Traditional CAM Research Articles

Inclusive Exploration of Harmonizing and Alternative Treatments for Hypothyroidism

: A clinical syndrome known as hypothyroidism occurs due to a shortage of thyroid hormone as a result of decreased production, abnormal distribution, or no action of thyroid hormones. The most typical clinical symptoms included are dry skin, hair loss, weight gain, painful-prolonged periods, infertility, balance problems, slow speech, bradycardia, hypothermia, fatigue, anxiety & depression, joint pain, and indigestion. Basically, age, gender, the severity of the ailment, and a few other factors affect the various signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism. The limitations of allopathic modalities necessitate the investigation of alternative treatment options. Future healthcare initiatives for the poor world will increasingly depend on CAM approaches to these concerns because lifestyle, diet, obesity, lack of exercise, and stress are significant contributing factors to the development of hypothyroidism. This review's objective is to provide information on herbs as well as complementary and alternative medications which are grouped into five major domains: Biologically Based therapies, Manipulative body-based therapies, Mind body-based therapies, and the whole Medical system. These have traditionally been used to treat thyroid dysfunction. The distribution of diseases in emerging nations is altering as a result of globalization. Hence the existing and potential roles of CAM techniques in the general practice of medicine are illustrated in these approaches. Scientists are being compelled to consider traditional herbal medical treatments and CAM therapy in order to combat adverse medication occurrences, high treatment costs, and compliance problems thus described in this review paper.

Hybrid FFF/CNC: An open source hardware & software system

This paper presents a low-cost milling system composed of spindle mountable on a multi tool 3D printer equipped with maxwell kinematic coupling (E3D “ToolChanger” in this article) as well as two open-source software solutions for implementing a hybrid FFF/CNC manufacturing process. The first solution is the use of a traditional CAM software (FreeCad) for machining programming through the development of a dedicated post-processor. The second is an automatic layer-by-layer hybridization enabled by the software “SuperSlicer”. This method requires no machining knowledge but only allows contouring operations. Results of experiments show that the spindle presented in this work is capable of successfully carrying out a hybrid process that significantly improves the surface roughness parameters, with an improvement factor of 10 for most parameters. An uniformization of surface roughness parameters was also observed in the construction direction and in the deposition/machining direction. The layer-by-layer hybridization yields the better results in terms of surface roughness. This is because the reduced depth of cut (equivalent to a printed layer) minimizes stress and temperature rise, resulting in highly favorable cutting conditions.

Maglev weft knitting needle driving modeling and PID controller design

Maglev driving method is a novel needle driving technology for weft knitting machine, which uses the non-contact hybrid magnetic driving method to replace the traditional cam type knitting needle driving method. This method can alleviate the problems of noise, heating and broken knitting needle during the operation of knitting machine. This paper designs a hybrid magnetic levitation needle drive structure. Based on the structure and driving mode, the equivalent magnetic circuit model and the axial mechanical model of the needle are established. The state equation is used to analyze the axial displacement response of the needle under setting voltage. Moreover, the closed-loop controller of the needle drive is optimized to make the needle have stable axial displacement response. A hybrid maglev needle driving experimental device is also designed. The relationship between the axial displacement and the coil driving voltage is calculated by using the analytical method and the numerical finite element method. The results show that the hybrid maglev knitting needle axial drive structure and drive control method can meet the requirements of needle drive height. This study provides a reference for the design of new hybrid magnetic suspension knitting machine.

Application and research on digital twin in electronic cam servo motion control system

With the development and extensive applications of big data and artificial intelligence (AI), the manufacturing industry is gradually becoming increasingly intelligent. In the industrial sector, digital twin can greatly promote the innovation of products in the processes of design, production, operation, and maintenance. The traditional cam mechanism in mechanical reciprocating motion is constrained by the profile curve and lacks flexibility, which will be replaced by a new, flexible and controllable electronic cam. This paper designs a digital cam servo motion system based on digital twin. Using the multi-dimensional simulation software and taking advantage of virtual-real interaction ability of digital twin technology, the trajectory planning, state monitoring, and precise control of the electronic cam motion can be realized. The results show that the electronic cam servo motion control driven by digital twins has good observability, robustness, and adaptability. The scheme is feasible and practical, and provides reference for the design, manufacture, and application of electronic cam using digital twin technology.

RETRACTED: Swimming target detection and tracking technology in video image processing

The new system is presented for target detection swimming, tracking multiple targets in a video sequence. Since the output of the system is based on target motion, to use background subtraction to move the area within each video frame of the first segment foreground and background. A new method proposed for detecting drowning in a person swimming in a data using video footage. The proposed Swimming target detection and tracking technology based on Discrete Cosine Transform Algorithm, Target Detection Algorithm, and Traditional Cam-Shift Algorithm. For background extraction and updating, use the frame-by-frame differential Discrete Cosine Transform Algorithm used to the exact motion region of the entire video section in image processing technology based analysis. Static and dynamic feature detection identification normal swimmers and drowning swimmers. Swimming-based data are collected in real time using a camera on the surface of the water, including a video image sequence with the main observation swimming and behavior analysis based system immersion and three steps to detect swimming. By combining frame subtraction and background subtraction, the advanced moving Target Detection Algorithm can detect the full area of interest. Then, with average particle filtering, analysis of Traditional Cam Shift Algorithm, it can automatically select the target for the resulting detection results and introduce a new person tracking method. Swim target detection and track results to analyze motion parameter estimation algorithms. Finally, the purpose of the set of human diagnostics and follow-up tests is to test algorithmic efficiency.

Development of the Design and Fabrication System for Planar Cam Mechanisms

Cam mechanisms are used as the control system in several industrial fields such as filling and canning, textiles, automotive. This paper introduces the development of a software for designing planar cam mechanism adapting the dynamic and kinematic requirements. The designed cam profile is then changed into numerical data used to generate the machine codes served for CNC-based fabrication. Traditional cam design is very complicated and has accumulated errors. The envelope theory and inverse method are utilized to perform constraint in pressure angle and motion. The smallest cam radius is then determined in a non-linear optimization adapting the constraints. The paper also presents the design of a CNC machine for cam profile fabrication. The design includes the control system and the circuit board. The CNC control program is built to receive numerical data from cam design section, to simulate the cam profile fabrication and then to fabricate. The optimal design and fabrication are applied to the cam mechanisms with knife-edge/roller reciprocating/oscilating followers. The verification shows that the designed and fabricated cam adapts the requirement of accuracy.

Investigation of camshaft grinder’s electric spindle mounted with electromagnetic bearings

In the process of high-speed grinding, the deflection of the spindle axis of the grinder has a severe impact on the surface quality of the workpiece. To solve the problem of bending deformation of the motorized spindle, aiming at the traditional cam grinder, the structure of grinding spindle is designed with active control of electromagnetic bearing. Due to the influence of centrifugal inertia force on deformation, the equation of deformation of the rod is deduced, and the relationship between minimum distortion of the motorized spindle and the displacement of grinding wheel end and the electromagnetic loading force is obtained. The finite element method is used to analyze the relationship between the minimum bending deformation of motor The most suitable electromagnetic force to restrain the spindle is received at different rotational speeds due to the deflection of the motorized axis. The results show that the deviation of grinder spindle is effectively suppressed by applying appropriate electromagnetic force. Reduce the vertical displacement of the spindle grinding wheel end. The results obtained have specific guiding significance for the design of electromagnetic bearing motorized spindle and the improvement of grinding accuracy.

True Three-Valued Ternary Content Addressable Memory Cell Based On Ambipolar Carbon Nanotube Transistors

Carbon nanotube-based transistors (CNTFETs) have been shown to exhibit ambipolar field-effect transistor behavior, allowing circuit designers to easily choose between [Formula: see text]- and [Formula: see text]-conduction channels by applying correct voltages at a polarity gate. In this paper, we explore this ambipolar behavior of the CNTFET to design both binary and ternary content addressable memory (AM) cells. Using SPICE simulation, we show the designs of a traditional ternary CAM (TCAM) and a true three-valued TCAM (T3-CAM) functionality of the proposed cells and show that the ambipolar design can lead to a savings of up to 31% in terms of transistor count over a traditional design. We also explore issues related to matchline leakage, cell stability and design in the presence of metallic tubes.

The Research on the Motion State Monitoring of Electromagnetic Valve Train of Engine Based on Internet of Things

Aiming at real-time monitoring of valve motion online in a new engine valve train that replaces the traditional cam with a self-developed new electromagnetic linear actuator, this paper presents a system scheme for motion monitoring of the electromagnetic linear actuators based on the Internet of Things and support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, which can effectively monitor the running state of the electromagnetic linear actuator and the valve. The system uses the lower computer to collect the current of electromagnetic linear actuator, and real-time transmits the data to the upper computer in the monitoring center. The upper computer firstly extracts the eigenvector of the motion state of the actuator by wavelet packet decomposition method, and then uses the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) to optimize the model kernel function parameters and penalty factor C of support vector machine, and establishes ABC-SVM electromagnetic linear actuator's motion state model and training. In this paper, the method is compared with the direct-collected wire-controlled detection method. The results show that the system can accurately and quickly monitor and analyze the electromagnetic linear actuator and engine valve operating state, so it is feasible.

Fault Monitoring and Diagnosis of Actuators in Electromagnetic Valve-Train Based on Neural Networks Optimization Algorithm

In order to realize fully flexible variable valve lift and improve the intake efficiency of the engine, a new electromagnetic valve-train (EMVT) was designed to replace the traditional CAM in the engine valve-train. However, as the durability of electromagnetic linear actuator (ELA) in the EMVT was lower than that of CAM, and there might be some problems during a long running time. This paper presented an improved online fault diagnosis method combining BP Neural Networks with Grey Relation Analysis (GRA) to analyze current signals, which could realize the monitoring, diagnosis of electromagnetic linear actuator faults and early warning so as to prevent unnecessary situations such as accidental cylinder stop of the engine. The results showed that this method had a high fault diagnosis rate, high speed, reliability and practicability.

Low Power and High Speed PB-CAM with XNOR-NAND Parameter Comparison Circuit

Objectives: Low power consumption, high-speed and low-cost are the major important needs in several applications like Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) and Giga-bit Ethernet networks. To achieve high-speed parallel data comparisons in internet routers PB-CAM is the one of best hardware approaches. In the present work, PB-CAM is modified for improving performance of CAM architecture. Methods/Statistical Analysis: In PB-CAM unit the main building blocks of the process is parameter extractor, parameter comparison circuit and CAM cell. The PB-CAM is faster and low-power consumption than the traditional CAM. The PB-CAM unit implemented by 180nm, 90nm and 45nm CMOS technology in Cadence. The parameter-extractor and static-parameter-comparison circuits implemented in 180nm, 90nm and 45nm CMOS technology. Findings: The power consumption of the proposed Parameter-Comparison circuit using XNOR-NAND CMOS logic is 0.02135uW at a supply voltage of 0.45V in 45nm CMOS technology for a 4x4 (4-bits of stored parameter-extracted data and 4-bits of input parameter-extracted data) size parameter comparison data at 10-30MHz. For 15-bit input data, the PB-CAM with proposed parameter comparison circuit is consuming an average power of 129.1uW at a supply of 0.9V and a frequency of 10-30MHz. The results show that the PB-CAM unit using proposed parameter comparison circuit is faster, low-power consumption and low-cost than the PB-CAM with static parameter comparison circuit. Application/Improvements: PB-CAM circuit used in high-speed look-up-tables (LUTs), ATMs, routers and etc. In future, further advancements can be done in PB-CAM unit by combining different techniques such as match-line-sense-amplifier, ones-count, block-XOR, parity-bit to achieve low-power, low-cost and high-speed search and read operations in network routers.

The Design of a Cylindrical Cam Structure whose Profile could be Reconstructed

Traditional cam profile curve is not changeable after it is made. So it can’t meet the requirement when the follower needs to change the motion within a short time. Therefore, we designed a new cylindrical cam structure whose profile curve could be reconstructed by adjust inserted depth of the chips. We built its three-dimension object model by SOLIDWORKS and explained its advantages and shortcomings. We illustrated its advantages by provided an example of application. And results show the new cam structure is high versatility and convenient to realize the needs of different follower motion by reconstruct its profile.

A review of the integration of traditional, complementary and alternative medicine into the curriculum of South African medical schools.

BackgroundTraditional, complementary and alternative (TCAM) medicine is consumed by a large majority of the South African population. In the context of increasing overall demand for healthcare this paper investigates the extent to which South African medical schools have incorporated TCAM into their curriculum because of the increased legislative and policy interest in formally incorporating TCAM into the health care system since democracy in 1994.MethodsHeads of School from seven South African medical schools were surveyed telephonically.ResultsOne school was teaching both Traditional African Medicine (TM) and CAM, five were teaching either TM or CAM and another was not teaching any aspect of TCAM.ConclusionsIn conclusion, there is a paucity of curricula which incorporate TCAM. Medical schools have not responded to government policies or the contextual realities by incorporating TCAM into the curriculum for their students. South African medical schools need to review their curricula to increase their students’ knowledge of TCAM given the demands of the population and the legislative realities.

High Efficiency Strategy in Mould Cavity Roughing Oriented Machining Features

A highly efficient rough machining strategy for mould cavity oriented machining features is proposed based on the traditional CAM systems. The rough machining strategies for the mould cavity can be calssified as drilling, reaming, slot cutting, lateral cutting and clearance machining according to the extated cutting layers which is generated by the traditional constant scallop toolpath. And the machining methods are differ accodring to corresponding machining features. The strategy proposed in this paper has an great value for the high efficiency mould cavity machining, it can not only ensure the load well-distributed in the machining process, but also raise the machining efficiency and extend the tool life.

Numerical and experimental analysis of non-circular gears and cam-follower systems as function generators

The paper shows an analysis of two mechanisms that are typically used as function generators. The former consists of a pair of non-circular gears, which drives a slider-crank mechanism, the latter is a cam-follower system. Both mechanisms are designed to obtain a specific motion law. In this paper the proposed application is to generate a pulsating blood flow during cardiopulmonary by-pass for cardiac surgery. The prescribed motion law can be obtained by a volumetric pump, which can be used to modulate the blood flow in external circulation machines. The reciprocating motion consists of a quick forward stroke, corresponding to the Systolic phase, and a slow return stroke, corresponding to the Diastolic phase. The study has been focused on specific transmission characteristics that are related to a mechanical blood pumping design. In particular, experimental tests have been analyzed to understand benefits and drawbacks for using non-circular gears and polynomial cams in pure mechanical transmissions with limited motion regulation but with specific prescribed motion law. The contribution of the paper can be recognized in comparing numerically and experimentally a traditional cam transmission with a non-circular gear solution to show proper operation feasibility for both solutions without using complex control equipment, even for a robust/reliable demanding application like a blood pumping system.

Two-layer hierarchical matching method for energy-efficient CAM design

An energy-efficient CAM design is introduced, in which both the match line capacitances and switching activities are minimised using a two-layer hierarchical matching method. The results measured from the fabricated chip show that, compared to the traditional NOR-type CAM, this design can deliver an energy reduction of 76% while improving the match performance by 29%.

Traditional Chinese medicine and CAM use among Chinese cancer patients in British Columbia, Canada: preliminary findings

Traditional Chinese medicine and CAM use among Chinese cancer patients in British Columbia, Canada: preliminary findings

Machine codes modification algorithm for five-axis machining

Traditional CAM packages generate five-axis machining codes (G and M codes), which depend only on surface geometric information. When applying these codes to different five-axis CNC machines, the corresponding cutting errors sometimes are larger than the expected values. This is because the cutting errors depend on the machining conduction parameters such as the cutter geometry, rotational axes, etc. This paper is to introduce a machine codes modification algorithm for those generated from existing CAM packages so that the final cutting errors of modified codes are within the tolerance requirement. Simulation and experiments have been conducted to verify the modified machine codes and the results turn out to be successful.

A new decision algorithm of maximum allowable step length for five‐axis table‐tilting type machining

Traditional CAM algorithms evaluate the cutting error only based on the geometry of the sculptured surfaces. The kinematic parameters, such as rotational angles, machine structure, and tool geometry, are not considered until the post‐processing stage. When using the tool paths generated by traditional algorithms, the corresponding cutting errors may be larger than expected due to rotation. Therefore, the estimation algorithm presented in this paper considers not only surface geometry but also kinematic parameters. Compared to traditional CAM algorithms, simulation results show that the step lengths are varied adaptively, and cutting errors are reduced.

Optimal and collision free tool posture in five-axis machining through the tight integration of tool path generation and machine simulation

The generation of collision free NC-programs for multi-axis milling operations is a critical task, which leads to multi-axis milling machines being exploited below their full capacities. Today, CAM systems, generating the tool path, do not take the multi-axis machine movements into account. They generate a multi-axis tool path, described by a sequence of tool postures (tool tip+tool orientation), which is then converted by a NC-postprocessor to a machine specific NC-program. As the postprocessing is normally done in batch mode, the NC-programmer does not know how the machine will move and the chance for having collisions between (moving) machine components is often very high. The execution of a machine test run or the application of a machine simulation system (NC-simulation) is the only solution to inform the NC-programmer about possible machine collisions during operation.This paper describes a multi-axis tool path generation algorithm where the tool orientation is optimised to avoid machine collisions and at the same time to maximise the material removal rate along the tool track. To perform efficient collision avoidance, the tool path generation module (traditional CAM), the postprocessing (axes transformation) and machine simulation has been integrated into one system. Cutting tests have been carried out to define the allowable tool orientation changes for optimisation and collision avoidance without disturbing the surface quality.The developed multi-axis tool path generation algorithm is applicable for the machining of several part surfaces within one operation. This, together with tool path generation functionality to adapt the tool orientation for both, maximal material removal and avoidance of collisions between (moving) machine components, are the innovative aspects of the presented research work.