Traditional Balinese Architecture Research Articles

Traditional and Vernacular Architecture in Bali

The study of Bali's traditional and vernacular architecture requires a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach to reveal the complex expressions of this culturally diverse island. Influenced by Hindu, Buddhist and indigenous beliefs, Bali's architecture is closely interwoven with its lush landscape, characterised by terraced rice fields, volcanic mountains and a tropical climate. The theoretical foundations are based on vernacular architecture and emphasise the importance of indigenous knowledge, local materials and cultural, social and environmental factors. The study focuses on the classification and functions of more than 20,000 Hindu temples or "pura", which reflect the island's deep cultural roots and rituals based on the Balinese calendar. An examination of small villages such as Pengotan reveals a nuanced architecture with sacred and profane zones clustered around temple areas, residential areas and cemeteries. The concentration of family units in sacred spaces and the meticulous adherence to the luan concept reveal the intricacies of traditional Balinese architecture. However, the preservation of this architectural heritage is being challenged by rapid modernisation and a booming tourism industry. The influx of tourists, which has increased from 2.5 million in 2010 to 14 million in 2017, poses a threat to Bali's traditional building practices and materials. The environmental impact of increasing waste and inadequate infrastructure, exacerbated by the growing number of foreign visitors, requires sustainable planning. The government's ambitious goal of creating '10 new Balis' to double the number of tourists raises concerns about environmental protection and proper waste management. The methodological approach of this study is deeply rooted in vernacular architecture and aims to decipher the nuances and preserve Bali's architectural heritage. Balancing the demands of modernisation and tourism with the need for environmental sustainability is critical to the protection of the heritage.
 
 Index Terms— Vernacular Architecture, Bali, Tourism, Traditions

The WUJUD BANGUNAN ARSITEKTUR BALE SAKENEM

Bale Sakenem is one of the many buildings of traditional Balinese architecture which function to accommodate traditional ceremonial activities. Its specific function is to prepare and carry out religious ceremonies for Hindus. Basically, this architectural building has a wall structure that has six pillars or six saka, therefore this architectural bulding is named Bale Sakenem. The contruction ans structure of this building uses wood materials. Bale Sakenem is owned by all residents’ houses in the Panglipuran Tourism Village, Kubu District, Bangli Regency, Bali. Basically, it still maintains itsshape, structure, contruction and ornaments, but there are changes that have occuredin the materials. This reseach uses a qualitative descriptive method with an ase study approach. Research data was obtained from direct observation in the Panglipuran Tourism Village. The research conclusion shows that the materials used in the Bale Sakenem architectural buildings still use wood materials with changes in wood types nowadays.

Reading the Meaning of the Realization of a Residential House in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village, Bali using the Hermeneutic Method

Discussion of traditional architecture is still interesting to do because of the high meaning in it. Including traditional Balinese architecture, more precisely the house in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village. The house for the indigenous people of Tenganan Pegingsringan Village consists of several building periods, including Bale Buga, Sanggah, Bale Meten, Bale Tengah and Paon. The aim of the study was to analyze the meaning of the embodiment of a residential house in Tenganan Pegringsingan Village, Bali using the hermeneutic method. The research method used is a qualitative method with primary data from direct observation in the form of photographs, interviews and secondary data from literacy which is then compiled, the two data can be analyzed using a hermeneutic approach to obtain results and conclusions. The meaning of the house in the village of Tenganan Pegingsringan was born from the activities of its users who have the same values and expressions. Different users from community groups based on village manners have the same residential meaning. The meaning of the house form in Tenganan Pegingsringan Village has ritual, symbolic, ethical, religious and sustainable meanings.

Implementation of the Water Park Concept of Traditional Balinese Architecture in Improvement Comfort Thermal at Captain Mudita Bangli Park

Comfort thermal is absolute thing for body human, therefore human always try conditioning environment to achieve comfort thermal for his body. Outdoor space is one a place where humans operate. Object in This research is environment planned construction with apply element architecture external supported by architectural concepts traditional Balinese. See condition that, there is opportunity and important to learn characteristics comfort thermal water park. This research aims to find out factor comfort thermal and outdoor factors in the Field Captain Mudita Bangli. Field Captain Mudita Bangli chosen as location study Because own characteristic typical separately, as well role very important as support life people in Bangli. The purpose of This research is to find out spread condition thermal, knowing big influence factor external to condition thermal and the influence of water park spatial models according to Balinese traditional concepts. architecture comfort thermal. The results of this research can be become base for architects to build and design water park that can operate optimally. In this research, method comparison and simulation used to visualize condition comfort thermal on the subject research. From the results of this simulation, it can be used to find out influence factor external and architectural concept traditional Balinese towards comfort thermal object research.

Implementing Fractal to Define Balinese Traditional Architectural Facade Beauty: The Kori Agung

Fractals have been theoretically used to explain visual beauty from the urban scale to the context of architectural facades. How we perceive the visual beauty of architecture is likely dependent on subjectivity. However, the fractal is applicable for defining visual beauty and as a quantifiable method that provides objectivity for analysis. Previous research has used fractals, particularly in faca­des, to determine the beauty in complex geometry and quantify the complexity. However, the application of fractals in traditional architecture remains to be explored. Therefore, this article will discuss in detail how fractal is a suitable method to study the visual beauty of traditional architectural facades using fractal geometry and fractal dimension index. The case used to illustrate the imple­mentation is Kori Agung of Balinese traditional architecture, known for its grandeur and luxurious facade images. It embodies the visual beauty of its facade due to its textured, layered, and complex visual appearance.

Traditional Balinese Architecture as a Tourist Attraction in Bali: an Architect's Perspective

The purpose of this research is to analyze the driving factors and inhibiting factors for the transformation of Balinese Traditional Architecture (ATB) designs in tourism facilities in Denpasar and Badung. Through a questionnaire as many as 48 samples from Architects working in Denpasar and Badung were analyzed through IFAS and EFAS and the Internal External Matrix, the general positions and strategies were obtained. The results of the study show that the main strength of internal factors is the existence of Provincial and Denpasar Regional Regulations regarding building layout which is a very meaningful back-up for implementing Balinese-style designs in tourist facilities. Meanwhile, the main driving factor from external factors is the development of tourism in Bali which is quite large. In this way, in the future, a mutually beneficial relationship will be created between Balinese Architecture and Tourism.

Preserving traditional Balinese architecture: exploring the relevance of undagi’s indigenous knowledge in post-pandemic interior design

This research is focused on exploring the relevance of undagi’s indigenous knowledge implemented on post-pandemic interior design as a recommendation for preserving traditional Balinese architecture in the modern era. As UNESCO promoted safeguarding the "Intangible Cultural Heritage" in 2003, all designers must strengthen the cultural side in still relevant designs for the modern era. In Bali, undagi’s (traditional architect) existence declined in the modern era. Undagi’s indigenous knowledge is the basis for the architectural development of traditional Balinese houses (umah) for designing tourism facilities as research objects. This research is a desk study with a critical analytical approach that qualitatively conducts a comparative study between indigenous knowledge and post-pandemic interior design recommendations with two stages of research—in the first stage, critically analyzing post-pandemic interior design recommendations by previous researchers with a systemic literature review. In the second stage, exploring undagi’s indigenous knowledge consists of explicit and tacit knowledge. The result of the two stages is the formulation of the relevance of undagi’s indigenous knowledge in post-pandemic interior design in Bali. The study results show that the undagi’s indigenous knowledge has relevance, which aligns with the recommendations for post-pandemic interior design criteria by previous researchers. This relevance is closely relevant, and several relevant values require development and interpretation to have interconnectivity between modern and traditional values. This process of interconnectivity must prioritize the principle of preserving traditional Balinese architecture in the modern era.

THE ARCHITECTURE OF PALINGGIH ULAM AGUNG AND PEDAU: SYMBOLIC ARTEFACTS OF THE NUSA PENIDA, COASTAL COMMUNITY’S BELIEF SYSTEM IN HINDUISM OSMOSIS

The architecture of the palinggih ‘Balinese shrine’ is generally built based on the design of a sacred Hindu building according to the guidelines of traditional Balinese architecture, but different from the two architectural forms of shrines in Nusa Penida, Bali. This study focuses on the transformation of the belief system of Nusa Penida’s local coastal community belief system, which is realized into ulam agung (king of fish) and pedau (traditional sailboat) sacred buildings. The results of the study show that the transformation of the metaphor architectural shrine occurs because of the mastery, placement, and conversion of cultural, social, symbolic, and economic capital, that crosses individual and collective habitus in the realm of the Nusa Penida local coastal community belief system. The system of people’s belief in local gods undergoes a process of osmosis into gods in the pantheon of Hinduism. The socio-religious practice is also influenced by their level of knowledge, reasoning, and experience of the architectural form of the shrine as a symbolic Hindu religious building.

Persepsi Masyarakat Terhadap Implementasi Tri Hita Karana Dalam Penataan Ruang Pemukiman di Denpasar Selatan

The establishment of settlements in Bali is based on the Tri Hita Karana (THK) philosophy. However, the implementation of THK in residential spatial planning has now experienced a shift, especially in urban areas. Many settlements in the South Denpasar area do not use the THK concept. This study aims to analyze people's perceptions of the implementation of THK in residential spatial planning in South Denpasar. The research method used is qualitative research with data collection techniques namely observation, in-depth interviews and document studies. Data analysis was carried out in an interpretive descriptive manner. The results of the study show that in the South Denpasar region there are three models of residential environments, namely geria/puri/jero settlements, naturally developing settlements, and settlements built by developers. The geria/puri/jero settlements still maintain Balinese Traditional Architecture (ATB) according to THK, while the general population and settlements built by developers tend not to comply with THK. The Balinese Hindu community residents of settlements in South Denpasar have the perception that a place to live in must be in harmony with the local natural environment, and adhere to the concept of ATB and the THK philosophy. However, due to limited land, the community admits that they cannot fully apply the ATB concept. In conclusion, the implementation of the THK concept in residential spatial planning in South Denpasar cannot be fully implemented due to limited residential land.

Exploring the Philosophy and Forms of Traditional Balinese Architecture at Badung Market

After the fire disaster, Badung market was rebuilt by applying the values of Balinese local wisdom. It was designed through an integrated synergy of regional arrangement within the Badung market, Kumbasari market, and the arrangement of the Tukad Badung to support the concept of a heritage city tour in Denpasar City. The philosophical concept used is tapak dara and padu raksa. The concept of values and architectural forms uses the Triangga, the Trimandala, the Sanga Mandala, and the Tri Hita Karana concepts. The forms of the entrance uses the bintang aring concept. It is combined with the kayon form as a symbol of balance, horizontal and vertical for human life. The concept of Balinese traditional architectural decoration uses bebadungan decorations. This research was with a qualitative exploratory method Researchers also found modernization towards more advanced changes with rational, effective, efficient, and economic principles. This is evidenced in the use ornaments made of Glass Reinforced Concrete, elevator facilities, and escalators. In addition, Badung market was designed to be more modern and universal with a children's play room, lactation room, emergency stairs, accessible toilets, and other facilities.Menjelajahi Filosofi dan Bentuk Arsitektur Tradisional Bali di Pasar Badung. Pascabencana kebakaran, Pasar Badung dibangun dengan menerapkan nilai kearifan lokal Bali. Didesain melalui sinergitas penataan kawasan secara terpadu antara Pasar Badung, Pasar Kumbasari, dan penataan tukad Badung untuk menunjang konsep tur kota pusaka (heritage city tour) Kota Denpasar. Konsep filosofis yang digunakan adalah tapak dara sebagai simbol keseimbangan dan padu raksa sebagai makna stabilitas perputaran ekonomi masyarakat untuk peningkatan kesejahteraan. Konsep tata nilai dan bentuk bangunan menggunakan konsep triangga, trimandala, sanga mandala, dan tri hita karana. Bentuk pintu masuk pada bangunan utama menggunakan konsep bintang aring dengan bebatelan di kiri dan kanan. Bintang aring difilosofikan sebagai pintu yang bercahaya bagai bintang sehingga terlihat monumental, berestetika, dan menambah kesan oriental. Bintang aring dikombinasikan dengan bentuk kayon sebagai lambang keseimbangan, horisontal dan vertikal bagi kehidupan manusia. Konsep ragam hias arsitektur tradisional Bali menggunakan ragam hias bebadungan. Ragam hias ini didesain untuk menciptakan identitas jati diri Kota Denpasar. Peneliti juga menemukan kehidupan modernisasi dengan prinsip rasional, efektif, efisien, dan ekonomis. Hal ini dibuktikan pada penggunaan ornamen dari bahan Glass Reinforced Concrete (GRC), fasilitas elevator, dan eskalator. Selain itu Pasar Badung didesain lebih modern dan universal dengan adanya ruang bermain anak, ruang laktasi, tangga darurat, toilet aksesibel, dan fasilitas lainnya.

Interpretation of the Bedawang Nala ornament located on the base of Pura Pabean in Buleleng Regency Indonesia

Pura (temple) is a sacred place for the Hindus in Bali, such as Pura Pabean, which is included in pura kahyangan jagat (temple for all people). Pura Pabean is located on the northern part of the main Singaraja-Gilimanuk road, Banyupoh Village, Gerokgak Sub-district, Buleleng Regency, Indonesia. The area also extends into the ocean and is positioned on steep rocky terrain. Unlike other Pura in Bali, this temple stands on the base of an ornament, as a Bedawang Nala (cosmic tortoise) with two dragons (serpents) wrapped around the body. The embodiments of the tortoise and the two dragons are the essential parts of the temple, with their heads overlooking the ocean. Therefore, this study aims to examine the interpretation of Bedawang Nala, as the Hindu icon located on the base of Pura Pabean. In this analysis, Capon's theory was developed and combined with the stages of the hermeneutic method. The analyzed Bedawang Nala was also a combination of Akupara (tortoise) with Vedava-nala (cosmic fire/fire of the apocalypse). This indicated that the body was similar to that of a tortoise, with the head being observed as a cosmic fire resembling the figure of a mare. The results showed that Bedawang functioned as an aesthetic and symbolic ornament, which depicted the bhu mandala (earth or region) in the middle of the ocean. This was a description of God's position in His manifestation, as the ruler of ports, trade, and water flow. These results are expected to develop the traditional Balinese architecture in the present and future activities and performances.

Penerapan Arsitektur Eklektisisme Pada Rumah Kontemporer Bali, Studi Kasus: Rumah Pepatah Karya DDAP Architect

The character of traditional Balinese architecture is very distinctive which shows its identity. Contemporary Balinese buildings are not spared from this manifesto, but try to combine them with the values of Modern Architecture into an eclectic building. Therefore, this study tries to analyze it with a qualitative approach, especially on aspects of the character of the building. This study concludes the results of the analysis, that the traditional Balinese architectural tradition is not only a mere decoration, but also seen in the spatial and construction. Modern values are also accepted in the aspect of awakening and immutability. In general, there are elements that remain, shift, and change by undergoing adjustments based on needs.

Design Analysis of Kori in Palebahan Ancak Saji at Puri Agung Ubud, Bali

Balinese Traditional Architecture is an architectural concept used by the Balinese people in designing buildings and is still applied on an ongoing basis today. Traditional Balinese architecture has existed since the days of the Hindu kingdoms in Bali. Puri Agung Ubud is one of the heritages of traditional Balinese architecture during the royal period whose buildings are still well maintained and functioning. The current function of the Puri is not only as a residence for the royal family but also functions as a tourist attraction. The areas that can be visited by tourists are the palebahan ancak saji area and the semanggen area. In palebahan ancak saji there is a kori building, a kori is a building that functions as a door for exit and entry access to other palebahans. Kori has the form of a cecandian building structure with various ornaments on each side. The focus of this research is to analyze the shapes and ornaments used on the kori in the northern part of palebahan ancak saji at Puri Agung Ubud. In this study using a qualitative descriptive method following the study of cultural artifacts. The results of this study are to know the shape and types of ornaments used in the North Kori building.
 Keywords: Kori; Form; Ornamens; Palebahan Ancak Saji

Angkul-Angkul in Ubud Village and It’s Change

The architecture of buildings in Ubud Village has a peculiarity because it uses the concept of Traditional Balinese Architecture, and the Ubud people mostly work as sculptors, so the building has more carvings or ornaments. One ofthe buildings is angkul-angkul. Angkul-angkul is one of the buildings in the area of a traditional Balinese house that is an access or entrance to the yard of a Balinese Hindu community. With the influence of technological advances, globalization and cultural acculturation, and tourism, the use of angkul-angkul today has begun to shift, both in terms of shape, function, and material. Based on these problems, this study aims to determine the change in the shape and use of angkul-angkul material. Descriptive methods are used to analyze the form of angkul-angkul, with data collection through interviews, observations, and literature studies. The result of the study was that there were variations in new forms and materials in angkul in Banjar Junjungan, Ubud Village.
 
 Keywords: Angkul-Angkul; Form; Hindu; Ubud Bali; Design

Renewed Quality for Cultural Cities: A New Approach to Manage the Tourist Area of Puri Saren Ubud in Times of Covid-19

Puri Saren Ubud is one of the heritage tourist areas as well as the residence of the king and his family who hold the government. The tourist area is one of the attractive destinations for tourists to visit. The Covid-19 pandemic has had a major impact on tourist visits to Bali, including to Puri Saren Ubud, whose numbers are decreasing and impacting the economic income of the surrounding community. Puri Saren Ubud based on its spatial typology uses the concept of traditional Balinese architecture which consists of three spatial functions, namely macro, micro and meso rooms and has met room standards for operationalizing tourism activities during the Covid-19 pandemic. Analysis of respondents perceptions regarding the existence of a new approach in the pattern of travel activities, including space restrictions to carry out social distancing by providing a space separator symbol, reaching a score of 85.67% as an effort to prevent crowds of visitors that can trigger the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Perceptions of changing the tourism model with the concept of virtual cultural performances scored 57.00%, they argue that cultural performances are better witnessed directly because they are related to the cultural values ​​contained in the performing arts but still prioritize health protocols

JURIDIC ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SEMPUANA HOLY WATER SPRING AS A TOURISM ATTRACTION IN DALUNG VILLAGE, BADUNG

One of the sacred springs/bejis that attracts attention for research is the Beji Sempuana, which is used by the local village community in the process of spiritual purification, generally this process is carried out before starting religious ceremonies such as Piodalan in the area of Pura Dalem Nataran Tegal Jaya, Dalung or mass burning of corpses (Ngerit). This Beji is located on the border of the Sempuana River which needs to be preserved due to the conversion of the surrounding land. This study aims to examine the legal basis for the development of a site into a tourist attraction. The method used in this study, namely observation to the object of research, interviews and documentation. Interviews were conducted with community leaders and local residents. The data analysis technique used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method, which provides a review of the interpretation or meaning of the data and information obtained. The results of this study indicated that the Beji Sempuana site can be developed as a leading tourist attraction in Badung Regency, in addition to the natural beauty of the surroundings, the existence of cultural heritage objects and Beji Sempuana and religious ceremonies as tourist attractions. The buildings at Beji Sempuana and Pura Dalem Nataran are also unique with traditional Balinese architecture. This Beji Space pattern still applies the Tri Mandala Concept which is still preserved today.

Kajian Arsitektur Biophilic pada Arsitektur Tradisional Bali sebagai Pendukung Ekowisata di Bali (Studi Kasus: Rumah Adat Bali)

<p class="Abstract"><em>The development of the times indirectly affects human needs which have an impact on all aspects of human life, psychology, lifestyle to architecture. There are several rules of Traditional Balinese Architecture that contrast or are not suitable when combined with modern architecture that is in demand by today's society. However, if ecotourism buildings in Bali follow the architectural trend in the world, it will violate the Bali Regional Regulation and Bali will lose its architectural identity. There is a gap between traditional Balinese architecture that must be applied with modern architecture which is the current trend. Biophilic Architecture is building's connection to the environment will affect the health of the community both physically and psychologically. In general, the Biophilic approach and Traditional Balinese Architecture are both environmentally based. Therefore, Biophilic Architecture can be a bridge between Traditional and Modern Architecture. Using comparative quantitative research methods with biophilic as an indicator of assessing traditional Balinese architecture, the results of modern architecture guidelines that have environmental-based traditional rules will be obtained. This research is expected to be a guide or reference in designing ecotourism buildings that are modern but still strong in their traditional Balinese identity.</em></p>

BALI AGA VILLAGES DOCUMENTATION IN BANGLI REGENCY AS ARCHITECTURAL CONSERVATION AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

The Island of Bali is not only rich in natural conditions and landscapes but also has unique socio-cultural and architectural characteristics. This makes the island of Bali a tourism and research destination, especially the indigenous villages that are called Bali Aga. There are approximately twenty-five villages spread and lies on in the four areas of the Bangli Regency. These Bali Agavillages are unique for implementing the original Balinese traditions. Mostly the Bali Aga villages take place in the fringe ofmountains, hilly areas, and along the shores of Lake Batur. The observations on the architecture of the houses found that there arefew traditional buildings called sakaroras still extant. This cannot be separated from technological and communication developments that affect people's lives. The study aims to explore the existence of the indigenous villages in the Bangli Regency,mainly to document the architecture of traditional houses that still exist. Observations were carried out to obtain primary data regarding the architectural conditions of the sakaroras. Interviews were conducted with the village leader to get information aboutthe history, the village’s needs, and the sakaroras house condition. This study found that most sakaroras houses have been turned into a modern house style. This research implies that it is essential to document the existence of the sakaroras place, which tends to change as evidence of cultural heritage and the identity of traditional Balinese architecture. Public awareness to maintaincultural heritage needs to be encouraged through programs to foster the importance of preserving traditional houses.

THE INDEGENEOUS PEOPLES AND DEVELOPMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND INTERIOR BALI TRADITIONAL HOUSE IN MUNCAN CUSTOMARY VILLAGE, KARANGASEM, BALI

The existence of indigenous peoples is one of the important things in supporting the sustainability of traditional values, especially those related to the design of residential buildings. The customary village of Muncan Village, Karangasem is one of the traditional villages in Bali where the existence of indigenous peoples still exists. This can be seen from the lives of these indigenous peoples in carrying out their daily lives still following the customs and rules contained in the region. Seeing the high existence of indigenous peoples in the village, it is necessary to examine the relationship of the existence of indigenous peoples to the development of architecture and interiors in these traditional Balinese houses. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of indigenous peoples in preserving traditional Balinese houses. This study uses a method with a qualitative approach and a cultural studies perspective. The results of this study indicate that the existence of indigenous peoples in the village of Muncan affects the architectural and interior development of their homes. This can be seen from the mindset of the community as well as various activities that contain elements of religion, tradition and belief that are applied to the architectural design of their residences. Broadly speaking, the architectural design of the residence still applies the concept of traditional Balinese architecture but has developed only in the form of materials and forms following developments according to the latest science and technology.
 Keywords: Existence, Society, Custom, Architecture, Interiors.

Desain Biofilik pada Gedung Sekretariat dan Laboratorium Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi Universitas Ngurah Rai

Emerging from concerns about the increasing work stress (occupational disease) that has an impact on mental health, nature needs to play a bigger role in the built environment, referred to as "biophilic design." The word 'design' in question is a creative process to create or design architectural works. Biophilia is contained in the third point in the Tri Hita Karana concept which is the basis of the vision and mission of Ngurah Rai University, this concept is used as a basic concept in the development of the Ngurah Rai University Faculty of Saint and Technology building, so it is very interesting to be an object of research. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Tri Hita Karana and biophilia, the application of biophilic design in the development of this building, and to find new contributions in the application of biophilic design. The method used is a qualitative method, by establishing a relationship between empirical phenomena and theory in solving research problems. The results showed three biophilic categories: nature in the space; natural analogues; and the nature of the space, which is described into fourteen biophilic design patterns, has generally been successfully applied. The presence of nature can be felt as a string of images that move from entry to workspaces. The application of biomorphic shapes and patterns with natural materials and a touch of traditional Balinese architecture is a new contribution in the application of biophilic design in this FST building.