Traditional Drawing Research Articles

Obtaining Symmetrical Gradient Structure in Copper Wire by Combined Processing

Traditionally, structural wire is characterized by a homogeneous microstructure, where the average grain size in different parts of the wire is uniform. According to the classical Hall–Petch relationship, a homogeneous polycrystalline metal can be strengthened by decreasing the average grain size since an increase in the volume fraction of grain boundaries will further impede the motion of dislocations. However, a decrease in the grain size inevitably leads to a decrease in the ductility and deformability of the material due to limited dislocation mobility. Putting a gradient microstructure into the wire has promising potential for overcoming the compromise between strength and ductility. This is proposed a new combined technology in this paper in order to obtain a gradient microstructure. This technology consists of deforming the wire in a rotating equal-channel step die and subsequent traditional drawing. Deformation of copper wire with a diameter of 6.5 mm to a diameter of 5.0 mm was carried out in three passes at room temperature. As a result of such processing, a gradient microstructure with a surface nanostructured layer (grain size ~400 nm) with a gradual increase in grain size towards the center of the wire was obtained. As a result, the microhardness in the surface zone was 1150 MPa, 770 Mpa in the neutral zone, and 685 MPa in the central zone of the wire. Such a symmetrical spread of microhardness, observed over the entire cross-section of the rod, is a direct confirmation of the presence of a gradient microstructure in deformed materials. The strength characteristics of the wire were doubled: the tensile strength increased from 335 MPa to 675 MPa, and the yield strength from 230 MPa to 445 MPa. At the same time, the relative elongation decreased from 20% to 16%, and the relative contraction from 28% to 23%. Despite the fact that the ductility of copper is decreased after cyclic deformation, its values remain at a fairly high level. The validity of all results is confirmed by numerous experiments using a complex of traditional and modern research methods, which include optical, scanning, and transmission microscopy; determination of mechanical properties under tension; and measurement of hardness and electrical resistance. These methods allow reliable interpretation of the fine microstructure of the wire and provide information on its strength, plastic, and electrical properties.

Dynamically documenting archaeological excavations based on 3D modeling: a case study of the excavation of the #3 fossil of hominin cranium from Yunxian, Hubei, China

Documenting tangible cultural heritage using 3D modeling techniques is gradually becoming an indispensable component of archaeological practice. The 3D modeling techniques based on photogrammetry and LiDAR scanning enable high-accuracy and high-realistic reconstruction of archaeological sites, and have been proven a powerful tool for documenting archaeological excavations. However, dynamically documenting an ongoing excavation using these techniques is still considered tedious, time-consuming, expensive, and dependent on expertise. Moreover, the application of 3D modeling techniques in archaeological excavations still faces some technical challenges, such as modeling with multi-source and multi-scale data, fusing local models at different times into a whole, achieving fast modeling while GPU workstations are not available in the field, and evaluating the quality of 3D models. As a result, there are still very few archaeological teams deeply engaged in dynamic documentation with 3D modeling techniques, and traditional drawing sketches and taking photographs still dominate. In these senses, documenting the archaeological excavation at the Yunxian Man site (located in Hubei, China) is an invaluable opportunity for exploration and practice. Archaeologists determined to conduct dynamically documenting at the beginning of the 6th excavation project for the site, and established a rotation system to reconcile physical excavation with digital preservation. Through repeated practice and communication, we proposed a workflow and pursued several new methods to enhance the feasibility of dynamically documenting, and obtained 4D models of the ongoing archaeological excavations. In 2022, the Yunxian Man site unearthed the most intact fossil of hominin cranium from about one million years ago in the Eurasian continent, preserving important and scarce anatomical features of early humans in Asia. As the original taphonomic context of the fossil corroded away during physical excavations, the digital documentation consisting of 4D models serves as permanent original data source in subsequent archaeological research. Moreover, we obtained cross-scale 3D models from geographical environment to archaeological site, excavation area, and cultural remains, and all of these 3D models are in an actual, unified coordinate framework. Thus, we can contribute to multidisciplinary cross-collaborative research through data sharing. Considering that digital documentations serve a great value in archaeological research, this paper focuses on sharing the workflow and methods to facilitate digital preservation for more archaeological projects.

Использование криогенного охлаждения при волочении нержавеющей проволоки

In the manufacture of wire with high operational and mechanical properties, the use of high total degrees of compression is irrational, since cold plastic deformation reduces the diameter of the wire, and with hot deformation the initial diameter of the wire has its limitations. Therefore, wire processing by thermomechanical method has a huge potential to reduce costs and improve product quality. The article develops a technology of thermomechanical processing of stainless wire, which consists in preliminary heat treatment to obtain an austenitic structure and traditional drawing followed by cryogenic cooling. As a result of such processing, an ultrafine-grained structure consisting of a mixture of austenite and α – martensite and high strength and plastic properties were obtained. When drawing using cryogenic cooling, a structure with an average grain size of 1 microns was obtained, and a microstructure of 2 microns was obtained at ambient temperature.

Magnetic Field Sensing via Acoustic Sensing Fiber with Metglas® 2605SC Cladding Wires

Magnetic field sensing has the potential to become necessary as a critical tool for long-term subsurface geophysical monitoring. The success of distributed fiber optic sensing for geophysical characterization provides a template for the development of next generation downhole magnetic sensors. In this study, Sentek Instrument’s picoDAS is coupled with a multi-material single mode optical fiber with Metglas® 2605SC cladding wire inclusions for magnetic field detection. The response of acoustic sensing fibers with one and two Metglas® 2605SC cladding wires was evaluated upon exposure to lateral AC magnetic fields. An improved response was demonstrated for a sensing fiber with in-cladding wire following thermal magnetic annealing (~400 °C) under a constant static transverse magnetic field (~200 μT). A minimal detectable magnetic field of ~500 nT was confirmed for a sensing fiber with two 10 μm cladding wires. The successful demonstration of a magnetic field sensing fiber with Metglas® cladding wires fabricated via traditional draw processes sets the stage for distributed measurements and joint inversion as a compliment to distributed fiber optic acoustic sensors.

Exploring Innovative Teaching Methods for the Integration of Interactive Digital Media and Traditional Drawing Techniques

Abstract Digital media is an important technological symbol of the new era, presenting significant technological support in the development of various industries. This project demonstrates an innovative method of teaching painting by integrating interactive digital media. Two art classes at a university are chosen to conduct experiments. In order to explore the quality of painting classroom interaction after integrating interactive digital media, a speech-based classroom speaking behavior measurement method is designed by using the effective speech detection algorithm based on Bi-LSTM, the speaker change point detection algorithm based on Bi-LSTM, and the speaker recognition algorithm based on TDNN and AP clustering. After the teaching experiment, comparing the drawing works, learning self-discipline performance and learning satisfaction of students in two classes, it was found that students who were taught drawing using interactive digital media were 6.4%, 10.94% and 14.44% higher in the corresponding dimensions. Meanwhile, in the analysis of classroom speaking behavior, the ratio of teacher and student speech fluctuated frequently, presenting a good quality of classroom interaction. The drawing teaching method integrating interactive digital media can enhance students’ drawing level and learning satisfaction, promote classroom atmosphere, and promote teacher-student interaction in drawing teaching.

Engaging young people in architectural research: three visual methods for understanding the impact of the built environment on children’s wellbeing

It is increasingly recognised that the spaces and atmospheres that architects create influence wellbeing. Atmospheres that appear welcoming, for example, have been shown to elicit feelings of comfort, safety, and inclusion. Yet understanding user responses to different kinds of architectural spaces remains a challenge, particularly when that user group consists of children and young people. This article reports data from 59 children and young people, aged 7–12, gathered as part of a feasibility study for the redevelopment of a facility that offers a 12-day health and wellbeing programme for disadvantaged youth. The study itself aimed to identify the most salient ways through which this facility’s environment impacted the wellbeing of young people (either positively or negatively) during their stay. This article, however, will focus on the iterative development and overall success of a modified photo-response method relative to more traditional drawing and photo-elicitation (or ‘photovoice’) methods. The findings reaffirm the need to design methods that are optimally engaging for young people and address the unique risks related to data quality, relevancy and reliably that emerge when engaging young people in research; including the role that imagination plays in data collection. These findings will be valuable for researchers and designers hoping to engage more effectively with children and young people within architectural research and briefing processes.

Between the Pen and the Line: Digital Drawing and the Feeling of Alienation and Distance


 As an artist I work mainly with digital drawing tools, but I also have this feeling of alienation towards digital drawing: As an artist educated around the 80s/90s, the classic analog drawing is the basis for my understanding of both analogue anddigital drawing, and my experience with the digital drawing tools is filtered through this early training. 
 
 
 In my research I have been testing various digital hardware and software to see how they work, and what kind of results they make. In my presentation I will look at the different quality of lines various hardware and software makes, show some of my line tests from different digital technology and reflect on my own drawing process. I will also reflect on my experience when working with digital tools and the experience I get from the finished works. The presentation will be illustrated with my own digital drawings made specially as part of my research.
 Drawing is an act traditionally done with a drawing tool held in the hand to make a line on a surface. Basically, the physical action - the gesture itself - is the same, whether I draw analog or digital: I hold the pen in the same way, move my hand and arm in the same way. But what exists between the hands gesture, the tip of the pen and the resulting line, is different in analog and digital drawing, and the line itself is also different. The digital drawing tools add their own qualities to the lines and the drawings. 
 
 
 I will look at some of the differences I experience between digital and analog drawing: I see digital drawing both as a sort of drawing among many others, and at the same time as something completely different, it adds something other than traditional drawing tools. 

Creating Personal Expressions In Expanded Drawing Artworks Through A Synectic Approach

Expanded drawing is an investigation of the evolution of drawing techniques and media/materials that have given artists the freedom to experiment, venture outside of their comfort zones, and change their routines. Extended drawing offers difficult activity engagements by fusing media and techniques with imaginative concepts. It also expands and reframes traditional drawing disciplines and approaches to produce works with a vibrant, modern personality. To create works that allude to distinctive traits and processes, media and technique development is done while keeping a larger context in mind. New media or media that has been used frequently are both used in this process. With its ability to create a dynamic and imaginative arena, Drawing Expanded is full of exploration, responding to medium and drawing styles in accordance with the concept being created. Expanded drawing is a new definition that arises from redefining, based on the individual's choice of media and technique as well as the environment. American artist Robert Morris first used the word in 1946 to describe a three-dimensional approach outside galleries that highlighted the value of creative exploration and interaction with materials, media, techniques, locations, and ideas.

Optimization of the Drawing Process of Low–Middle-Thickness Top Coal Based on a Simulation

Based on a theoretical analysis and simulation, the automated drawing characteristics for low–middle-thickness top coal are investigated, and the drawing process of top coal is optimized. For top coal with a 3 m thickness, a comparison is made between traditional and automated drawing process of top coal, which is used to highlight the superiority of automated drawing process. Then, for the automated top coal drawing, the effects of the round number on the drawing results of the entire working face are investigated, and the advantages and disadvantages of the multi-round drawing process are compared. Finally, the coal drawing results combined with automated and traditional methods are discussed, and an ideal optimized coal drawing process is proposed. The research results indicate that, for top coal with a 3 m thickness, the recovery rate of top coal by automated one-round drawing is slightly higher than that of traditional drawing, the drawing amount and drawing time of various drawing openings are relatively uniform for automated drawing, while the traditional coal drawing process shows fluctuating characteristics. For automated multi-round drawing, the top coal recovery rate decreases with an increase in the round number; however, the rock mixed rate in the drawn top coal is lower, and the drawing results at various drawing openings become more uniform. The combined automated–traditional drawing can achieve layered drawing of the top coal, avoid gangue drawing, and maintain a relatively high recovery rate, which is the optimal drawing process for this research project.

‘The dance of drawing’ and the limits of digital assistance

By looking at ‘the dance of a drawing’, this paper questions the interest and limits of digital technologies in the world of drawing and, more broadly, the visual arts. Based on the system of Effort conceived by the movement theorist Rudolf Laban (1879–1956), the author proposes a new way of apprehending pictorial and graphic form, from its expressive movements. This approach leads the author to distinguish between two modes of graphic expression, the sensory and the rational, which are both opposed and complementary. By inviting the viewer to observe the dance of paintings by Van Gogh and Seurat on the one hand and children’s drawings on the other, the paper underlines how digital technology cannot completely replace traditional drawing techniques.

Effect of thermomechanical processing of building stainless wire to increase its durability

A traditional use of high cumulative reduction ratios is not effective for manufacturing wire with high performance and mechanical properties, since cold plastic deformation reduces the wire diameter, while hot deformation has its own limitations. Thus, thermomechanical treatment of rolled steel has a huge potential to reduce costs and improve product quality when used in the construction industry. Such processing allows metalworking industries to increase the economic effect due to a more complete satisfaction of the requirements for the mechanical properties of finished rolled products. The article developed a new technology for thermomechanical processing of stainless steel wire, consisting of preliminary heat treatment to obtain an austenitic structure and traditional drawing followed by cryogenic cooling. As a result of such treatment, an ultrafine-grained structure was obtained, consisting of a mixture of austenite and α-martensite, with high strength and plastic properties. To analyze the features of the obtained microstructures, modern methods of metallographic analysis were used, such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and analysis of backscattered electron diffraction patterns. The microstructure is obtained after deformation at both temperatures and consists of a mixture of α-martensite and austenite. A structure with an average grain size of 0.5 µm was obtained by drawing using cryogenic cooling, and a microstructure of 1 µm was obtained at room temperature. The results obtained allow us to expect an increase in the performance and durability of stainless steel wire, which can be used for various purposes.

FAST OR EXTENSIVE? COMPARING WORKFLOWS FOR THE GEOMETRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE BUILT HERITAGE

Abstract. Three-dimensional digitization has been widely used for the documentation of built heritage. This paper presents two different approaches to the three-dimensional documentation of historic buildings using active 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) devices and data integration from other heterogeneous sources. Both methods aim to produce accurate and complete 3D surveys by integrating data from other sources, such as historical photographs, conservation reports, and traditional drawings, to enable a geometric analysis of the buildings. The first approach aims for completeness and redundancy of geometric information. The second method focuses on rapidness and is suitable for situations where the building is not easily accessible. The two approaches are applied to the case studies of Diotti Palace in Milan and Uzbekistan Hotel in Tashkent, demonstrating the efficiency of the two different datasets for analyzing the built heritage. The paper compares these two approaches and highlights their advantages and drawbacks in terms of the reliability of the resulting data. The study shows how two different methodologies can be adopted in different scenarios to obtain a comprehensive database for reliable and in-depth analysis of historic buildings.

Automated code compliance checking research based on BIM and knowledge graph

Automated code compliance checking plays an important role in moving the construction industry forward. While traditional drawing review relies on the identification of industry experts, the purpose of this study is to realize automatic code review by using BIM technology and knowledge graph technology. The method is based on knowledge graph to transform the specification provisions involved in the review of drawings into a computer-recognizable structured language using natural language processing technology to form a human–machine-readable knowledge graph pattern. For the review of BIM models, the BIM model information is exported and the global resource description framework of the building model is obtained in protégé, and the review report is finally obtained after mapping rules and review rules. Finally, the feasibility of the method is verified by an example. This study can effectively solve the problems of “manual dependency” and “inefficiency” in the process of review.

HOW METAVERSE EVOLVES THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

Architects have long relied on visualization tools to develop their concepts for specific design problems. From the early traditional drawings to the three-dimensional visualizations and virtual environments, all have enabled architects to demonstrate design outputs relatively early in the process. Real-world projects are similar to what architects imagined from the beginning. In other words, the design process has always started by creating the digital representation of a project and then attempting to replicate it in real life. Once the digital representation of design parts is complete, architects prepare their design for construction. However, the final visualization emerges from actual architectural functions, structure constraints, Gravity, materiality, privacy, and physical laws, meaning that architecture evolves the digitally represented visualizations. With the growth of the metaverse, all physical restrictions are being eliminated, and architects can expand the boundaries of how spaces can be represented regardless of being virtual or physical. As a virtual environment on the internet, the metaverse redefines the rules of architecture and offers endless possibilities for architectural innovation. This article aims to explore the role the metaverse plays in designing architecture. It outlines the fundamental concepts of the metaverse to identify significant elements that could influence architecture design.

Study on ecological aesthetic wisdom in Hunan ancestral hall architecture based on BIM technology

ABSTRACT On the one hand, ecological aesthetics requires buildings to provide comfortable indoor space environment for human beings; On the other hand, it has a small demand for the environment. In terms of material selection and energy use, it adheres to the principles of reducing use, reusing, recycling and replacing non-renewable resources with renewable resources. In view of the lack of efficient design technology in traditional architecture from the perspective of modernization, the study adopted BIM technology as the main design technology, and designed a design scheme to transform traditional drawings into three-dimensional architectural models according to the need to take into account the aesthetic concept and architectural functionality in the design process of ancestral halls in Hunan. This scheme can overcome the problem of complicated and inefficient design procedures in the process of traditional architectural aesthetic design from the perspective of modern architectural design, combine architectural functionality with traditional aesthetic concepts, and provide a way for the ecological and efficient design of traditional buildings.

Is virtual reality so user-friendly for non-designers in early design activities? Comparing skills needed to traditional sketching versus virtual reality sketching

Abstract Virtual reality (VR) sketching has many advantages for product design and tends to be more and more used among designers and non-designers (end-users). Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the skills needed to use VR sketching for non-designers especially VR novices in VR software. This study focuses on identifying the cognitive impact of VR sketching compared to traditional sketching on VR expert and VR novice in an experimental setting. Thirty-one participants composed of VR experts (N = 15) and VR novices (N = 16) completed a mental rotation test and then performed one traditional paper and pencil sketching task and two VR sketching tasks. We also measured the participants’ movements when using the VR sketching. Results show that VR experts perform better than VR novices in VR sketching because training is an essential element for the quality of traditional and VR sketching. Nevertheless, VR novices with previous training in traditional drawing and/or high mental rotation skills will be able to produce good-quality sketches. In addition, the results show that users moving more in the immersive environment performed better quality sketches if the drawing requires more complex shapes. Our results suggest that VR sketching can be complex to use for a part of the population that may be end-users, especially for those with little experience in traditional and VR sketching and with poor visuospatial abilities. We, therefore, advise to check the non-designers’ prior skills, otherwise, it will be necessary to train these users in VR sketching.

State of the art applications of engineering graphics and design to enhance innovative product design: a systematic review

The skills and abilities that Engineering Graphics and Design (EGD) has to offer is critical to support creation of product design in various fields such as architecture, mechanical, electrical, civil etc. To date, the knowledge of EGD in the product design process has not been fully harnessed by design experts in the field. Thus, this study aims to investigate the applications of EGD and provide its prospects in various technical fields to enhance future product design process. In this study, a systematic literature review using articles from various academic research data bases were used. The results of the study revealed that application of EGD in product design originates back from the creation traditional drawing to more sophisticated three dimensional methods of drafting such as computer aided design (CAD). A review of pedagogical techniques in EGD revealed that several teaching strategies may be employed to improve teaching and encourage students to take a more in-depth approach to learning. Furthermore, the results showed that the knowledge of EGD and its related tools enhance creativity in design of innovative products. The study provides prospect on the application of EGD in practice with the view to improve product design.

Introduction of poly(acrylic acid) sodium into traditional draw solution to enhance its driving capacity in forward osmosis process.

In this study, poly(acrylic acid) sodium (PAA-Na) salt was selected as representative polymer additive and the effect on forward osmosis (FO) performance of traditional draw solute NaCl was investigated. Results showed that PAA-Na increased water flux in both FO and PRO mode at 25 °C (up to 50%). Water flux and specific RSF firstly increased and then kept stable with the increasing concentration of PAA-Na additive. However, PAA-Na cannot enhance water permeation effectively at 35 and 45 °C. PAA-Na influenced FO performance by (1) increasing membrane hydrophilicity, which can increase water permeation, and was dominant at low temperature, and (2) causing pore-clogging, leading water flux decline, which was significant at high temperature. Furthermore, the influence of PAA-Na was compared with another polymer PAM and divalent salts MgCl2. The addition of PAM increased water flux slightly (lower than 25%), but increased RSF at the same time, due to the negative charge. Although MgCl2 decreased RSF and kept water flux fixed, its role was not obvious. In all, PAA-Na had advantages to improve FO performance.

Influence and Optimization Analysis of Servo Stroke Curve Design on Adhesive Wear in Deep Drawing of Tantalum

The degree of wear on a material’s surface after deep drawing has a great influence on the performance and quality of the product; in particular, tantalum plates are prone to adhesive wear during deep drawing. In this paper, we propose a method to improve the surface quality of deep drawing products by optimizing the servo pulse stroke curve to solve the above problems. At the same time, in order to explore the influence of curve parameters on the adhesive wear of tantalum sheets in deep drawing, nine drawing stroke pulse curves are designed, with three levels and four factors. The finite element method is used to analyze the wear depth change of dies and products after drawing with different curve modes. It is found that the wear results obtained under the different curves differ greatly. Considering the actual production efficiency and production quality, the drawing time and the maximum wear depth are taken as optimization objectives. An analysis of variance is carried out using the Minitab software, considering the maximum wear depth and deep drawing time of the product in the finite element analysis results, and the best parameter combination is obtained for each quality characteristic. Then, the optimal drawing stroke curve is obtained using Taguchi grey relational analysis, with its grey relational grade being the highest among all curves. Finally, the optimal curve is compared against a traditional curve on a servo press. The results show that the surface quality of the product and the drawing efficiency can be improved by the use of the optimized mode; in particular, compared with traditional drawing, the maximum wear depth is reduced by 56.67% and the drawing time is reduced by 18.06%.

21. Yüzyıl Mimari Tasarımında Hesaplamalı Yaklaşımlar: Sayısal Temsil Yöntemlerinin Tanımlanması

The studies on design and design methods increased towards the end of the twentieth century in industrialized societies, however, the act of design started to be carried out with different auxiliary tools. The digital and algorithmic structure behind the computer has begun to provide the designer with different possibilities outside of the traditional drawing environment. After this period, the queries and discussions on the content of the design, its components, the intellectual process of the designer, and similar issues gradually increased. Within this scope, new theories and methods have emerged. In today's design, especially with digital technologies, transformations in theory and practice in the design process have brought new methods with them. Architects and designers have now become design tool developers rather than using use of the design tool. Based on this, the assistive tools that determine the current architectural design style is aimed to be explored in this paper. The study contributes to the field by (i) exploring these tools and their latent features, (ii) assessing the pros and cons of these tools, and (iii) last, implementing these design tools on the case studies.