasing the permeability of wood. This snapshot review provides an overview of the effect of microwave treatment on the strength properties and permeability of wood with variations in parameters such as the frequency, power, and treatment time along with the potential benefits and drawbacks of this method. Overall, the review indicate that microwave treatment is an effective method for modifying the properties of wood and has the potential to improve its performance in various applications.

Experimental Study of The Potential for Energy Absorption and Drying Time of Coffee Beans Using a Dome Dryer Type Dryer in The Sukmailang Area of Pesawaran Regency

The traditional drying method has many weaknesses, namely it is very dependent on the weather, so that drying takes a long time. Traditional drying methods result in frequent contamination of dust, dirt, insects, and if wet they are prone to moss growth due to delays in drying during cloudy or rainy weather. This study designed a coffee bean dryer with electric power which is the result of converting solar energy with the help of photovoltaic which is first stored in the battery. The main components of this tool are: drying chamber, drying roof, tray, thermostat, heating element, this test is carried out to determine changes in seed moisture content, required power and efficiency. The temperature is set at 50°C with a fan speed of 3m/s. The fastest decrease in water content occurred in the mass of 1 kg coffee bean samples starting on June 22, 2022 from 28.5% water content to 12% moisture content. Meanwhile, the longest decrease in the water content of coffee beans was at a mass of 2 kg coffee beans on June 24, 2022, the initial water content of coffee beans was 29.3% to 13.2%. The greater the mass of the coffee beans to be dried, the greater the time required to dry the coffee beans using a dome dryer. The maximum power is in the Sukmailang area, Pesawaran district which has a plateau as high as 1200 meters above sea level (MDPL) with an average power of 11.38 Watt. The highest power is produced at 12:00 WIB with a value of 16.49 Watts. The use of solar panels in the Sukmailang area, Pesawaran Regency which has a plateau as high as 1200 (MDPL) is still not effectively utilized because the results obtained have an average efficiency value of 2.22%

Experimental Study of The Potential for Energy Absorption and Drying Time of Coffee Beans Using a Dome Dryer Type Dryer in The Sukmailang Area of Pesawaran Regency

The traditional drying method has many weaknesses, namely it is very dependent on the weather, so that drying takes a long time. Traditional drying methods result in frequent contamination of dust, dirt, insects, and if wet they are prone to moss growth due to delays in drying during cloudy or rainy weather. This study designed a coffee bean dryer with electric power which is the result of converting solar energy with the help of photovoltaic which is first stored in the battery. The main components of this tool are: drying chamber, drying roof, tray, thermostat, heating element, this test is carried out to determine changes in seed moisture content, required power and efficiency. The temperature is set at 50°C with a fan speed of 3m/s. The fastest decrease in water content occurred in the mass of 1 kg coffee bean samples starting on June 22, 2022 from 28.5% water content to 12% moisture content. Meanwhile, the longest decrease in the water content of coffee beans was at a mass of 2 kg coffee beans on June 24, 2022, the initial water content of coffee beans was 29.3% to 13.2%. The greater the mass of the coffee beans to be dried, the greater the time required to dry the coffee beans using a dome dryer. The maximum power is in the Sukmailang area, Pesawaran district which has a plateau as high as 1200 meters above sea level (MDPL) with an average power of 11.38 Watt. The highest power is produced at 12:00 WIB with a value of 16.49 Watts. The use of solar panels in the Sukmailang area, Pesawaran Regency which has a plateau as high as 1200 (MDPL) is still not effectively utilized because the results obtained have an average efficiency value of 2.22%

β-Carotene and Lycopene Degradation Kinetics of Tarhana Dough During Convective Air Drying and Traditional Drying Methods

In this study, tarhana doughs were dried with convective air drying at 30, 40 and 50 oC temperatures and 0.5, 1.25 and 2 m/s air velocities, and with traditional drying (sun-drying method). By this way effects of drying air temperature and velocity on degradation kinetics of β-carotene and lycopene during air drying of tarhana samples were investigated and the results compared with traditional drying method. The degradation reaction of β-carotene and lycopene was found to be following the first-order kinetic model. The reaction rate constant values of the β-carotene degradation were determined in the range of 0.0003-0.0025 min-1, and the activation energy values were determined in the range of 6.15-49.05 kJ/mol. The reaction rate constant values of the lycopene degradation were determined in the range of 0.0001-0.0007 min-1, and the activation energy values were determined in the range of 20.5-34.3 kJ/mol. β-carotene and lycopene content of tarhana samples decreased with the increase in drying temperature, and the rate of degradation reactions of these components increased with the increase in temperature and air velocity. As a result, it was determined that β-carotene and lycopene were better preserved at 1.25 m/s air velocity at 30 oC.

NIR monochrome imaging for monitoring of apple drying process: Light-emitting diode and Band-pass filter imaging techniques

The convergence of drying technology and Digital Twins is enabling a transition from traditional drying methods to a new phase where the process can be continuously monitored. A crucial aspect is the development of digital model of kinetic reactions. In this context, hyperspectral imaging has been widely used, however, it has limitations due to its high cost and computational intensity, which restrict its application to lab-scale settings. To address this limitation, this study introduces technically simple and cost-effective imaging techniques of Light-emitting diode (LED) and Band-pass filter (BPF). These techniques were implemented at 980 nm and 1450 nm to measure moisture content, Soluble Solids Content (SSC), and shrinkage of apple slices undergoing drying at 60 °C. Images of apple slices during the drying process were captured to train Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) models. Moisture content achieved the highest accuracy, with GPR models yielding R-squared values of 0.996 and 0.992, and RMSE values of 1.74% and 2.21% for LED and BPF, respectively. Similarly, SSC (R-squared ≥0.874 and RMSE ≤7.85%) and shrinkage (R-squared ≥0.967 and RMSE ≤5.23%) were well predicted. Furthermore, accurate prediction results for external apples demonstrated the models reliability and robustness. In line with the concept of digital twins-based smart drying, the 980 nm LEDs embedded into an experimental dryer exhibited high accuracy (R-squared ≥0.968 and RMSE ≤4.6%) in inline prediction of moisture content. This represents a significant step towards the development of digital twins-based smart dryers using cost-effective and technically simple imaging sensors.

Automated Dual-Source Squid Dryer with Image Processing Monitoring

The aim of this project was to develop and fabricate an indoor dual-source drying system that uses IoT to detect moisture during drying. By comparing traditional drying methods to their automated system, the researchers were able to save a total of 34 hours while effectively monitoring humidity and temperature in real-time using image processing techniques. Development and Evaluation of an Automated Dual-Source Squid Dryer with Image Processing Monitoring for Enhanced Drying Efficiency. The study was conducted in Brgy. Canlanipa, Surigao City, Surigao del Norte, with a duration of 1 year. The study involved designing and developing an indoor dual-source dryer system with moisture detection through image processing monitoring, using Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi 3b, sensors, and a motor. A working prototype was created, validated, and subjected to thorough testing using wet squid samples to evaluate its performance, leading to necessary adjustments and improvements based on feedback and test results. This study developed an automated dual-source squid dryer with image processing monitoring. The system demonstrated faster drying time (14 hours) compared to traditional methods (48 hours) while maintaining good quality. The indoor drying system proved advantageous, being weather-independent and achieving dry squid with 10% moisture content. The automated dual-source squid dryer with image processing monitoring achieved a shorter drying time of 14 hours, outperforming traditional methods that took 48 hours, while ensuring high-quality results. This highlights the system's efficiency and dependability for indoor squid drying, unaffected by weather conditions.

Fuzzy modeling applied to a microwave dryer: Cotton weaving fabric drying process

Microwave drying stands out because it is faster than traditional drying methods, drying in the product is more uniform and energy efficiency. In this study, fuzzy modeling of a microwave dryer was developed. Microwave dryer is considered as a non-linear dryer. The proposed fuzzy model is used to estimate the drying rate for different electrical powers and different drying times. Different experimental measurements were used to evaluate the reliability of this model. Compared to other modeling techniques, thanks to simulation, the fuzzy model of the dryer provides an immediate estimation of the drying rate. This study will provide drying rates under demanded conditions and help determining machine parameters for a given product providing time and energy saving.The behavior predicted by the fuzzy model confirms the suitability of the defined model.