Traditional Charcoal Research Articles

Safely Managed Barbeque Use of Charcoal as Traditional Renewable Energy

While coal is a fossil fuel, traditional charcoal is an inherently renewable energy source. In addition to fuel, charcoal can also be used as a functional material such as adsorbents and catalysts. Charcoal is still used for heating in safe cooking situations, such as barbecues. However, in recent years in Japan, there have been many cases of barbecue fire accidents. This study is a case study in which the author experimented with charcoal (made from Malaysian mangroves) barbecue using a safe method within an established facility. Based on past fire incidents, the main causes are the ignition of liquid or fluid combustion aids, the spread of sparks bythe wind, and insufficient trailing fire. In this case study, under calm wind conditions (artificially fanning at an appropriate level of strength), using a solid firelighter, and collecting used and extinguished charcoal ash in a metal container, these three points was found to be important for safety fire management in barbeque.

Fuelwood use and household appreciation of improved and traditional cooking stoves in Rwanda

More than 90 % of the rural population in Rwanda (72 % of the total population) utilizes the inefficient traditional three-stone fireplaces (TSF), and 65 % of the urban population uses charcoal for cooking. Firewood is bulky and heavy to transport and store in urban areas, and charcoal stoves are more efficient and less smoky than TSF. However, most energy and wood are lost when converting firewood to charcoal. Traditional charcoal kiln often has an average of 12 % conversion efficiencies in Rwanda. Several improved cooking stoves (ICS) have been developed as alternatives to the TSF and charcoal stoves, but their efficiencies and household appreciation in real-life conditions are poorly understood. This study assesses the fuelwood use efficiency of two ICSs, MimiMoto and Kuniokoa stoves. The Kuniokoa is a rocket stove that uses firewood, while the MimiMoto is a top-lit-up-draft (TLUD) gasification stove fuelled with wood pellets. The MimiMoto stoves were delivered to 15 selected households using charcoal stoves, while the Kuniokoa stoves were given to 30 households using TSF. The amount of wood consumed and time spent during cooking were recorded for a standardized traditional dish. The Kuniokoa stove consumed 0.9kg/cooking session, while the TSF consumed 1.6 kg/cooking session. Switching from TSF to Kuniokoa stoves in rural areas reduces fuelwood consumption by 41 %. MimiMoto and charcoal stoves consume 0.50 and 0.48 kg/cooking session. However, 0.48 kg charcoal is equivalent to 4 kg firewood; hence, switching from charcoal stoves to MimiMoto stoves results in a firewood reduction of 88 %. Analysis of cooking times shows small differences between TSF, Kuniokoa, and MimiMoto, around 55–60 min, while cooking on charcoal takes significantly more time. The ICSs were highly appreciated by participating households, especially for their fuel saving, ease of use, reduced smokiness, and general cleanliness. Based on the results, it can be concluded that efficient rocket stoves, like Kuniokoa, are viable alternatives to TSF for household cooking in rural areas and that efficient TLUD stoves, like the MimiMoto, are good alternatives to replace charcoal stoves in urban and peri-urban areas. Aggregated to annual and national scales, such changes would have substantial positive implications for the environment and livelihoods.

Sabango charcoal: A basis for a proposed community extension program

Numerous negative environmental impacts result from deforestation brought by the production of charcoal can be seen on news, and experienced by certain communities. Due to the high demand for traditional charcoal made from wood, there is also a high demand for cutting trees resulting in soil erosion, biodiversity loss, and modifications to regional climatic patterns are all consequences of deforestation. The researchers conducted the study to propose a solution to these problems by promoting sabango charcoal made from organic waste, such as dried mango leaves and saba banana peels. The researchers aimed to assess the acceptability level of sabango charcoal compared to traditional charcoal and used as a basis for a community extension program. Based on the analysis of statistical data, it showed that there is a significant difference between sabango charcoal and traditional charcoal in terms of smoke, ignition, and longevity. The gap between sabango charcoal and traditional charcoal can be determine to the smoke it produces, the time it takes to ignite, and the burning time. It can also be reused multiple times and offers a more environmentally friendly product.

Charcoal briquetting: Alternative energy sources and waste management solution for sustainable cities in Tanzania

<p>This paper presents a report as part of a comprehensive study on the utilization of some forms of solid waste (SW) to make charcoal briquettes (CB) as an alternative fuel source in communities that are reliant upon traditional charcoal (TC) and wood as the primary cooking fuels. The study coincides with the Tanzanian government’s efforts to diminish reliance on wood and charcoal as a primary fuel source, particularly for large-scale consumers. Nevertheless, the government restriction on TC usage comes with little or no presentation of alternative sources that are both eco-friendly and economically sustainable. Introducing the mechanism that meets both environmental and economic criteria, the study employs a cross-sectional approach to collect the required data and uses experimental methods to evaluate the performance of the produced CB. Such tests focused on cooking duration, burning rate (BR), specific fuel consumption (SFC), and the general efficiency expressed by the percentage of heat utilized (PHU). In most cases, CB performs by far or less well than TC. Such results make the study important as it develops clean cooking technologies to solve the existing fuel crisis and improve health and environmental conditions from SW pollution while reducing deforestation, subsequent desertification, and climate change for sustainable environmental conservation.</p>

Charcoal briquetting: Alternative energy sources and waste management solution for sustainable cities in Tanzania

<p>This paper presents a report as part of the comprehensive study on the utilization of some forms of solid waste (SW) to make charcoal briquettes (CB) as an alternative fuel source in communities that are reliant upon traditional charcoal (TC) and wood as the primary cooking fuels. The study coincides with the Tanzanian government’s efforts to diminish reliance on wood and charcoal as a primary fuel source, particularly for large-scale consumers. Nevertheless, the government restriction on TC usage comes with little or no presentation of alternative sources that are both eco-friendly and economically sustainable. Introducing the mechanism that meets both environmental and economic criteria, the study employs a cross-sectional approach to collect the required data and uses experimental methods to evaluate the performance of the produced CB. Such tests focused on cooking duration, burning rate (BR), specific fuel consumption (SFC), and the general efficiency expressed by the percentage of heat utilized (PHU). In most cases, CB performs by far or less well than TC. Such results make the study important as it develops clean cooking technologies to solve the existing fuel crisis and improve health and environmental conditions from SW pollution while reducing deforestation, subsequent desertification, and climate change for sustainable environmental conservation.</p>

Assessing the Impacts of Traditional Charcoal Production Sites on the Environment in Daynile District, Mogadishu-Somalia

This article examines the environmental impact of traditional charcoal production in the Daynile district of Mogadishu, Somalia. The study reveals that current charcoal production practices have caused severe deforestation, desertification, and biodiversity loss. The research evaluates how these production sites affect soil quality, vegetation, and the well-being of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the area. Data was collected through interviews conducted with the target population, using a GPS camera to capture photos of kilns, affected plants, and soils, along with voice recorders for transcription and notebooks for structured questionnaires. The findings indicate that emissions from the kilns pose health risks to workers and nearby residents, leading to respiratory and gastrointestinal issues, and even fatalities. Soil erosion and reduced plant life were also observed. The study emphasizes the need for alternative energy sources to reduce reliance on traditional charcoal production and mitigate its negative environmental impact. The research has policy implications for the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change in Somalia.

Fabrication of activated carbon from Acacia Crassicarpa bark by carbothermal functionalization for adsorptive removal the dyes in aqueous solution

Activated carbon adsorbent prepared from Acacia Crassicarpa bark has been successfully synthesized via carbonization and chemical activation processes to investigate the elimination of hazardous dyes in industrial wastewater, specifically the anionic dye methyl orange (MO) and the cationic dye methylene blue (MB) in this study. The Acacia Crassicarpa bark was washed with distilled water and dried it in an electric oven at 100 °C. The carbonization process was carried out at a temperature of 1050 °C in the Argon atmosphere and thoroughly was activated by NaOH. The results showed that a high BET surface area of 711.05 m2/g was obtained. XRD pattern presented that the high content of crystalline carbon was formed and carbon content was achieved approximately 83%. Also, SEM images illustrated the average size of carbon is 2.58 μm and surface structure of activated carbon appeared the pores inside the particle. The Langmuir was observed to fit the adsorption data well. The maximum equilibrium adsorption capacities predicted by the Langmuir isotherm were found to be 156.25 mg/g and 144.09 mg/g for MO and MB, respectively. All of those results confirm that the activated carbon originated from Acacia Crassicarpa bark can potentially be applied for water purification treatment. In comparison to traditional charcoal, this activated carbon presents numerous advantages. Notably, it can integrate into the biomass energy cycle, improve filtration capabilities, and result in cost savings.

Improving traditional charcoal production system for sustainable charcoal income and environmental benefits in highlands of Ethiopia

Charcoal production from Acacia decurrens has shown considerable advantages for enhancing livelihoods and boosting government revenue in Ethiopia. However, the current reliance on unsustainable traditional Earth mound kilns diminishes these benefits, causing reduced charcoal income and notable environmental damage. Therefore, there is a pressing need to improve the traditional charcoal production system. The objectives of this study were evaluating different improved charcoal production approaches on charcoal conversion efficiency, financial profitability, and gas emission reduction potential compared to traditional charcoal making in the Fagta lokoma district, Ethiopia. Charcoal was produced from Acacia decurrens small-scale plantation, using improved kilns (Green mad retort, MRV portable steel, Casamance) and traditional Earth mound kilns, with three replications of production. Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in charcoal conversion efficiency (at P ≤ 0.001), with the MRV steel kiln exhibiting the highest efficiency (41.57%), followed by the Green mad retort (36.14%) and Casamance (34.07%). Conversely, the traditional Earth mound kilns displayed the lowest conversion efficiency (24%). The findings demonstrated that improved charcoal-making kilns enhanced wood-to-charcoal conversion efficiency by 41–72% compared to traditional kilns. Moreover, the study reveals a significant increase in average charcoal income per hectare (at P ≤ 0.001), with higher earnings (284,824.4 ETB) at MRV steel kiln, and lower-income (71,580 ETB) at traditional Earth mound kilns. Improved charcoal-making kilns significantly (P ≤ 0.001) reduced harmful gas emissions compared to the traditional Earth mound method. Reduction percentages were substantial for various gases: CO2 (46–57.9%), CO (29.4–56.6%), NO (61.7–86.1%), NOx (56.6–86.2%), SO2 (41–62.8%), and CH4 (35.7–57%). In coclusion, the improved kiln technology has substantially enhanced the efficiency of charcoal conversion, resulting in beneficial effects through emissions reduction. To champion sustainability and cultivate positive socio-economic outcomes, it is imperative to extensively adopt these eco-friendly kilns in areas where charcoal production is prominent.

Emission and Reduction of Air Pollutants from Charcoal-Making Process in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta

Charcoal is a fuelwood commonly used for domestic purposes on the household scale in Africa and Southeast Asia. Earnings from charcoal production contribute to the income of local inhabitants in rural areas. Unfortunately, airborne emissions from the traditional charcoal-making process affect both human health and the ambient environment. A series of studies were performed at a charcoal-making village in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD) to assess: (i) air pollutant emissions from the traditional charcoal-making process; (ii) the impacts on human well-being and the environment of traditional charcoal production; (iii) the loading of carbon dioxide from a charcoal-making kiln; and (iv) the efficiency in reducing contaminants of an air pollution-controlling method developed at a charcoal-making kiln. Study results revealed that the traditional charcoal-making method causes a substantial loss of carbon from fuelwood materials and emits the products of incomplete combustion. These contaminants negatively impact human well-being and the environment. Carbon dioxide and incomplete combustion substances emitted from the charcoal-making kiln are potential causes of the global warming phenomenon. The installation of an air pollution-controlling system at the charcoal-making kiln is recommended as an urgent solution before alternatives would be found to control the impacts of charcoal production.

Nutrients status and soil microbial biomass C and N in charcoal production sites of derived savannah forest of southwestern Nigeria

Deforestation and other anthropogenic activities, including charcoal production affect several microbial activities and nutrients availability and status in the savannah forest soil of southwestern Nigeria. However, understandings of the microbial activities and soil nutrients availability in these sites have not been thoroughly studied. Therefore, the study aims to clarify the charcoal production effects on the microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, nutrients status of charcoal production sites and the surrounding soils. Soil samples were collected to determine the microbial biomass contents in carbon and nitrogen (BC and BN), organic carbon of the soil (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), ammonium and nitrate nitrogen [(NH4+-N) and (NO3N)] in the soil layers between 0–15, 15–30 and 30 – 45 cm, under different locations of charcoal production and non-production sites (CPS and NPS) respectively. We found out that SOC, TN, C/N ratio, Bc and BN and the ratios of Bc/SOC and BN/TN were significantly higher in the NPS than in the CPS. The SOC, TN, BC and BN and the ratios of Bc/SOC and BN/TN declined significantly (P ˂ 0.05) with increase in depth in the two sites under different locations. However, NH4+-N and NO3N contents in the NPS were significantly lower compared to the CPS. The results of the analysis indicate better soil nutrients in term of SOC and TN in the NPS than CPS. It is therefore posited that NPS is healthier and can sustain soil microbial activities than CPS. Although, NPS is lower in inorganic nitrogen contents determined, CPS has the potential to reduce leaching of inorganic nitrogen and increases its availability in the derived savannah agro-ecological region of southwestern Nigeria. Effort must be made to mitigate the large-scale conversions of the native derived savannah forests for traditional charcoal production that contributes to environmental pollution; it is therefore useful to consider biochar strategy in order to mitigate global warming and manage soil health and productivity.

Social and environmental impacts of traditional charcoal production: a case study in Hau Giang province, Viet Nam

This study investigated the status, environmental health risks and assessed contaminant concentrations of waste gases and ambient air quality in traditional charcoal production kiln areas in Hau Giang province. In total, 284 charcoal producers, 160 charcoal workers and 160 neighbors were interviewed using structured questionnaires. Additionally, Carbon monoxide (CO), nitro dioxide (NO2), total suspended particles (TSP), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) from traditional kilns and ambient air samples were analyzed. The result show that the number of kilns owned by each charcoal producer was 3.13 kilns per household; of which the average volume of each kiln was 59.07­ m3 kiln-1, with a yearling charcoal yield of around 80.71 ton kiln-1. The profitability of charcoal producers was annually approximately 133 million VND per household. Charcoal workers predominantly reported suffering from eye irritation issues (41.6%) whilst adjacent neighbors frequently experienced respiratory problems (87.5%). The interviewees obviously recognized the negative impacts of charcoal production activities on community health (63.1% respondents) and local fruit farmers (79.4% respondents), yet only the minority of residents (8.11% respondents) required a change from the current charcoal-based livelihood. The CO, TSP, and SO2 in waste gas compositions all exceeded the maximum permissive levels of the Vietnamese National Standard (QCVN 19:2009/BTNMT), while the air quality surpassed the safety level of TSP and SO2 (QCVN 05:2013/BTNMT). This indicates very high risk to those who are regularly exposed to the air pollutants. The study suggested that technological solutions and responsible policies should be enforced to promote the sustainability of charcoal production and minimize the negative impacts on human health and the environment.

The Use of Saba Banana (Musa acuminata × M. balbisiana) Peel as a Charcoal Substitute

The use of charcoal has become a traditional part of the life of the Filipino people. However, there is always a widespread belief that the manufacturing of charcoal is completely unsustainable, damaging the environment and the lives of the people. By turning waste materials—primarily banana peelings—into charcoal, this study hopes to address these environmental problems by determining if they can replace traditional charcoal. The goal of the study is to compare commercial charcoal and banana peel charcoal in order to determine which is more advantageous, secure, and sustainable for both humans and the environment. Aside from that, this study also aimed to compare other variables like (1) longevity of burning, (2) longevity of cooking food, and (3) ash production. The banana peel briquettes were manufactured using various amounts and percentages of banana peels, wet paper, and sawdust, which served as an independent variable that influenced the quality of the briquette. The researchers followed the processes of sun drying, crushing, mixing, and molding. The material was formed into balls and allowed to dry for seven days prior to testing. After rigorous testing, the researchers came to the conclusion that banana charcoal would be a good substitute for commercial charcoal.

The use of Saba banana(Musa acuminataxM. balbisiana)peel as a charcoal substitute

The use of charcoal has become a traditional part of the life of the Filipino people. However, there is always awidespread belief that the manufacturing of charcoal is completely unsustainable, damaging the environment andthe lives of the people. By turning waste materials—primarily banana peelings—into charcoal, this study hopes toaddress these environmental problems by determining if they can replace traditional charcoal. The goal of the studyis to compare commercial charcoal and banana peel charcoal in order to determine which is more advantageous,secure, and sustainable for both humans and the environment. Aside from that, this study also aimed to compareother variables like (1) longevity of burning, (2) longevity of cooking food, and (3) ash production. The banana peelbriquettes were manufactured using various amounts and percentages of banana peels, wet paper, and sawdust,which served as an independent variable that influenced the quality of the briquette. The researchers followed theprocesses of sun drying, crushing, mixing, and molding. The material was formed into balls and allowed to dry forseven days prior to testing. After rigorous testing, the researchers came to the conclusion that banana charcoalwould be a good substitute for commercial charcoal.

Analyzing social innovation as a process in rural areas: Key dimensions and success factors for the revival of the traditional charcoal burning in Slovenia

In rural areas, the social innovation (SI) process emerges as a response to negative socioeconomic trends or gets triggered by open windows of opportunity, bringing solutions that revitalize the rural fabric through the voluntary involvement of the local community. As such, SI is increasingly recognized as a tool to support rural development and transformative change. Regardless of increased interest and research, there are still calls for empirical evidence on the SI process, its effects, and the success factors. Our study responds to this research gap by providing empirical evidence on the 20 years of the development of a remote rural area – Charcoal Land – that sparked the revival of traditional charcoal burning in Slovenia. To better understand how such processes roll out on the ground, we conducted the case study, using a combination of document reviews, key informant interviews, semi-structured interviews, and participatory observations. Using event sequence analysis, we mapped key events in the development of the Charcoal Land and distinguished five key dimensions (Context, Trigger, Agency, Phases, and Effects) based on a framework for analyzing SI as a process of SI. Then, we inductively recognized three key success factors that were crucial for the revival of traditional charcoal burning in Slovenia: the embeddedness of innovators in multiple networks, strategic use of narratives for obtaining resources, and legitimization by the local community and public actors. Our results indicate that the development of the Charcoal Land can be regarded as an SI process that sparked the reconfiguration of traditional charcoal burning and its revival in Slovenia. The voluntary engagement of various actors (e.g., charcoal burners, foresters, local authorities) led to the formation of evolving agencies with the capacity to repetitively rearrange around common projects and goals. Through diversification of activities, traditional charcoal burning started being performed small scale and for educational, touristic, culinary, cultural, and commercial purposes. Over the last 20 years, traditional charcoal burning scaled up and out of the local territory of the Charcoal Land to other geographical and policy levels. Due to three success factors, and through institutionalization, traditional charcoal burning became recognized as an intangible cultural practice, as well as monitored forestry and agricultural practices.

Evaluation of key aroma compounds and protein secondary structure in the roasted Tan mutton during the traditional charcoal process.

The traditional charcoal technique was used to determine the changes in the key aroma compounds of Tan mutton during the roasting process. The results showed that the samples at the different roasting time were distinguished using GC-MS in combination with PLS-DA. A total of 26 volatile compounds were identified, among which 14 compounds, including (E)-2-octenal, 1-heptanol, hexanal, 1-hexanol, heptanal, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-pentanol, (E)-2-nonenal, octanal, 2-undecenal, nonanal, pentanal, 2-pentylfuran and 2-methypyrazine, were confirmed as key aroma compounds through the odor activity values (OAV) and aroma recombination experiments. The OAV and contribution rate of the 14 key aroma compounds were maintained at high levels, and nonanal had the highest OAV (322.34) and contribution rate (27.74%) in the samples after roasting for 10 min. The content of α-helix significantly decreased (P < 0.05), while the β-sheet content significantly increased (P < 0.05) during the roasting process. The content of random coils significantly increased in the samples roasted for 0-8 min (P < 0.05), and then no obvious change was observed. At the same time, β-turn content had no obvious change. Correlation analysis showed that the 14 key aroma compounds were all positively correlated with the content of α-helix and negatively correlated with the contents of β-sheet and random coil, and also positively correlated with the content of β-turn, except hexanal and 2-methypyrazine. The results are helpful to promoting the industrialization of roasted Tan mutton.

Circular utilization of urban tree waste contributes to the mitigation of climate change and eutrophication

Circular utilization of urban tree waste contributes to the mitigation of climate change and eutrophication

Investigation of the effect of small iron and molybdenum additives on the phase composition of a titanium and nickel-based powder alloy

Information is presented on the study of the effect of small iron and molybdenum additives on the phase composition of a powder alloy based on titanium and nickel. The proposed method allows to increase the rate of carburization by 1.5...2 times compared to traditional charcoal carburetors.

Abnormal Respiratory Symptoms of Workers and Sampling of Organic Vapors Using Solid-phase Microextraction Devices in a Golf Ball Manufacturing Factory

The ink that is used in the mark printing, and the protective paints that are sprayed on golf balls as surface and primer layers are the main sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in a golf ball manufacturing factory. In this investigation, workers’ exposures to VOCs were evaluated using a needle trap sampler (NTS), which is a micro sampling device, and the results of an analysis using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer were compared to the samples that were collected in charcoal adsorption tubes with respect to VOC content. Ethyl acetate and n-butyl acetate are main compounds that are emitted in the painting and printing of golf ball. The highest worker time weighted average exposure concentration of n-butyl acetate was 16.92 ppm, and that for ethyl acetate was 19.69 ppm, as measured in a closed spray room. Painters’ and printers’ symptoms of respiratory tract abnormalities (RTA) were strongly correlated with their exposures to organic solvents as determined from the answers to a questionnaire survey on workers’ RTA symptoms. An NTS can be used as an alternative to charcoal tubes for sampling organic solvents to which workers are exposed, based on the differences in the limiting VOC analysis concentrations of both sampling devices. Due to lighter weight and lower cost than the traditional charcoal tube, which has to be connected to a sampling pump, therefore, NTS should be promoted as a routine VOC monitoring device in the workplace.

Carbonization of Coconut Shell Biomass in a Downdraft Reactor: Effect of Temperature on the Charcoal Properties

Considering the value of coconut shell biomass as renewable fuels in homes and commercial industries, its effectiveness as a biomass resource has been overlooked by our rural citizens and researchers. Carbonization experiments of coconut shell biomass were conducted in a downdraft carbonization reactor (750 mm height and 67 mm diameter) to determine the effect of temperature (250 to 600 °C, in 50 °C intervals) on the charcoal properties. This was to address the problems of traditional charcoal production methods that include; low yield, environmental pollution, unregulated temperature, and poor quality properties. Yet the scarcity of this information hampers efforts for efficient commercial production. The coconut shell biomass was obtained from a local shop in Malaysia. It was heated in the reactor at a fixed residence time of 60 min and a particle size of 5 mm with nitrogen as a carrier gas. The relationship between temperature and the properties of coconut shell charcoal has been ascertained by the findings of this analysis. The relatively high the temperature, the better the charcoal quality, but the lowest the charcoal yields, since the secondary pyrolysis reaction expends charcoal. It was noted that, up to a final temperature of 500 °C, the yield reduction was rapid; after that, it was slower at 550 °C and almost stable at 600 °C. According to the charcoal’s proximate analysis, the calorific value, fixed carbon content, carbon content and ash content increased with temperature. Whereas, the charcoal density, volatile matter, moisture content, and conversion efficiencies decrease with temperature. The presence of nitrogen gas appears to have reduced combustion reactions that promote the formation of carbon dioxide (CO2). The methods produce the least amount of air pollutants (96 g carbon monoxide (CO), 167 g CO2, and 64 g methane (CH4) per 1 kg of charcoal production). The type of biomass and carbonization kiln has an impact on the production of CO, CO2, and CH4. Thus, the carbonization reactor used in this study has the potentials to produce an eco-friendly charcoal with superior quality properties that can assist in reducing environmental pollution, by proper selections of carbonization temperature.

Fast Pyrolysis Biochar Flammability behavior for Handling and Storage

Biochar is a fairly new material in the research arena with limited information on safety aspects related to transportation, storage, disposal or field application methods. The objective of this research was to assess the flammability characteristics of fast pyrolysis biochars with test methods EPA 1030 and ASTM 4982. Results indicated that biochar is a non-flammable substance when tested with EPA 1030 ignitability of solids. However, when tested with ASTM D4982, a fast screening method, biochars showed potential risks of flammability. However, the addition of 20-50% moisture reduced any flammability concern.&#x0D; Fast pyrolysis biochar was more prone to be flammable than traditional charcoal and slow pyrolysis biochar tested in this study. Still, fast pyrolysis biochars presented lower flammability potential (ASTM 4982) in comparison to its precursor biomass. The flammability propagation measured with EPA 1030, had high correlations with oxygen content and surface area of the fast pyrolysis biochar. The combustion reaction of fast pyrolysis biochar is a flameless combustion process, with a slow burning rate, and most commonly exhibiting a hot ember smoldering propagation front.&#x0D; This paper illustrates the necessity of performing recurring tests due to biochar’s intrinsic variability stemming from the different modes of production and feedstock used.