Traditional Anchor Research Articles

Design and mechanical properties analysis of a novel CFRP tendons anchorage structure

To address the challenges of larger size, stress concentration at the loading end, and insufficient anchoring performance at the free end of traditional bonding-type anchors for Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) tendons, a novel anchor featuring a variable angle multi-stage cone is proposed. This solution is derived by analyzing the notch effect at the loading end caused by the wedging of the bonding medium in conventional cone-type anchors. A theoretical model for the stress distribution of the variable angle multi-stage conical anchor was developed using elastic deformation theory. The reliability of this model was validated through finite element analysis. Subsequently, a comparative analysis was conducted to evaluate the stress distribution and anchoring performance of the variable angle multi-stage conical anchor against several traditional anchor types. This analysis revealed the mechanical mechanisms and advantages of the variable angle multi-stage conical anchor in enhancing anchoring effectiveness. The study illustrates that the bonding medium between adjacent cone sections of the variable angle multi-stage conical anchor exhibits a specific gap under stress, leading to reduced stress in the tendon at the connection points. This ensures a smooth transition that prevents abrupt changes in stress due to sudden shape alterations, thereby guaranteeing uniform stress distribution within the anchor section. By incorporating a multi-stage cone structure and increasing the cone angle at the free end, compressive stress can be effectively transferred to the free end, mitigating the notch effect and enhancing anchoring performance. Compared to typical conical anchors, the maximum compressive stress of the variable angle multi-stage conical anchor is reduced by 53.5 %, the outer diameter of the anchor cylinder is decreased by 22.7 %, and the anchoring efficiency is improved by 12.2 %. These improvements result in a robust anchoring effect and significant size advantage. The anchor is suitable for multibar anchoring, providing a reliable solution for large tonnage and long-span cable-stayed bridges.

Algorithms Don’t Have A Future: On the Relation of Judgement and Calculation

This paper is about the opposite of judgement and calculation. This opposition has been a traditional anchor of critiques concerned with the rise of AI decision making over human judgement. Contrary to these approaches, it is argued that human judgement is not and cannot be replaced by calculation, but that it is human judgement that contextualises computational structures and gives them meaning and purpose. The article focuses on the epistemic structure of algorithms and artificial neural networks to find that they always depend on human judgement to be related to real life objects or purposes. By introducing the philosophical concept of judgement, it becomes clear that the property of judgement to provide meaning and purposiveness is based on the temporality of human life and the ambiguity of language, which quantitative processes lack. A juxtaposition shows that calculations and clustering can be used and referred to in more or less prejudiced and reflecting as well as opaque and transparent ways, but thereby always depend on human judgement. The paper clearly asserts that the transparency of AI is necessary for their autonomous use. This transparency requires the explicitness of the judgements that constitute these computational structures, thereby creating an awareness of the conditionality of such epistemic entities.

Competition, agglomeration, and tenant composition in shopping malls

AbstractPrevious models of tenant composition in shopping malls have focused on traditional anchor and nonanchor retailers who sell similar merchandise. With the changing preferences of modern shoppers who seek unique and entertaining experiences, this article introduces a new type of store known as “specialty stores” that offer experiential consumption. Using a dynamic game model that considers the trade‐off between the benefits of agglomeration and the costs of competition, we re‐examine the tenant optimization problem faced by mall owners in the current retail environment. Our findings show that specialty stores have a significant impact on the optimal tenant mix and the rent revenue of developers. This article provides valuable insights into the optimal tenant composition for large‐scale shopping centers that cater to contemporary consumers.

Arthroscopic repair of rotator cuff injury with bioabsorbable suture anchor vs. all-suture anchor: a non-inferiority study

BackgroundCompare all-suture anchors to traditional anchors through clinical and radiological evaluation at pre-established end-points.Materials and methodsWe performed a two-arms non-inferiority study on all-suture anchor (2.3 iconix™, Stryker) device with respect to traditional anchor (5.5 healix Advance™ BR, Depuy/Mitek) device under unpaired samples with size equal to 30 patients per group, all suffering from supraspinatus tendon rupture. We administrated DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand); constant; and SST (Simple Shoulder Test) questionnaires in pre-operative, 3 ± 1 months post-intervention and 8 ± 1 months post-intervention. Questionnaires scores were the primary outcome. We also evaluated RMI at 3 and at 8 months after surgery to assess the presence of oedema or any loosening of the implant.ResultsAll-suture anchor approach has been proven to have non-inferior performances with respect to traditional anchor approach, according to questionnaires scores at the 3-month endpoint. We observed 26 patients with oedema by MRI (18 in control group, 6 in experimental group). In the 8-month endpoint we found persistent edema in 12 patients (all treated with healix), 2 had mobilitazions (healix), 10 had partial retears (8 healix, 2 iconix) and 1 implant failure (healix).ConclusionsAll suture devices have clinical and functional results comparable to traditional devices, while they tend to give fewer complications in terms of bone edema, loosening and retear rate. The effectiveness of all-suture devices should be further investigated in rotator cuff suture arthroscopic revision surgery, given the advantages they offer.

A Novel Anchor-Free Localization Method Using Cross-Technology Communication for Wireless Sensor Network

In recent years, wireless sensor networks have been used in a wide range of indoor localization-based applications. Although promising, the existing works are dependent on a large number of anchor nodes to achieve localization, which brings the issues of increasing cost and additional maintenance. Inspired by the cross-technology communication, an emerging technique that enables direct communication among heterogeneous wireless devices, we propose an anchor-free distributed method, which leverages the installed Wi-Fi APs to range instead of traditional anchor nodes. More specifically, for the asymmetric coverage of Wi-Fi and ZigBee nodes, we first design a progressive method, where the first unknown node estimates its location based on two Wi-Fi APs and a sink node, then once achieving its position, it acts as the alternative sink node of the next hop node. This process is repeated until the new members can obtain their positions. Second, as a low-power technology, ZigBee signal may be submerged in strong signal such as Wi-Fi. To overcome this problem, a maximum prime number is deployed to be the Wi-Fi broadcasting period based on the numerical analysis theory. Among many of prime numbers, we have the opportunity to select an appropriate one to achieve full coverage with the relatively small packet collisions. Last, simulations and experiments are performed to evaluate the proposal. The evaluation results show that the proposal can achieve decimeter level accuracy without deploying any anchor node. Moreover, the proposal demonstrates the anti-interference ability in the crowded open spectrum environment.

Research on modular design and manufacturing of ship anchor winch structure under artificial intelligence optimisation

The normal operation of the anchor winch ensures the safe and stable operation of the ship. It is mainly used for the operation of ship anchoring, anchoring and berthing. The design and manufacture of traditional anchor winch has significant problems of high cost and low efficiency, which cannot meet the development needs of modern shipbuilding industry. This research introduces the concept of modular design, and determines the division of different modules by combining the artificial intelligence method of fuzzy clustering. According to the specific working principle of ship anchor winch, the parameters of each stage in the operation process of anchor winch are calculated respectively, and the overall structure design of anchor winch is completed. Finally, 1020 anchor winch is selected for specific application analysis, and the basic design parameters and main module design parameters of anchor winch are calculated by modular design method. Finally, the number of outfitting is 1600, the anchoring depth is h < 82.5 m, and the coaxial bedroom single side double drum design is adopted.

The Influences of Bladder Properties on the Working Performance of the Multibladder-Type Inflatable Anchor

Due to the high bearing capacity and better controllability of bladder parameters, the multibladder-type inflatable anchor shows a great application prospect in the engineering construction in soft soil areas. In this study, based on a soft soil foundation pit project in Guangzhou Province, China, the multibladder-type inflatable anchor was applied to the engineering practice for the first time, and the working characteristics of the multibladder-type inflatable anchor were analyzed and discussed through field experiments. Primarily, the optimization design and experimental facility of the multibladder-type inflatable anchor were introduced in detail to realize the refinement and perfection of the anchorage technological process. Besides, the influence degrees of the bladder number, diameter, thickness, space, and length on the bearing characteristics and deformation control of the anchor were studied by using the control variable method, as well as the influencing mechanisms. Subsequently, the advantages of the multibladder-type inflatable anchor were presented by comparing its anchoring efficacy with that of the traditional grouting anchor. Ultimately, the analysis results were used to verify the reliability of the multibladder-type inflatable anchor and provide the experimental basis for its popularization and application.

Mechanical properties of a new string capsule drainage anchor and its supporting effect in deep foundation pit

With the increase of the scale and depth of urban underground space construction in coastal soft soil area, the traditional anchoring technology has been difficult to meet the requirements of deep foundation pit excavation and support. This paper puts forward a new type of string capsule drainage anchor supporting structure, introduces its structure composition, analyzes its working mechanism and mechanical characteristics, the calculation formula of ultimate bearing capacity of small cylindrical shear failure between anchor and surrounding soil is given, finally, the supporting effect of the new structure in deep foundation pit engineering is simulated and analyzed by finite element software. It is concluded that the stress of the new type of anchor can be divided into three stages: static earth pressure, plastic zone development and plastic zone breaks through; the new anchor can quickly dissipate the pore water pressure in the surrounding soil, which is more conducive to the stability of foundation pit; the axial force distribution presents a “sawtooth” shape, and the axial force increases sharply in the expanding section; the supporting effect of the new anchor is more obvious than that of the traditional anchor, which can more effectively inhibit the horizontal displacement of the slope.

Discussion on the Research of GFRP Anti-floating Anchors

As a kind of anchor to deal with the anti-flotation problem of floor, anti-flotation anchors have many advantages, such as strong adaptability to stratum, high anchoring force, low cost, short construction period, small stress at single point, simple construction and low cost, compared with the traditional anchor. In recent years, it has been more and more applied to solve the problems of foundation pit supporting and foundation floor anti-floating in the construction process of buildings. In this paper, the stress and strain distribution law, load transfer characteristics and the relationship between GFRP anti-floating anchor and rock mass of GFRP anti-floating anchor are summarized, and suggestions for the future development of GFRP anti-floating anchor are put forward.

Anchoring of a retaining structure with glass fibre strand anchors

In Copenhagen, Denmark, a large construction pit has been designed to facilitate the excavation for the basement of a new district in the city called “Postgrunden”. The retaining wall is constructed by sheet piles installed into the Copenhagen Limestone with the use of pre-drilling and with ground anchors in two levels. The construction pit as well as the anchors are temporary, however, both parts are left in the ground after construction of the basement has been concluded. Most of the anchors were constructed as normal steel strand anchors, however, at one location glass fibre anchors were found to be the best solution due to restrictions concerning installation under third party property. Therefore 82 ground anchors with glass fibre strands were installed. These anchors were the first of their type used in production in Denmark. However, in Denmark there is no Eurocode or National Annex on composite materials at the time of the design and therefore the designers had no direct standard to design by. The design of the glass fibre anchors was therefore based on the index of safety method from Eurocode 0 along with a set of fracture tests made in a laboratory. The tests were used for a statistical analysis that along with a required index of safety gave the characteristic ultimate resistance of the strands and the elastic modulus. During installation the contractor had to consider the different material behaviour of the glass fibre strands compared to the traditional steel strands, e.g. the brittle shear tolerance, that dictates the assembly of the glass fibre strands to steel strand couplers to allow for testing and prestressing of the anchors. Further, the glass fibre anchors are not as heavy and stiff as the traditional steel anchors, which added an extra challenge during installation below the ground water table. Anchor testing was performed using traditional anchor testing equipment. The hollow plunger jacks were chosen in respect to the long piston stroke required for the extra elongation of glass fibre strands due to a low modulus of elasticity. All anchors were tested with either suitability or acceptance test to a factor of 1.43 or 1.30 above the design load, respectively.

Research on Full-Section Anchor Cable and C-Shaped Tube Support System of Deep Layer Roadway

Deep roadway deformation due to soft rock, rock dip, and horizontal tectonic stress is uneven and asymmetrical primarily in large loose zones. Traditional anchor support is influenced by the yield strength and shear strength of the anchors and has a limited prestress capacity or shear resistance. When the roadway roof is laminated rock or when the roadway passes through layered rock or rock interfaces, interlayer sliding commonly occurs, which can easily lead to anchor cables being sheared off. The tape tunnel in the Zhengling Mine passes through several rock strata and requires anchors to achieve a high shear resistance and prestress. To solve these problems, an anchor cable and C-shaped tube that can bear lateral shear forces were developed, and a full-section anchor cable and C-shaped tube support system were created based on extruded arch theory. Numerical results from FLAC3D show that the new scheme effectively controls surface convergence and plastic zone extension. Field tests have demonstrated that the amount of surface displacement was at least 42% smaller in the new support scheme. The extruded arch formed by the highly prestressed anchor cable and concrete spray layer can effectively control the bulking load within the loose zone, and the ACC effectively resists interlayer shear.

A Novel Bond Anchor for Unidirectional FRP Member: Conceptual Design and Experimental Investigation

Fiber‐reinforced polymer (FRP) is an advanced composite material with many advantages including light weight, high strength, and high fatigue and corrosion resistance, which makes unidirectional FRP suitable for tension members, such as cables, prestressing tendons, and tie rods. However, the unidirectional FRP is a typical isotropic material, which is difficult to be anchored and hence unable to give full play to the advantages of FRP. To solve the anchoring problem of unidirectional FRP member, a novel bond anchor, i.e., dissolution‐rebond anchor, is proposed in this paper. In this novel anchorage system, the polymer matrix of two ends of the unidirectional FRP member is dissolved by solvent and the fibers in the anchorage length are directly bonded by the binder. Theoretical analysis was performed to illustrate the high anchorage bearing capacity of this dissolution‐rebond anchor. Static tensile test was conducted to verify this novel anchor design and compare with traditional bond anchor. Results show that the novel dissolution‐rebond anchor is feasible and its anchorage efficiency is significantly higher than the traditional bond anchor.

Numerical Simulation Analysis of Mechanical Properties and Application of Large Deformation Cable with Constant Resistance

Large deformation cable with constant resistance present super-mechanical characteristics of high constant resistance, large deformation, energy absorption and impact resistance compared to traditional anchor cable. These have been successfully applied in geotechnical engineering and tunnel engineering. In order to effectively solve the technical problems of the cable-stay breaking and the anchor head fall off, due to the large deformation of the traditional reinforcement cable of the slope of the Tonglushan ancient copper mine relics in Daye City, Hubei Province. In this paper, the finite element structure nonlinear analysis model of large deformation cable with constant resistance was established through finite element software ANSYS. Following, combined with the indoor test for comparative analysis, proved the reliability of the numerical simulation analysis model. Finally, the depth of the potential weak sliding zone (surface) of the slope was determined by the finite element analysis and strength reduction method. This provided a theoretical basis for the construction of deep mechanics monitoring and early warning system based on NPR anchor cable, and realizes the integrated control objectives of the reinforcement, monitoring and early warning of the site slope.

The Study of the Supernormal Mechanical Properties of Giant NPR Anchor Cables

Due to the frequent occurrence of geological disasters, such as geological faults, tectonic activities, and local activities, the study of a cable structure capable of resisting large deformations and of absorbing energy is investigated. The plane length is increased step by step based on the deformation and energy absorption values of the original NPR anchor cable model. Three kinds of two-stage constant resistance bodies are designed following the three principles: first-stage friction plus second-stage expansion, primary expansion plus secondary expansion, and first-stage expansion plus second-stage friction. Moreover, a giant NPR anchor cable with extraordinary mechanical properties is developed. Via a theoretical analysis and laboratory static tensile tests on traditional NPR and giant NPR anchor cables, their force characteristics, constant resistance, and fluctuation trends are related to the size and the structure of the constant resistance body. In addition, the most remarkable improvement takes place in the cables’ deformation and energy absorption properties. The deformation increases from 1000–2000 mm to 3000–4000 mm, while the energy absorption value increases from 4.21 × 105–1.09 × 106 J to 3.2 × 106 J. The constant resistance value is also effectively enhanced to 550–723.7 kN. This provides a reliable technical support for their application in deep geological faults.

Experimental research on bearing capacity of special anchor

The bearing capacity of anchor can be greatly improved by adding anchor gills on the basis of traditional anchor. Taking the smaller particle pea stone concrete as anchoring cartridge, this paper conducted the bearing capacity pull-out test on special anchor with additional anchor gills and studied the relationship between bearing capacity of special anchor and layers of anchor gills, strength of pea stone concrete, the size of the block. The test results have revealed that adding anchor gills in anchoring section has an obvious effect on improving the bearing capacity of anchor and the bearing capacity of single-layer rod is 1.2 times - 1.7 times that of finishing rod. There is a non-linear relationship between the bearing capacity of special anchor and the strength of pea stone concrete when the strength of anchor gill is constant. However, as the concrete strength increases, the improvement of bearing capacity becomes smaller. Under the condition of single-layer rod, the bearing capacity of anchor increases with the increase of the size of the block, which shows that the bearing capacity of anchor is positively correlated with the thickness of concrete when the strength of anchor is constant.

Full-scale test and simulation of a PBL anchorage system for suspension bridges

In suspension bridges, cable anchorage system is the critical structure for cable tension transmission. For traditional rear anchor girder anchorage system and pre-stressed anchorage system, problems such as local compression and inconvenient construction are inevitable. This paper presents the development of a novel PBL anchorage system used in the 4th Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. This PBL anchorage system adopted grouped perfobond rib shear connectors (known as PBL shear connectors) in the independent perforated steel plate. Two full-scale specimens were extracted from the practical design. The load–slip curves and the strain developments were obtained. The results revealed the reliable load-carrying capacity and very slight residual slip after the cyclic unloading from the design load. The load carried by each row of PBL shear connectors proved the distributed load-carrying capacity. Finite-element analyses were conducted in ANSYS, which agreed well with the test results. Further parametric analyses focusing on the spacing and rows of PBL shear connectors were conducted. Based on the analysis results, the design methods of the PBL anchorage system were suggested.

Social Anchor-Unit Graph Regularized Tensor Completion for Large-Scale Image Retagging.

Image retagging aims to improve the tag quality of social images by completing the missing tags, rectifying the noise-corrupted tags, and assigning new high-quality tags. Recent approaches simultaneously explore visual, user and tag information to improve the performance of image retagging by mining the tag-image-user associations. However, such methods will become computationally infeasible with the rapidly increasing number of images, tags and users. It has been proven that the anchor graph can significantly accelerate large-scale graph-based learning by exploring only a small number of anchor points. Inspired by this, we propose a novel Social anchor-Unit GrAph Regularized Tensor Completion (SUGAR-TC) method to efficiently refine the tags of social images, which is insensitive to the scale of data. First, we construct an anchor-unit graph across multiple domains (e.g., image and user domains) rather than traditional anchor graph in a single domain. Second, a tensor completion based on Social anchor-Unit GrAph Regularization (SUGAR) is implemented to refine the tags of the anchor images. Finally, we efficiently assign tags to non-anchor images by leveraging the relationship between the non-anchor units and the anchor units. Experimental results on a real-world social image database well demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of SUGAR-TC, outperforming the state-of-the-art methods.

Node Selection Algorithm for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network Based on Particle Swarm Optimization

Underwater target positioning technology is the most important part of UnderWater Acoustic Sensor Network(called UWASN), and it is one of the most important research directions in this field with broad application prospects in commercial and military fields. Due to the complex and variability of underwater acoustic environment, the underwater acoustic sensor network has the characteristics of fluidity, sparse deployment and energy limitation, which brings certain challenges to underwater positioning technology. Aiming at the scenario that the node redundancy in the underwater acoustic sensor network leads to low positioning efficiency, this paper considers the sound velocity correction factor based on the traditional anchor node selection algorithm in this paper. Under the premise of ensuring certain positioning accuracy, considering the communication overhead, node residual energy, position suspiciousness, sound ray propagation bending characteristics and other factors, the anchor node optimization mechanism which uses the particle swarm algorithm to iterate out the optimal sensor combination for improving the accuracy of positioning is designed. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm shows small calculation, fast convergence and high positioning accuracy. It can effectively improve the energy utilization of nodes, balance positioning performance as well as energy use efficiency, and optimize the positioning result of UWASN, which is well suited for underwater acoustic positioning scenarios.

Convolutional Regression Network for Multi-Oriented Text Detection

Multi-oriented text detection in the wild is a challenging task due to the variations of scales, orientations, illumination, and languages. The traditional anchor mechanism on generic object detection can only generate horizontal proposals, which cannot be applied to detecting multi-oriented text regions. Considering this, in this paper, we propose a novel convolutional regression network (CRN) to localize multi-oriented text in natural images, which consists of two components: region proposal extractor and text locator. To be specific, we first present a hierarchical deconvolution module (HDM), a text-line and geometry segmentation module (TGM) to segment the multi-oriented proposals accurately, both of which are fully convolutional networks. Then, a classification and regression module (CRM) is adopted to process the proposals and obtain the final localization results. The whole framework can be trained in an end-to-end mechanism which is suitable for detecting multi-oriented texts. The extensive experiments are conducted on three mainstream scene-text datasets, and the experimental results evidence the proposed CRN achieves competitive performance.

Optimal path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in sensor network under non-dense distribution

Abstract When the traditional anchor aided location algorithm is used to select the mobile beacon path in the sensor network, there is no analysis of the energy imbalance of nodes in non-dense conditions, the optimal network node cannot be selected, and the selection error of the optimal path of the beacon is larger. A path selection algorithm for mobile beacons in a sensor network under non-dense distribution is proposed. Using the mobile beacon based wireless sensor network location algorithm, the weighted centroid algorithm and the extended Kalman filter (EKF) are used to obtain the accurate location results of the unknown nodes around the mobile beacon in the sensor network under non-dense distribution condition. The optimal node energy partition of the unknown node is obtained by the chaotic differential evolution method, and the optimal location of the optimal energy node in the wireless sensor network is calculated using the dynamic escape particle swarm optimization method, and the optimal beacon path is extracted. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can enhance the clustering performance of the optimal node in the wireless sensor network and has a better performance of dynamic node selection in wireless sensor network, and the convergence speed is faster and the operation time is shorter.